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1. 1. Vital Signs Monitoring (VSM) Watch
   1. 1. 1. Product Datasheet

• • FEATURES**
• Vital signs monitoring platform.
• Wearable battery powered platform
• Real-time live data view
• Data storage to flash memory for offline analyses
• Easy configuration
  • DEVICES HOSTED IN THE VSM WATCH**
• [nRF52840](https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Low-power-short-range-wireless/nRF52840)
• [ADP5360](https://www.analog.com/en/products/adp5360.html)
• [ADXL362](https://www.analog.com/en/products/adxl362.html)
• [ADPD4100](https://www.analog.com/en/products/adpd4100.html)
• [AD8233](https://www.analog.com/en/products/ad8233.html)
• [AD5940](https://www.analog.com/en/products/AD5940.html)
• [AD7156](https://www.analog.com/en/products/AD7156.html)
  • EVALUATION KIT CONTENTS**
• The VSM Watch
• A Charging Cradle
• A USB Type A to micro-USB cable
• Firmware Debug Board
  • SOFTWARE NEEDED**
• [VSM](https://www.analog.com/media/en/evaluation-boards-kits/evaluation-software/adi_applications-wavetool.exe)
  • GENERAL DESCRIPTION**

The vital signs monitoring (VSM) watch, EVAL-HCRWATCH4Z, is a modular development, demonstration, and data collection platform for high performance vital signs monitoring applications based on Analog Devices, Inc. analog front ends and sensors. It is a wearable, battery-powered device which enables the continuous monitoring and on-demand spot check measurement of photoplethysmography (PPG), electrodermal activity (EDA, bioimpedance-based), skin temperature, electrocardiography (ECG, biopotential based), and motion/activity (based on a 3-axis accelerometer). It allows for synchronized, multiparameter data storage on internal memory for later data retrieval and offline analysis and/or live monitoring on a PC (Windows® OS) or Android or iOS-based device.

• • PREPARING THE VSM WATCH**

Before using the VSM Watch, proper preparations must be made. Ensure the battery of the watch is charged and the WaveTool program for PC is successfully installed. See the Powering Up the System for the First-Time sections for installation instructions. The watch firmware must be upgraded using the VSM WaveTool.

• • CONDITIONS REGARDING THE USE OF THIS PRODUCT IN HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS**

This device design is being provided as-is without any express or implied representations or warranties of any kind and the use of this device shall impose no legal obligation on Analog Devices, Inc., and its subsidiaries, employees, directors, officers, servants, and agents. In addition, it is understood and agreed to that the device is not authorized for use in safety critical healthcare applications (such as life support) in which malfunction or failure of a product can be expected to result in personal injury or death. This device must not be used for diagnostic purposes. It must not be used with a defibrillator or other equipment that produces high voltages more than the supply rails on the evaluation board. This device is provided for evaluation and development purposes only. It is not intended for use as, or as part of, a product. Any use of the device in such applications is at your own risk and you shall fully indemnify Analog Devices, its subsidiaries, employees, directors, officers, servants and agents for all liability and expenses arising from such unauthorized usage. You are solely responsible for compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements connected to such use.

1. 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS

  [1. VITAL SIGNS MONITORING (VSM) WATCH](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#1-vital-signs-monitoring-vsm-watch)  
  [2. EVALUATION PLATFORM OVERVIEW](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#2-evaluation-platform-overview)  
  [3. EVALUATION PLATFORM](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#3-evaluation-platform)  
    3.1 [OVERVIEW](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#31-overview)
    3.2 [POWERING UP THE SYSTEM FOR THE FIRST TIME](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#32-powering-up-the-system-for-the-first-time)
    3.3 [WATER RESISTANCE](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#33-water-resistance)
    3.4 [BLUETOOTH USB PC DONGLE (NRF52840)](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#34-bluetooth-usb-pc-dongle-nrf52840)
    3.5 [BUTTONS](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#35-buttons)
    3.6 [DISPLAY INDICATORS ](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#36-display-indicators)
    3.7 [SOFTWARE TOOLS](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#37-software-tools)
  [4. VITAL SIGNS MONITORED](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#4-vital-signs-monitored)  
  [5. USE CASES](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#5-use-cases)  
  [6. EMBEDDED ALGORITHMS FOR EVALUATION](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#6-embedded-algorithms-for-evaluation)  
  [7. BATTERY LIFE AND MEMORY FOOTPRINT](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#7-battery-life-and-memory-footprint)  
  [8. FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENT](https://github.com/ArrowElectronics/Vital-Signs-Monitoring/wiki#8-fcc-compliance-statement)  

1. 1. 2. EVALUATION PLATFORM OVERVIEW

 _Figure 1. Overview of ADI VSM Watch Platform_

 _Figure 2. VSM Watch Expanded View_

 _Figure 3. Connections and Buttons – Top of Watch_

 _Figure 4. Connections and Buttons – Bottom of Watch_

 _Figure 5. Connections and Buttons - Sides_

 _Figure 6. Charging Cradle_

 _Figure 7: Firmware Debug Board_

 _Figure 8. Simplified Electrical Block Diagram_

1. 1. 3. EVALUATION PLATFORM
      1. **3.1 OVERVIEW**

The VSM Watch is a modular development, demonstration, and data collection platform for high performance vital signs monitoring applications based on Analog Devices analog front ends and sensors. The platform optimized electrical and mechanical design hosts all the required circuits to sense, condition, digitize, process, store, and wirelessly transmit real-time, vital sign related data. This platform does the following:

• Minimizes the risks associated with a new electronic design.
• Minimizes the time to market for a new final product.
• Facilitates the evaluation of a wide range of Analog Devices solutions in a single battery-powered wearable ecosystem.
• Highlights and addresses the challenges associated with a wearable device.
• Allows the developer to focus on other added value tasks such as algorithm development and the overall firmware for engineering and scientific research and validation.

This platform is NOT intended to do the following:

• Act as the final product for a specific application
• Demonstrate an application specific optimized design. Trade-offs have been made to allow platform flexibility.

The evaluation platform kit contains the following items:

• The VSM platform (the watch)
• Charging Cradle
• A USB Type A to micro-USB cable
• Firmware Debug Board

 _Figure 9. Box Contents_

The USB cable is used for the following purposes: 1. Recharge the battery via the charging cradle (connecting the watch to a PC or wall adaptor) 2. Upgrade the platform firmware (using the software tools provided and as explained in the Firmware Upgrade section) 3. Download data stored in the internal flash memory for offline data analyses or other purposes. Only use the watch with the USB cable provided.

1. 1. 1. **3.2 POWERING UP THE SYSTEM FOR THE FIRST TIME**

The VSM Watch is shipped from the factory in an ultra-low-power shipment mode. To exit this power mode, place the watch into the cradle with connected USB cable providing power. Before using the watch for the first time, fully charge the battery by connecting the VSM Watch to a PC or wall adaptor using the USB cable provided. A firmware upgrade may be required. Details can be found in the Firmware Upgrade section.

1. 1. 1. **3.3 WATER RESISTANCE**

The watch is IP68 rated. Despite this rating, please exercise caution if showering, swimming, or doing any other activity with the VSM Watch that exposes it directly to moisture.

1. 1. 1. **3.4 BLUETOOTH USB PC DONGLE (NRF52840)**

The VSM Watch platform leverages an off-the-shelf Nordic BLE dongle for communicating wirelessly with a PC. The nRF52840 is available for purchase separately through multiple online vendors. Custom FW for this dongle can be found at https://www.nordicsemi.com/Software-and-tools/Development-Kits/nRF52840-Dongle.

.jpg) _Figure 10. BLE USB PC Dongle (nRF52840)_

1. 1. 1. **3.5 BUTTONS**

Two buttons are found on the side of the watch. An explanation of their uses is found in the tables below.

 _Table 1. Button Descriptions_

_Table 2. Button Usage in Watch App_

| Button Combination | Button Actions | Button Press Timings (sec) | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | Action button Short press | select current page action | 0.05 | | Action button Short press | navigate to next page | 0.05 | | Action button Long press | back to previous page action | 3 | | Navigate button Long press | call soft reset of watch app | 3 | | Action + Navigate button Long press | enter Bootloader | 3 | | Navigate button Long press when Watch is powered down | Watch wakes up | 1 |

_Table 3. Button Usage in Bootloader_

| Button Combination | Button Actions | Button Press Timings (sec) | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | Action button Short press | No action | - | | Navigate button Short press | No action | - | | Action button Long press | No action | - | | Navigate button Long press | Enter Watch app | 7 | | Action + Navigate button Long press | Enter Watch app | 7 | | Action button Short press | No action | - |

1. 1. 1. **3.6 DISPLAY INDICATORS**

 _Starting Up_

 _Restart from any Page_

 _Firmware Upgrade Page_

 _Main Page Interface_

 _Heart Rate Page_

 _Waveform Page_

 _Low Touch Page_

 _Settings Page_

 _About Page_

1. 1. 1. **3.7 SOFTWARE TOOLS**

For information on the VSM Watch Software, please refer to the VSM Watch Software User Guide.

1. 1. 4. VITAL SIGNS MONITORED

To minimize the power line interference (50 Hz/60 Hz) and improve the quality of the output signal, it is recommended to use the BLE link.

• • PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY (PPG) - [ADPD4100](https://www.analog.com/en/products/adpd4100.html)**

The ADPD4100 operates as a complete multimodal sensor front end, stimulating up to eight LEDs (four on the VSM Watch) and measuring the return signal on up to eight separate current inputs. Twelve time slots are available, enabling 12 separate measurements per sampling period. The data output and functional configuration utilize an I2C interface on the ADPD4001 or a serial port interface (SPI) on the ADPD4000. The control circuitry includes flexible LED signaling and synchronous detection. The devices use a 1.8 V analog core and 1.8 V/3.3 V compatible digital input/output (I/O). Refer to the ADPD4100 product page and data sheet for further details. Details regarding the hardware implementation are found in Table 3 and Table 4.

_Table 3. Electrical Connections to the ADPD4100 Inputs_

| Input Pin | Description | | :------------- | :------------- | | IN-1 | VEMD8080 Photodiode 1 | | IN-2 | VEMD8080 Photodiode 2 | | IN-3 | Temp Sensor | | IN-4 | Temp Sensor | | IN-5 | ECG / Bio-Z | | IN-6 | ECG / Bio-Z | | IN-7 | ECG / Bio-Z | | IN-8 | ECG / Bio-Z |

_Table 4. Electrical Connections to the ADPD4100 LED Current Sinks_

| Current Sink | Color | Wavelength | No. of LEDs | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | LED1A | Green | 530 nm | 1 | | LED2A | Infrared | 850 nm | 1 | | LED3A | Red | 660 nm | 1 | | LED4A | Blue | 470 nm | 1 |

For more details on how to configure various slots of ADPD4100 and other configuration information check ADPD4100 datasheet from below link https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/adpd4100-4101.pdf

• • MOTION AND ACTIVITY - [ADXL362](http://www.analog.com/ADXL362?doc=EVAL-HCRWATCHZ-UG-1221.pdf)**

Motion is sensed by the ADXL362, an ultra-low power, 3-axis, ±2 g/±4 g/±8 g digital output high resolution (1 mg/LSB) accelerometer. Its power consumption is 1.8 µA at 100 samples per second (SPS) and 3.0 µA at 400 SPS, while its motion activated wake-up mode only requires 270 nA. A pedometer algorithm is embedded for evaluation that can be enabled in Wavetool. Check ADXL362 datasheet for more details on various configuration options available for this part https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADXL362.pdf.

• • ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY - [AD8233](http://www.analog.com/AD8233?doc=EVAL-HCRWATCHZ-UG-1221.pdf)**

The AD8233 is a 50 µA 2.0 mm × 1.7 mm WLCSP low noise single lead analog output biopotential front end.

• • _Integrated ECG Electrodes_**

The AD8233 is connected to the electrodes hosted in the top and bottom surfaces of the watch. The two electrodes on the top of the watch are connected to IN− pin and RLD pin, while the two electrodes on the bottom of the watch are shorted together (temporarily while this measurement is active) and connected to the IN+ input. The quality of the contact of the bottom electrodes has a dramatic effect on the output waveform. Dry, hairy skin poses a challenge for this measurement until moisture accumulates between the skin and the electrodes. This usually happens a few minutes after the user puts on the device. Accumulated moisture decreases the contact impedance and, therefore, the quality of the output waveform improves. The configuration of this signal chain is like an ambulatory ECG device (Holter monitor).

_Table 5. Electrical Specifications of the ECG Signal Chain_

| Specification | Value (Type) | Unit | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | Passing Bandwidth | 0.4 to 42 | Hz | | High-Pass Filter | First Order | N/A | | Low-Pass Filter | Second order (quality factor = 0.671) | N/A | | AD8233 Gain | 151 | V/V | | ADC Resolution | 16 | bits | | Noise RTI | TBD | µV p-p | | Sampling Rate | 50 to 1000 | SPS |

\*N/A means not applicable. Check AD8233 datasheet for more details of the part https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ad8233.pdf.

• • _External ECG Cables_**

The charging cradle provides a secondary micro-USB connection to be used with external wired electrodes.

• • BIO-IMPEDANCE – AD5940**

Impedance is measured using the AD5940 Impedance AFE. Proper electrical contact between these two electrodes and the skin is critical for accurate and reliable long-term measurement. Adequate tightness of the watch strap helps achieve a proper contact and wearing the watch beside (but not on top of) the lunar styloid process (the protruding wrist bone) also helps ensure a reliable and high-quality measurement. Note that these two electrodes are also used by the ECG measurement, which temporarily shorts them together. Therefore, the impedance measurement is not valid while the ECG measurement is ongoing.

_Table 7. Electrical Specifications of the AD5940_ | Specification | Value (Type) | Unit | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | Conductivity Range | 0.2 to 20 | µS (3%) | | Accuracy at 0.2 µs | 3 | % | | Accuracy at 1 µs | 0.8 | % | | Accuracy at 10 µs | 0.1 | % | | Accuracy at 20 µs | 3 | % | | Resolution at 1 µs | 1 | nS | | Resolution at 10 µs | 2 | nS | | Excitation Frequency | 100 | Hz | | Sampling Rate | 30 | SPS |

check AD5940 data sheet for more details on configuration and usage of the part https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD5940-5941.pdf.

• • SKIN AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE**

The skin temperature measurement is based on a thermistor (NTCG104EF104FTDSX). The thermistor used in the skin temperature measurement is thermally coupled to the bottom of the watch. This thermistor is connected to one of the analog inputs of the ADPD4100 and its performance is heavily dependent on the mechanical connection that is made to the body. Being said that this version of watch has a poor heat conduction between the thermistor and watch body which results is larger inaccuracy in the temperature data then theoretical value of 0.2⁰C. To overcome this shortcoming user is allowed to configure a temperature correction factor using Analog WaveTool depending on the temperature deviation seen in their device. The procedure to configure the correction factor is explained in detail in the getting started guide.

_Table 8. Electrical Specifications of the Signal Chain That Measures Skin Temperature_ | Specification | Value (Type) | | :------------- | :-------------| | Temperature Range | −30°C to +50°C | | Resolution at 25°C | TBD |

1. 1. 5. USE CASES

Basic modes of operation have been designed for the VSM Watch that are selectable by supplied Device Configuration Files:

• High Performance PPG
• Synchronized PGG with EDA
• Synchronized PPG with ECG spot-check
• High Performance ECG spot-check
• Multi-wavelength PPG
• Future Use Cases will continue to be developed.

These modes of operation are intended to demonstrate the different types of configurations that are possible with the VSM Watch but are not specific to an end-application. The high configurability of the VSM Watch allows for the possibility to program a configuration that cannot be supported by the existing hardware, software, and firmware. Users can load these Use Cases as a known-good starting to point to explore measurements of interest before modifying the platform for their specific purpose.

Please refer to the Software User Guide for details on how to evaluate and modify these Use Cases in Wavetool.

_Table 9. Use Case Table_ | Use Case | PPG | Motion | Impedance | ECG | Temp. | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | Shipment Mode | Off | Off | Off | Off | Off | | Hibernate | Off | Off | Off | Off | Off | | PPG – High Performance (1 LED) | 500 SPS | 50 SPS | - | - | 1 SPS | | ECG – High Performance | 50 SPS | 50 SPS | - | 1000 SPS | 1 SPS | | PPG + Impedance (1 LED) | 100 SPS | 50 SPS | 30 SPS | - | 1 SPS | | PPG + ECG (1 LED) | 100 SPS | 50 SPS | - | 250 SPS | 1 SPS | | PPG – All LEDs | 100 SPS | 50 SPS | - | - | 1 SPS |

All Use Cases are designed to allow for automatic logging to the onboard NAND Flash when the watch detects that it is being worn based on its capacitive sensor. Logging in progress indicator on the watch display (as shown in the figure below) is seen only when this feature is used to indicate active logging and percent of memory used.

 _Figure 11. Nand Flash logging indicator with memory used in percent_

_Table 10. Default ADPD4100 Configuration for each Use Case:_

| Use Case | Sampling Rate | TIA Gain CH1/CH2 | Pulse width | Slot/Wavelength | Number of Pulses | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | PPG – High Performance (1 LED) | 500 SPS | 50/50 | 2 | F/530 | 64 | | ECG – High Performance | 50 SPS | 50/50 | 2 | F/530 | 64 | | PPG + Impedance (1 LED) | 100 SPS | 50/50 | 2 | F/530 | 64 | | PPG + ECG (1 LED) | 100 SPS | 50/50 | 2 | F/530 | 64 | | PPG – All LEDs | 100 SPS | 50/50 | 2 | F/530, G/660, H/850, I/470 | 64 |

_Table 11. Default ADXL362 configuration for each Use Case:_

| Use Case | Sampling Rate | Measurement Range | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | PPG – High Performance (1 LED) | 50 SPS | 8g | | ECG – High Performance | 50 SPS | 8g | | PPG + Impedance (1 LED) | 50 SPS | 8g | | PPG + ECG (1 LED) | 50 SPS | 8g | | PPG – All LEDs | 50 SPS | 8g |

_Table 12. Default AD5940 Configuration for each Use Case:_

| Use Case | Sampling Rate | TIA Gain | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | PPG – High Performance (1 LED) | NA | - | | ECG – High Performance | 1000 SPS | - | | PPG + Impedance (1 LED) | 30 SPS | - | | PPG + ECG (1 LED) | 250 SPS | - | | PPG – All LEDs | NA | - |

_Table 13. Default AD8233 Configuration for each Use Case:_

| Use Case | AC/DC coupling | FR mode | Gain | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | PPG – High Performance (1 LED) | NA | NA | NA | | ECG – High Performance | DC Coupling | On | 150k | | PPG + Impedance (1 LED) | NA | NA | NA | | PPG + ECG (1 LED) | DC Coupling | On | 150k | | PPG – All LEDs | NA | NA | NA |

1. 1. 6. EMBEDDED ALGORITHMS FOR EVALUATION

Basic algorithms are included with the VSM Watch to demonstrate this type of functionality. More advanced algorithms with specific device configurations are provided here.

• • PEDOMETER**

A pedometer algorithm takes raw data from the 3-axis accelerometer and outputs the steps taken.

• • AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL**

The digitized output of the ADPD4100 is fed to this algorithm to ensure that the LED current and AFE gain is configured appropriately to maximize the usefulness of the Optical Signal. The default target is 70% of the allowable range for each LED (independently determined). This Gain Control is not optimized to achieve an ideal performance versus power. Further improvements can be made based on the end application’s requirements to achieve a better battery life.

• • HEART RATE MONITORING**

This algorithm measures heart rate using PPG/ADPD signal while removing the motion-based interference. It operates on a single channel PPG/ADPD signal, together with 3-axis accelerometer data to produce the heart rate. The algorithm is provided as a pre-built Cortex-M4 library along with header file. It is designed to work with PPG and accelerometer data at 50Hz.

• • SIGNAL QUALITY INDEX**

PPG signals collected via wearable devices are prone to noise sources and other artefacts that negatively impact the measurement accuracy of the sensor. The Signal Quality Index (SQI) algorithm gives a score (index) for each time window/segment of PPG data to determine if it is of a sufficiently high quality to be useful for other vital sign extraction or clinical diagnostic algorithms estimate of the heart rate. The SQI feature is supported for PPG signal frequencies ranging from 25-100Hz. The SQI score is a floating-point value between 0(poor signal quality) and 1(excellent quality). The Wavetool has option to display the SQI in all use-case views. The SQI can be calculated on any of the Green, Red, IR or Blue LEDs present on watch.

• • ECG HEART RATE MONITORING**

This algorithm measures heart rate from the ECG signal by detecting the QRS peak of the ECG signal. The algorithm is provided as a pre-built Cortex-M4 library along with header file. It is designed to work with ECG signal with ODR up to 200Hz.

1. 1. 7. BATTERY LIFE AND MEMORY FOOTPRINT

• • BATTERY LIFE**

The battery life is determined by the type and number of sensors enabled, the sampling rate configured and is also dependent on other configuration details such as the LED current in the photoplethysmography measurements.

_Table 10. System Battery Life for Several Use Cases_

| Use Case | Memory | Live BLE | Battery Life (Hours) | | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | :------------- | | Shipment Mode | No | No | 30000+ | | Hibernate | No | No | 1000+ | | PPG – High Performance | Yes | Yes | 14 | | ECG – High Performance | Yes | Yes | 40 | | PPG + Impedance | Yes | Yes | 50 | | PPG + ECG | Yes | Yes | 40 | | PPG – All LEDs | Yes | Yes | 20 |

The VSM watch is powered by a rechargeable 200 mAh battery.

Note: All the default use cases are designed to maximize the performance. By modifying various parameters of the AFEs one can achieve longer battery duration. For instance, in ADPD4100, the default gain in AGC algorithm is set to 25K, to get best PPG performance with various skin tones. Setting the gain to 100k/200k and lowering current value will result in significant improvement in battery duration for continuous usage.

• • MEMORY FOOTPRINT**

The watch hosts a 512 MB memory. The actual capacity of the memory is determined by the type and number of sensors enabled and the sampling rate configured.

_Table 10. Memory Capacity (in Hours) for Different Use Cases_

| Vital Signs | Memory Capacity (Hours) | | :------------- | :------------- | | PPG – High Performance | 18 | | ECG – High Performance | 22 | | PPG + Impedance | 63 | | PPG + ECG | 43 | | PPG – All LEDs | 23 |

1. 1. 8. FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENT

This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: -- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. -- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. -- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. -- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

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