In this chapter, you will work with the JSON data format.
In this chapter, you will learn the following:
- The JSON data format.
- How to read JSON data and map it to existing structures in Go.
- How to create JSON and persist it in files.
JSON is a lightweight data format for storing and transporting data. The acronym stands for JavaScript Object notation.
The format is commonly used in Web services. Usually, data is encoded as JSON and sent via HTTP. A client, for example, a web browser, consumes the JSON data and uses it to render a frontend with the help of HTML and CSS. It's also common for JSON to be used to communicate between services.
Here's an example of what the format looks like:
{
"products": [{
"id": 1,
"name": "a product"
},
{
"id": 2,
"name": "another product"
}]
}The above depicts a list of products. Each key needs to be encased with quotes and values can be everything from primitives like numbers, strings, Booleans etc to more complex types like an array or an object.
what is this format, and what contexts is it used in.
To work with JSON, you need to use the encoding/json library. It allows you to both read and write JSON data.
To read JSON data you need to first have a structure in your Go code read to map to the JSON data. Imagine having the following JSON data:
{
"products" : [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "some product"
}
]
}To map this in Go, you need a struct that matches its structure like so:
type Product struct {
Id int
Name string
}
type Response struct {
Products []Product
}The first step is to create the structures needed to match your JSON data. But you also need to do one more thing, add notations. The problem we are looking to solve is how the Product property is called Id and not id as it's called in the JSON data.
Won't that just work?
Unfortunately, not
Why don't you just name the struct property
id
The library encoding/json, is a separate package from the main package, meaning we need to make a field name, defined in the main package, uppercase for the encoding/json package to find it.
So that means, we need to add the following annotations to our above created structs:
type Product struct {
Id int `json: "id"`
Name string `json: "name"`
}
type Response struct {
Products []Product `json: "products"`
}What these annotations do is to say, in the JSON data, look for properties with these names and map them to the following property. Like in this example from above:
Id int `json: "id"`Ok, so we've defined the structures in Go that we will map our JSON data to. So how do we read from a JSON source? Well, JSON is usually stored in one of two ways:
-
a string literal, like so
{ "name": "my product", "id": 1 } -
in a JSON file:
{ "id": 1, "name": "my product" }
Let's show how to work with both approaches:
Reading from a string literal
We will use the Unmarshal() function and provide it with the string literal as the first parameter and the data to write the result to as the second parameter.
package main
imports (
"fmt"
"encoding/json"
)
func main() {
str := `{ "name": "my product", "id": 1 }`
product := Product{}
json.Unmarshal([]byte(str), &person)
fmt.Println(person) // prints the object
}Note how we also convert the response to a byte array []byte(str) and how the data is written in the second parameter to the person instance as a reference, &person.
read from a file
To read from a file, we will use the io/ioutil library and its ReadFile() function. Like with the string literal, the Unmarshal() function will be used to write the data to a struct instance.
package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"iohelper/dir"
"iohelper/file"
"log"
)
type Products struct {
Products []Product `json: products`
}
type Product struct {
Id int `json: "id"`
Name string `json: "name"`
}
func main(){
file, _ := ioutil.ReadFile("products.json")
data := Products{}
_ = json.Unmarshal([]byte(file), &data)
for i := 0; i < len(data.Products); i++ {
fmt.Println("Product Id: ", data.Products[i].Id)
fmt.Println("Name: ", data.Products[i].Name)
}
}We've seen so far how we can read JSON data either from a string literal or from a file, but what about writing data?
Two cases are important for us:
- Writing data to a structure. We are working with structs so any changes we do on the structs need to be converted back to JSON.
- Generate JSON from data. In the second case, we might be working with a raw string literal or even with pure primitives, how would we do that?
Let's address both these cases. What these cases have in common is the Marshal() function. The Marshal() method can take a primitive or a struct and taking that into JSON:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"encoding/json"
)
type Person struct {
Id int `json: "id"`
Name string`json: "name"`
}
func main() {
aBoolean, _ := json.Marshal(true)
aString, _ := json.Marshal("a string")
person := Person{
Id: 1
Name: "a person"
}
aPerson, _ := json.Marshal(&person)
fmt.Println(string(aBoolean)) // true
fmt.Println(string(aString)) // a string
fmt.Println(string(person)) // { "id": 1, "name": "a person" }
}Given the following file response.json, find a way to read the data and display it on the screen:
{
"orders": [
{
"id": 1,
"items": [
{ "id": 1, "quantity": 3, "total": 34.3 },
{ "id": 2, "quantity": 2, "total": 17.8 }
]
},
{
"id": 2,
"items": [
{ "id": 3, "quantity": 3, "total": 10.0 },
{ "id": 4, "quantity": 2, "total": 100.5 }
]
}
]
}package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
)
type OrderItem struct {
Id int `json: "id"`
Quantity int `json: "quantity"`
Total float32 `json: "total"`
}
type Order struct {
Id int `json: "id"`
Items []OrderItem `json: items`
}
type Response struct {
Orders []Order `json: orders`
}
func main() {
file, _ := ioutil.ReadFile("orders.json")
data := Response{}
_ = json.Unmarshal([]byte(file), &data)
fmt.Println(data)
for i := 0; i < len(data.Orders); i++ {
fmt.Println("Order Id: ", data.Orders[i].Id)
for j := 0; j < len(data.Orders[i].Items); j++ {
item := data.Orders[i].Items[j]
fmt.Println("Item id", item.Id)
fmt.Println("Item quantity", item.Quantity)
fmt.Println("Item total", item.Total)
}
}
}See if you can add products to your JSON file. Here's the JSON for it:
"products" :[{
"id": 1
"name" "product"
}]What structs do you need and how would you iterate over them?