fracas_german.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE fracas-problems SYSTEM "fracas-problems.dtd">
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="fracas-problems-to-html.xsl"?>

<fracas-problems>
<comment>Translation of the FraCaS test suite into German as spoken in Germany/Austria by Dijana Pijetlovic, 28-09-2012.</comment>    
<comment class="intro">

    =================================================================================
    THE FRACAS TEXTUAL INFERENCE PROBLEM SET
    =================================================================================

    The textual inference problems contained in this file are derived from the
    FraCaS project undertaken in the mid-1990s.  The source document is:

        "Using the Framework"
        The FraCaS Consortium
        Cooper et al.
        January 1996
        ftp://ftp.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/pub/FRACAS/del16.ps.gz

    There are 346 problems.  Each problem contains one or more premises and one
    question.  There are a total of 536 premises, or an average of 1.55 premises per
    problem.  The premise counts are distributed as follows:

                # premises      # problems      % problems
                ----------      ----------      ----------
                    1              192            55.5 %
                    2              122            35.3 %
                    3               29             8.4 %
                    4                2             0.6 %
                    5                1             0.3 %

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Conversion to XML by Bill MacCartney (wcmac@cs.stanford.edu).  If you benefit
    from my work, please give me appropriate credit.

    Some notes on the XML representation:

    The 'p' and 'q' elements:

        These contain the premises and the question from the original source
        problem.  Note that four problems are missing questions altogether.

        I have made some very minor corrections here and there, such as adding
        missing sentence-final periods.  But I've generally been reluctant to make
        other edits, even when the original is not perfectly grammatical.

    The 'h' element:

        The original problems included questions, not hypotheses.  But in my work, I
        prefer to work with declarative hypotheses.  I've therefore introduced the
        'h' element, containing a sentence which is, as nearly as possible, the
        declarative equivalent to the question posed in the 'q' element.  The
        transformation from question form to declarative form was initially
        performed automatically, but all the results were manually reviewed and
        edited for correctness.  Note that in a few questions (specifically, those
        containing "any", "anyone", or "either"), it was necessary to change some
        key words to achieve grammaticality.  "Any" and "anyone" were replaced by
        "some" and "someone", while "either" was replaced by "one of the".  Problems
        38, 46, 54, 55, 62, 70, 71, 78, 107, 108, 141, 344 were affected in this
        way.

    The 'a' element:

        Most problems in the source document included an answer, marked in square
        brackets.  The 'a' element shows that answer.  Most answers are "Yes",
        "Don't know", or "No", but some are longer phrases containing qualifications
        or elaborations such as "Yes, on one reading".  The answer distribution is
        roughly as follows:

            180    52%     Yes
             94    27%     Don't know
             31     9%     No
             41    12%     [other / complex]

    The 'why' element:

        These elements contain text from the source document intended to explain or
        justify the answer.

    The 'note' element:

        I've added notes to a number of problems in order to explain issues which
        arose during translation to XML.

    The 'fracas_answer' attribute:

        To remedy the fact that the answers given in the source document are not
        restricted to a set of canonical values, most problems include a
        'fracas_answer' attribute, having one of the values {'yes', 'no', 'unknown',
        'undef'}.  In most cases, this attribute value was generated by the obvious
        mapping from the 'a' element, but for complex 'a' elements I used my own
        judgment in generating the 'answer' value.

    The 'fracas_nonstandard' attribute:

        If the answer given in the source document is not one of {'Yes', 'No', or
        'Don't know'}, then the problem will include the 'fracas_nonstandard'
        attribute with value 'true'.  41 problems have this annotation.


    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Here's the outline of the problem set:

        1 GENERALIZED QUANTIFIERS
            1.1 Conservativity
            1.2 Monotonicity (upwards on second argument)
            1.3 Monotonicity (downwards on second argument)
            1.4 Monotonicity (upwards on first argument)
            1.5 Monotonicity (downwards on first argument)

        2 PLURALS
            2.1 Conjoined Noun Phrases
            2.2 Definite Plurals
            2.3 Bare Plurals
            2.4 Dependent Plurals
            2.5 Negated Plurals
            2.6 Collective and Distributive Plurals

        3 (NOMINAL) ANAPHORA
            3.1 Intra-Sentential
            3.2 Inter-Sentential
            3.3 Plural Anaphora
            3.4 E-type and Donkey Pronouns
            3.5 Functional and Subsectional
            3.6 Simple Reflexives

        4 ELLIPSIS
            4.1 VP Ellipsis
            4.2 Gapping
            4.3 One Anaphora
            4.4 Sluicing
            4.5 Phrasal Ellipsis
            4.6 Antecedent Contained Deletion
            4.7 Configurational Effects
            4.8 Ellipsis and Anaphora
            4.9 Ellipsis and Quantification

        5 ADJECTIVES
            5.1 Affirmative and Non-Affirmative
            5.2 No Comparison Class
            5.3 Opposites
            5.4 Extensional Comparison Classes
            5.5 Extensional and Intensional Comparison Classes
            5.6 Default Comparison Classes

        6 COMPARATIVES
            6.1 Phrasal Comparatives
            6.2 Clausal Complement
            6.3 Measure Phrases
            6.4 Differential Comparatives
            6.5 Attributive Comparatives
            6.6 Comparatives and Quantifiers

        7 TEMPORAL REFERENCE
            7.1 Standard Use of Tenses
            7.2 Temporal Adverbials
                7.2.1 Indexicals
                7.2.2 "Before", "After" (Temporal Subordinate Clauses)
                7.2.3 "In", "For" and "On" Temporal Adverbials
                7.2.4 Quantificational Adverbials
            7.3 Anaphoric Dimension
            7.4 Adverbs of Quantification
            7.5 Some more Complex Examples

        8 VERBS
            8.1 Aspectual Classes
            8.2 Distributive and Collective Predication

        9 ATTITUDES
            9.1 Epistemic, Intentional and Reportive Attitudes
            9.2 Preceptive Attitudes: "See" with Bare Infinitive Complements
                9.2.1 Inferences we do not get
                9.2.2 Veridicality
                9.2.3 Substitution
                9.2.4 Existential instantiation
                9.2.5 Conjunction distribution
                9.2.6 Disjunction distribution

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Here's the breakdown by topic:

                                                       single-
        sec   topic            start   count     %     premise
        ---   -----------      -----   -----   -----   -------
         1    Quantifiers         1      80     23 %      50
         2    Plurals            81      33     10 %      24
         3    Anaphora          114      28      8 %       6
         4    Ellipsis          142      55     16 %      25
         5    Adjectives        197      23      7 %      15
         6    Comparatives      220      31      9 %      16
         7    Temporal          251      75     22 %      39
         8    Verbs             326       8      2 %       8
         9    Attitudes         334      13      4 %       9

</comment>

<comment class="section"> 1 GENERALIZED QUANTIFIERS </comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 1.1 Conservativity </comment>

<comment> Q As are Bs == Q As are As who are Bs </comment>

<problem
  id="001"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Ein Italiener wurde der weltbeste Tenor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      an[m] Italian became[past-3.Sg] the[m] world's-greatest[m] tenor.
     </morph>
     <english>
      An Italian became the world's greatest tenor.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gab es einen Italiener, der der weltbeste Tenor wurde?
     </script>
     <morph>
      existed-it[past,3.Sg] an[m] Italian who[m] the world's-greatest[m] tenor became[past-3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was there an Italian who became the world's greatest tenor?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gab einen Italiener, der der weltbeste Tenor wurde.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it existed[past,3.Sg] an[m] Italian who[m] the world's-greatest[m] tenor became[past-3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There was an Italian who became the world's greatest tenor.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>


<problem
  id="002"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder italienische Mann will ein grossartiger Tenor sein.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every Italian[m] man wants a great[m] tenor be[inf].  
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Italian man wants to be a great tenor.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
    <script>
      Einige italienische Männer sind grossartige Tenöre.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Some[pl] Italian[pl] men are[pres,3.Pl] great[pl] tenors.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Some Italian men are great tenors.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es italienische Männer, die ein grossartiger Tenor sein wollen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists-it[pres,3.Sg] Italian[pl] men who[pl] a[m] great[m] tenor be[inf] want[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there Italian men who want to be a great tenor?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt italienische Männer, die ein grossartiger Tenor sein wollen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it-exists[pres,3.Sg] Italian[pl] men who[pl] a[m] great[m] tenor be[inf] want[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are Italian men who want to be a great tenor.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<note> Note that second premise is unnecessary and irrelevant. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="003"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle italienischen Männer wollen ein grossartiger Tenor sein.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] Italian[pl] men want[pres,3.Pl] a[m] great[m] tenor be[inf].    
     </morph>
     <english>
      All Italian men want to be a great tenor.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Einige italienische Männer sind grossartige Tenöre.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Some[pl] Italian[pl] men are[pres,3.Pl] great[pl] tenors.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Some Italian men are great tenors.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es italienische Männer, die ein grossartiger Tenor sein wollen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists-it[pres,3.Sg] Italian[pl] men, who[pl] a[m] great[m] tenor be[inf] want[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there Italian men who want to be a great tenor?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt italienische Männer, die ein grossartiger Tenor sein wollen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it-exists[pres,3.Sg] Italian[pl] men, who[pl] a[m] great[m] tenor be[inf] want[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are Italian men who want to be a great tenor.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<note> Note that second premise is unnecessary and irrelevant. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="004"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder italienische Tenor will grossartig sein.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Each[m] Italian[m] tenor wants[pres,3.Sg] great be[inf].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each Italian tenor wants to be great.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
    <script>
     Einige italienische Männer sind grossartige Tenöre.
     </script>
     <morph>
     Some[pl] Italian[pl] men are[pres,3.Pl] great[pl] tenors.
     </morph> 
    <english>
     Some Italian tenors are great.
    </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es italienische Männer, die ein grossartiger Tenor sein wollen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] Italian[pl] men, who[pl] a[m] great[m] tenor be[inf] want[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are there Italian tenors who want to be great?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt italienische Männer, die ein grossartiger Tenor sein wollen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] Italian[pl] men, who[pl] a[m] great[m] tenor be[inf] want[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are Italian tenors who want to be great.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<note> Note that second premise is unnecessary and irrelevant. </note>
</problem>


<problem
  id="005"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die wirklich ehrgeizigen Tenöre sind Italiener.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] really ambitious[pl] tenors are[pres,3.Pl] Italians[pl].    
     </morph>
     <english>
      The really ambitious tenors are Italian.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es wirklich ehrgeizige Tenöre, die Italiener sind?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] really ambitious[pl] tenors, who[pl] Italians[pl] are[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there really ambitious tenors who are Italian?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt wirklich ehrgeizige Tenöre, die Italiener sind.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] really ambitious[pl] tenors, who[pl] Italians[pl] are[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are really ambitious tenors who are Italian.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="006"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Keine wirklich grossartigen Tenöre sind bescheiden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[pl] really great[pl] tenors are[pres,3.Pl] modest.    
     </morph>
     <english>
      No really great tenors are modest.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es wirklich grossartige Tenöre, die bescheiden sind?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] really great[pl] tenors, who[pl] modest are[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there really great tenors who are modest?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt wirklich grossartige Tenöre, die bescheiden sind.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] really great[pl] tenors, who[pl] modest are[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are really great tenors who are modest.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="007"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige grossartige Tenöre sind Schweden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] great[pl] tenors are[pres,3.Pl] Swedes[pl].    
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some great tenors are Swedish.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es grossartige Tenöre, die Schweden sind?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] Swedes[pl] are[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there great tenors who are Swedish?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt grossartige Tenöre, die Schweden sind.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] Swedes[pl] are[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are there great tenors who are Swedish?
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<note> In German it is more common to use "Schweden" "Swedes" than "schwedish" "Swedish" which goes for other nationalities as well in this context. 
</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="008"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Viele grossartige Tenöre sind Deutsche.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] great[pl] tenors are[pres,3.Pl] German[pl].    
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many great tenors are German.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es grossartige Tenöre, die Deutsche sind?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] Germans[pl] are[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there great tenors who are German?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt grossartige Tenöre, die Deutsche sind.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] Germans[pl] are[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are great tenors who are German.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="009"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mehrere grossartige Tenöre sind Briten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] great[pl] tenors are[pres,3.Pl] Britons[pl].    
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several great tenors are British.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es grossartige Tenöre, die Briten sind?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] Britons[pl] are[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there great tenors who are British?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt grossartige Tenöre, die Briten sind.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] Britons[pl] are[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are great tenors who are British.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="010"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die meisten grossartigen Tenöre sind Italiener.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most[pl] great[pl] tenors are[pres,3.Pl] Italians[pl].    
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most great tenors are Italian.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es grossartige Tenöre, die Italiener sind?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] Italians[pl] are[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there great tenors who are Italian?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt grossartige Tenöre, die Italiener sind.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] Italians[pl] are[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are great tenors who are Italian.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="011"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige grossartige Tenöre singen populäre Musik.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a-few[pl] great[pl] tenore sing[pres,3.Pl] popular[f] music.     
     </morph>
     <english>
      A few great tenors sing popular music.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Einige grossartige Tenöre mögen populäre Musik.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] great[pl] tenors like[pres,3.Pl] popular[f] music.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Some great tenors like popular music.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es grossartige Tenöre, die populäre Musik singen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] popular[f] music sing[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are there great tenors who sing popular music?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt grossartige Tenöre, die populäre Musik singen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] popular[f] music sing[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are great tenors who sing popular music.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<note> Note that second premise is unnecessary and irrelevant. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="012"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Wenige grossartige Tenöre sind arm.
     </script>
     <morph>
      few[pl] great[pl] tenors are[pres,3.Pl] poor.    
     </morph>
     <english>
      Few great tenors are poor.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es grossartige Tenöre, die arm sind?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] poor are[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there great tenors who are poor?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt grossartige Tenöre, die arm sind.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] great[pl] tenors, who[pl] arm are[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are great tenors who are poor.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nicht viele
     </script>
     <english>
	  Not many 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="013"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Beide Haupttenöre sind ausgezeichnet.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both leading-tenors are[pres,3.Pl] excellent.     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both leading tenors are excellent.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Haupttenöre, die[pl] ausgezeichnet sind, sind unentbehrlich.
     </script>
     <morph>
      leading-tenors, who[pl] excellent are[pres,3.Pl], are[pres,3.Pl] indispensable.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Leading tenors who are excellent are indispensable.
    </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sind beide Haupttenöre unentbehrlich?
     </script>
     <morph>
      are[pres,3.Pl] both leading-tenors indispensable?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are both leading tenors indispensable?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Beide Haupttenöre sind unentbehrlich.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both leading-tenors are[pres,3.Pl] indispensable.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both leading tenors are indispensable.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="014"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Keiner der beiden Haupttenöre ist billig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      none[m] of-the[m] both[m] leading-tenors is[pres,3.Sg] cheap.     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Neither leading tenor comes cheap.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Einer der Haupttenöre ist Pavarotti.
     </script>
     <morph>
      one[m] of-the[m] leading-tenors is[pres,3.Sg] Pavarotti.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      One of the leading tenors is Pavarotti.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Pavarotti ein Haupttenor der billig ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Pl] Pavarotti a[m] leading-tenor who[m] cheap is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Pavarotti a leading tenor who comes cheap?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Pavarotti ist ein Haupttenor der billig ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Pavarotti is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] leading-tenor who[m] cheap is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Pavarotti is a leading tenor who comes cheap.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No 
     </english>
</a>
<note> The translation for "come cheap" is more common in German with the verb "be" "ist billig". The expression with "come" can be used in German as well but it is more common in the spoken language. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="015"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mindestens drei Tenöre werden an dem Konzert teilnehmen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least three tenors will[fut,3.Pl] in the[n] concert take-part[inf].  
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three tenors will take part in the concert.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gib es Tenöre, die an dem Konzert teilnehmen werden?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] there tenors, who[pl] in the[n] concert take-part will[fut,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there tenors who will take part in the concert?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt Tenöre, die an dem Konzert teilnehmen werden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] tenors, who[pl] in the[n] concert take-part will[fut,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are tenors who will take part in the concert.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="016"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Höchstens zwei der Tenöre werden ihre Gagen einer Stiftung spenden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most two of-the[pl] tenors will[fut,3.Pl] their[pl] fees to[dat] charity contribute[inf].  
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most two tenors will contribute their fees to charity.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gib es Tenöre, die ihre Gagen einer Stiftung spenden werden?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists it[pres,3.Sg] tenors, who[pl] their[pl] fees to[dat] charity contribute[inf] will[fut,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Are there tenors who will contribute their fees to charity?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt Tenöre, die ihre Gagen einer Stiftung spenden werden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] tenors, who[pl] their[pl] fees to[dat] charity contribute[inf] will[fut,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are tenors who will contribute their fees to charity.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Höchstens zwei
     </script>
     <english>
	  At most two
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 1.2 Monotonicity (upwards on second argument) </comment>

<comment> Q As are Bs and all Bs are Cs &lt; Q As are Cs </comment>

<problem
  id="017"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Ein Ire gewann den Literaturnobelpreis.
     </script>
     <morph>
      an[m] Irishman won[past,3.Sg] the[acc,m] Nobel-prize-for-literature
     </morph>
     <english>
      An Irishman won the Nobel prize for literature.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ein Ire einen Nobelpreis?
     </script>
     <morph>
      win[past,3.Sg]? an[m] Irishman a[acc,m] Nobel-prize?
     </morph>
     <english>
	  Did an Irishman win a Nobel prize?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Ein Ire gewann einen Nobelpreis.
     </script>
     <morph>
      An[m] Irishman won[past,3.Sg] a[acc,m] Nobel-prize.
     </morph>
     <english>
      An Irishman won a Nobel prize.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="018"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer hat das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European has[pres,3.Sg] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every European has the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
    <script>
      Jeder Europäer ist eine Person.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] person.
     </morph> 
    <english>
      Every European is a person.
    </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jede Person, die das Recht hat in Europa zu leben, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] person, who[f] the right has[pres,3.Sg] in Europe to live[inf], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kann jeder Europäer unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Sg] every[m] European freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can every European travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every European can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="019"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Europäer haben das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] European have[pres,3.Pl] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      All Europeans have the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer ist eine Person.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] person.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every European is a person.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jede Person, die das Recht hat in Europa zu leben, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] person, who[f] the right has[pres,3.Sg] in Europe to live[inf], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Können alle Europäer unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Pl] all[pl] Europeans freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can all Europeans travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle Europäer können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] Europeans can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      All Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>


<problem
  id="020"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer hat das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      each[m] European has[pres,3.Sg] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf]..     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each European has the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer ist eine Person.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] person.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every European is a person.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jede Person, die das Recht hat in Europa zu leben, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] person, who[f] the right has[pres,3.Sg] in Europe to live[inf], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kann jeder Europäer unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Sg] each[m] European freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can each European travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      each[m] European can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each European can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>


<problem
  id="021"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle, die in den Mitgliedstaaten wohnhaft sind, haben das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl], who[pl] in the[pl] member-states resident are[pres,3.Pl], have[pres,3.Pl] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      The residents of member states have the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
       Alle, die in den Mitgliedstaaten wohnhaft sind, sind Personen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl], who[pl] in the[pl] member-states resident are[pres,3.Pl], are[pres,3.Pl] individuals.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All residents of member states are individuals.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jeder, der das Recht hat in Europa zu leben, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone who[m] the right has[pres,3.Sg] in Europe to live[inf] can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every individual who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Können alle, die in den Mitgliedstaaten wohnhaft sind, unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Pl] all[pl], who[pl] in the[pl] member-states resident are[pres,3.Pl], freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can the residents of member states travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle, die in den Mitgliedstaaten wohnhaft sind, können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl], who[pl] in the[pl] member-states resident are[pres,3.Pl], can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The residents of member states can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="022"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Kein Delegierter stellte den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[m] delegate finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m] report on time [dis-con].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      No delegate finished the report on time.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Stellte kein Delegierter den Bericht fertig?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] no[m] delegate the[m] report [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did no delegate finish the report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Kein Delegierter stellte den Bericht fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[m] delegate finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m] report [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      No delegate finished the report.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
<why> can't drop adjunct in negative context </why>
<note>In this context the verb "finish" has to be translated with the discontinuous constituent "fertigstellen"</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="023"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige Delegierte führten die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] delegates finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[f] survey on time [dis-con].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some delegates finished the survey on time.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Führten einige Delegierte die Umfrage durch?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] some[pl] delegates the[f] survey [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did some delegates finish the survey?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Einige Delegierte führten die Umfrage durch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] delegates finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[f] survey [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some delegates finished the survey.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<why> OK to drop adjunct in positive context </why>
<note>In this context you use a different translation for the verb "finish" in German</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="024"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Viele Delegierte erzielten interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] delegates obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting results from the[f,dat] survey.     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Erzielten viele Delegierte Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage?
     </script>
     <morph>
      obtained[past,3.Sg] many[pl] delegates results from the[f,dat] survey?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did many delegates obtain results from the survey?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Viele Delegierte erzielten Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] delegates obtained[past,3.Sg] results from the[f,dat] survey.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many delegates obtained results from the survey.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<why> OK to drop adjunct in positive context </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="025"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es wurden die Ergebnisse mehrerer Delegierter in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results several[pl,gen] delegates in the[pl,acc] most-important national[pl] newspapers published[perf].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wurden die Ergebnisse mehrerer Delegierter veröffentlicht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results several[pl,gen] delegates published[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did several delegates get the results published?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es wurden die Ergebnisse mehrerer Delegierter veröffentlicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results several[pl,gen] delegates published[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several delegates got the results published.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<why> OK to drop adjunct in positive context </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="026"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die meisten Europäer sind wohnhaft in Europa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most Europeans are[pres,3.Pl] resident in Europe.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most Europeans are resident in Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Europäer sind Menschen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all Europeans are[pres,3.Pl] people.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All Europeans are people.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Alle Menschen, die in Europa wohnhaft sind, können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all people, who[pl] in Europe resident are[pres,3.Pl], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All people who are resident in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Können die meisten Europäer unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Pl] the[pl] most Europeans freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can most Europeans travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die meisten Europäer können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most Europeans can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="027"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Schweden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a-few committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from Sweden.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A few committee members are from Sweden.
     </english>
   </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Ausschussmitglieder sind Menschen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all committee-members are[pres,3.Pl] people.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All committee members are people.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Alle Menschen, die aus Schweden kommen, kommen aus Skandinavien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all people who[pl] from Sweden come[pres,3.Pl] come[pres,3.Pl] from Scandinavia.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All people who are from Sweden are from Scandinavia.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kommen zumindest einige Ausschussmitglieder aus Skandinavien?
     </script>
     <morph>
      come[pres,3.Pl] at-least a-few committee-members from Scandinavia?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are at least a few committee members from Scandinavia?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es kommen zumindest einige Ausschussmitglieder aus Skandinavien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it come[pres,3.Pl] at-least a-few committee-members from Scandinavia.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least a few committee members are from Scandinavia.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<note>In German it is more common to use "come from" instead of "are from"</note>
</problem>


<problem
  id="028"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Wenige Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Portugal.
     </script>
     <morph>
      few committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from Portugal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Few committee members are from Portugal.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Ausschussmitglieder sind Menschen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all committee-members are[pres,3.Pl] people.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All committee members are people.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Alle Menschen, die aus Portugal kommen, kommen aus Südeuropa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all people who[pl] from Portugal come[pres,3.Pl] come[pres,3.Pl] from southern-Europe.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All people who are from Portugal are from southern Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kommen wenige Ausschussmitglieder aus Südeuropa?
     </script>
     <morph>
      come[pres,3.Pl] few committee-members from southern-Europe?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are there few committee members from southern Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es kommen wenige Ausschussmitglieder aus Südeuropa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it come[pres,3.Pl] few committee-members from southern-Europe.
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are few committee members from southern Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
<note>In German it is more common to use "come from" instead of "are from"</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="029"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Beide Kommissare waren früher führende Geschäftsmänner.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both commissioners be[past,3.Pl] used-to leading[pl] businessmen.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both commissioners used to be leading businessmen.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Waren beide Kommissare früher Geschäftsmänner?
     </script>
     <morph>
      be[past,3.Pl] both commissioners used-to businessmen?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did both commissioners used to be businessmen?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Beide Kommissare waren früher Geschäftsmänner.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both commissioners be[past,3.Pl] used-to businessmen.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both commissioners used to be businessmen.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="030"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Keiner der beiden Kommissare verbringt viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      none[m] of-the[m] both[m] commissioners spends[pres,3.Sg] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Neither commissioner spends a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringt keiner der beiden Kommissare Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Sg] none[m] of-the[m] both[m] commissioners time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does neither commissioner spend time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Keiner der beiden Kommissare verbringt Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      none[m] of-the[m] both[m] commissioners spends[pres,3.Sg] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Neither commissioner spends time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Not OK to drop [qualifier] in negative context </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="031"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mindestens drei der Kommissare verbringen viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least three of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three commissioners spend a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringen mindestens drei der Kommissare Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Pl] at-least three of-the commissioners time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do at least three commissioners spend time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mindestens drei der Kommissare verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least three of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note> Typo in original problem: premise was "A least three..." </note> 
</problem>

<problem
  id="032"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Höchstens zehn der Kommissare verbringen viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most ten of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most ten commissioners spend a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringen höchstens zehn der Kommissare Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Pl] at-most ten of-the commissioners time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do at most ten commissioners spend time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Höchstens zehn der Kommissare verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most ten of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most ten commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>  
</problem>


<comment class="subsection"> 1.3 Monotonicity (downwards on second argument) </comment>

<comment> Q As are Bs and all Cs are Bs &lt; Q As are Cs </comment>


<problem
  id="033"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Ein Ire gewann einen Nobelpreis.
     </script>
     <morph>
      an[m] Irishman won[past,3.Sg] a[m] Nobel-prize.
     </morph>
     <english>
      An Irishman won a Nobel prize.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ein Ire den Literaturnobelpreis?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] an[m] Irishman the[m,acc] Nobel-prize-for-literature?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did an Irishman win the Nobel prize for literature?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Ein Ire gewann den Literaturnobelpreis.
     </script>
     <morph>
      an[m] Irishman won[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] Nobel-prize-for-literature.
     </morph>
     <english>
      An Irishman won the Nobel prize for literature.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>  
</problem>

<problem
  id="034"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every European can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer ist eine Person.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European is[pers,3.Sg] a[f] person.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every European is a person.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jede Person, die das Recht hat in Europa zu leben, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] person, who[f] the[n] right has[pres,3.Sg] in Europe to live[inf], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat jeder Europäer das Recht in Europa zu leben?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] every[m] European the[n] right in Europe to live[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does every European have the right to live in Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer hat das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European has[pres,3.Sg] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every European has the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="035"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Europäer können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] European can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      All Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer ist eine Person.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European is[pers,3.Sg] a[f] person.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every European is a person.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jede Person, die das Recht hat in Europa zu leben, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] person who[f] the[n] right has[pres,3.Sg] in Europe to live[inf], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Haben alle Europäer das Recht in Europa zu leben?
     </script>
     <morph>
      have[pres,3.Pl] all[pl] European the[n] right in Europe to live[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do all Europeans have the right to live in Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle Europäer haben das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] European have[pres,3.Pl] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      All Europeans have the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="036"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      each[m] European can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each European can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer ist eine Person.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] European is[pers,3.Sg] a[f] person.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every European is a person.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jede Person, die das Recht hat in Europa zu leben, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] person, who[f] the[n] right has[pres,3.Sg] in Europe to live[inf], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat jeder Europäer das Recht in Europa zu leben?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] each[m] European the[n] right in Europe to live[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does each European have the right to live in Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Europäer hat das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      each[m] European has[pres,3.Sg] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each European has the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="037"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle, die in den Mitgliedstaaten wohnhaft sind, können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl], who[pl] in the[pl] member-states resident are[pres,3.Pl], can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The residents of member states can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle, die in den Mitgliedstaaten wohnhaft sind, sind Personen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl], who[pl] in the[pl] member-states resident are[pres,3.Pl], are[pres,3.Pl] individuals.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All residents of member states are individuals.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jede Person, die das Recht hat überall in Europa zu leben, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] person who[f] the[n] right has[pres,3.Sg] anywhere in Europe to live[inf], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Every individual who has the right to live anywhere in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Haben alle, die in den Mitgliedstaaten wohnhaft sind, das Recht überall in Europa zu leben?
     </script>
     <morph>
      have[pres,3.Pl] all[pl], who[pl] in the[pl] member-states resident are[pres,3.Pl], the[n] right anywhere in Europe to live[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do the residents of member states have the right to live anywhere in Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle, die in den Mitgliedstaaten wohnhaft sind, haben das Recht überall in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl], who[pl] in the[pl] member-states resident are[pres,3.Pl], have[pres,3.Pl] the[n] right anywhere in Europe to live[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The residents of member states have the right to live anywhere in Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="038"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Kein Delegierter stellte den Bericht fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[m] delegate finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m] report [dis-con].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      No delegate finished the report.
     </english>
   </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Stellte irgendein Delegierter den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] any[m] delegate the[m] report on-time [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did any delegate finish the report on time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Irgendein Delegierter stellte den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[m] delegate finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m] report on-time [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some delegate finished the report on time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
<note>In this context the verb "finish" has to be translated with the discontinuous constituent "fertigstellen"</note>
</problem>


<problem
  id="039"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige Delegierte führten die Umfrage durch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] delegates finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] the[f] survey [dis-con].      
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some delegates finished the survey.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Führten einige Delegierte die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] some[pl] delegates the[f] survey on-time [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did some delegates finish the survey on time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Einige Delegierte führten die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] delegates finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] the[m] survey on-time [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some delegates finished the survey on time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<note>In this context the verb "finish" has to be translated with the discontinuous constituent "durchführen"</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="040"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Viele Delegierte erzielten Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] delegates obtained[past,3.Pl] results from the[f] survey.      
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many delegates obtained results from the survey.
     </english>
   </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Erzielten viele Delegierte interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage?
     </script>
     <morph>
      obtained[past,3.Pl] many[pl] delegates interesting[pl] results from the[f] survey?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did many delegates obtain interesting results from the survey?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Viele Delegierte erzielten interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] delegates obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[pl] results from the[f] survey.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="041"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es wurden die Ergebnisse mehrerer Delegierter veröffentlicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it got[pl] the[pl] results several[pl,gen] delegates[gen] published[perf].      
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several delegates got the results published.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wurden die Ergebnisse mehrerer Delegierter in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results several[pl,gen] delegates[gen] in the[pl] most-important[pl] national[pl] newspapers published[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did several delegates get the results published in major national newspapers?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es wurden die Ergebnisse mehrerer Delegierter in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results several[pl,gen] delegates[gen] in the[pl] most-important[pl] national[pl] newspapers published[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="042"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die meisten Europäer können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most[pl] Europeans can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Europäer sind Menschen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] Europeans are[pres,3.Pl] people.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All Europeans are people.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Alle Menschen, die in Europa wohnhaft sind, können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] people, who[pl] in Europe resident are[pres,3.Pl], can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All people who are resident in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sind die meisten Europäer in Europa wohnhaft?
     </script>
     <morph>
      are[pres,3.Pl] the[pl] most[pl] Europeans in Europe resident?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are most Europeans resident in Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die meisten Europäer sind wohnhaft in Europa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most[pl] Europeans are[pres,3.Pl] resident in Europe.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most Europeans are resident in Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="043"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Skandinavien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a-few[pl] committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from Scandinavia.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A few committee members are from Scandinavia.
     </english>
   </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Ausschussmitglieder sind Menschen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] committee-members are[pres,3.Pl] people.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All committee members are people.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Alle Menschen, die aus Schweden kommen, kommen aus Skandinavien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] people, who[pl] from Sweden come[pres,3.Pl] come[pres,3.Pl] from Scandinavia.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All people who are from Sweden are from Scandinavia.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kommen zumindest einige Ausschussmitglieder aus Schweden?
     </script>
     <morph>
      come[pres,3.Pl] at-least a-few[pl] committee-members from Sweden?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are at least a few committee members from Sweden?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mindestens einige Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Schweden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least a-few[pl] committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from Sweden.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least a few committee members are from Sweden.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
<note>In German it is more common to use "come from" instead of "are from" with countries.</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="044"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Wenige Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Südeuropa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      few[pl] committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from southern-Europe.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Few committee members are from southern Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Ausschussmitglieder sind Menschen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] committee-members are[pres,3.Pl] people.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All committee members are people.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Alle Menschen, die aus Portugal kommen, kommen aus Südeuropa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] people who[pl] from Portugal come[pres,3.Pl] come[pres,3.Pl] from southern-Europe.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      All people who are from Portugal are from southern Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kommen wenige Ausschussmitglieder aus Portugal?
     </script>
     <morph>
      come[pres,3.Pl] few[pl] committee-members from Portugal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are there few committee members from Portugal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es kommen wenige Ausschussmitglieder aus Portugal.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it come[pres,3.Pl] few[pl] committee-members from Portugal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are few committee members from Portugal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>In German it is more common to use "come from" instead of "are from" with countries.</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="045"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Beide Kommissare waren früher Geschäftsmänner.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both commissioners be[past,3.Pl] used-to businessmen.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both commissioners used to be businessmen.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Waren beide Kommissare früher führende Geschäftsmänner.
     </script>
     <morph>
      be[past,3.Pl] both commissioners used-to leading[pl] businessmen?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did both commissioners used to be leading businessmen?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Beide Kommissare waren früher führende Geschäftsmänner.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both commissioners be[past,3.Pl] used-to leading[pl] businessmen.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both commissioners used to be leading businessmen.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
 </a>  
</problem>


<problem
  id="046"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Keiner der beiden Kommissare verbringt Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      none[m] of-the[m] both[m] commissioners spends[pres,3.Sg] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Neither commissioner spends time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringt einer der beiden Kommissare viel Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spends[pres,3.Sg] one[m] of-the[m] both[m] commissioners a-lot-of time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does either commissioner spend a lot of time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Einer der Kommissare verbringt viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      one[m] of-the[m] commissioners spends[pres,3.Sg] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      One of the commissioners spends a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
  </a>  
</problem>

<problem
  id="047"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mindestens drei der Kommissare verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least three of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringen mindestens drei der Kommissare viel Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Pl] al-least three of-the commissioners a-lot-of time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do at least three commissioners spend a lot of time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mindestens drei der Kommissare verbringen viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least three of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three commissioners spend a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
 </a> 
<note> Typo in original problem: premise was "A least three..." </note> 
</problem>

<problem
  id="048"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Höchstens zehn der Kommissare verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most ten of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most ten commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringen höchstens zehn der Kommissare viel Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Pl] al-most ten of-the commissioners a-lot-of time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do at most ten commissioners spend a lot of time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Hächstens zehn Kommissare verbringen viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most ten of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most ten commissioners spend a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
  </a>  
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 1.4 Monotonicity (upwards on first argument) </comment>

<comment> Q As are Bs and all As are Cs &lt; Q Cs are Bs </comment>

<problem
  id="049"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Ein Schwede gewann einen Nobelpreis.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a[m] Swede won[past,3.Sg] a[m] Nobel-prize.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A Swede won a Nobel prize.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder Schwede ist ein Skandinavier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] Swede is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] Scandinavian.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Swede is a Scandinavian.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ein Skandinavier einen Nobelpreis?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] a[m] Scandinavian a[m,acc] Nobel-prize?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did a Scandinavian win a Nobel prize?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Ein Skandinavier gewann einen Nobelpreis.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a[m] Scandinavian won[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] Nobel-prize.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A Scandinavian won a Nobel prize.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
  </a>  
</problem>

<problem
  id="050"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Canadian resident can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, ist ein Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
    <script>
      Kann jeder Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents unbehindert innnerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Sg] every[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can every resident of the North American continent travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Sg] within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every resident of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
  </a>  
</problem>

<problem
  id="051"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle, die in Kanada wohnhaft sind, können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl], who[pl] in Canada resident are[pres,3.Pl], can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      All Canadian residents can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
   </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, ist ein Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Können alle Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents unbehindert innnerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Pl] all[pl] residents of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can all residents of the North American continent travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] residents of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Pl] within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      All residents of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
  </a>  
</problem>

<problem
  id="052"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each Canadian resident can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, ist ein Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kann jeder Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents unbehindert innnerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Sg] each[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can each resident of the North American continent travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
     Jeder Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
     each[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
     Each resident of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
     Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	 Don't know
     </english>
  </a> 
<note>There are no different words in German for each and every. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="053"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die Bewohner der führenden westlichen Länder können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] residents of-the[pl,gen] major[pl,gen] western[pl,gen] countries can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The residents of major western countries can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Bewohner der führenden westlichen Länder sind Bewohner der westlichen Länder.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] residents of-the[pl,gen] major[pl,gen] western[pl,gen] countries are[pres,3.Pl] residents of-the[pl,gen] western[pl,gen] countries.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All residents of major western countries are residents of western countries.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Haben die Bewohner der westlichen Länder das Recht in Europa zu leben?
     </script>
     <morph>
      have[pres,3.Pl] the[pl] residents of-the[pl,gen] western[pl,gen] countries[gen] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do the residents of western countries have the right to live in Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die Bewohner der westlichen Länder haben das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] residents of-the[pl,gen] western[m,gen] countries[gen] have[pres,3.Pl] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The residents of western countries have the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
  </a> 
</problem>

<problem
  id="054"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Kein skandinavischer Delegierter stellte den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[m] Scandinavian[m] delegate finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m] report on-time [dis-con].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      No Scandinavian delegate finished the report on time.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Stellte irgendein Delegierter den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] any[m] delegate the[m] report on-time [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did any delegate finish the report on time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Irgendein Delegierter stellte den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
     some[m] delegate finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m] report on-time [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some delegate finished the report on time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<note>The German translation needs in this context for "finish" the discontinuous constituent "fertigstellen"</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="055"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige irische Delegierte führten die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] Irish[pl] delegates finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] the[f] survey on-time [dis-con].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some Irish delegates finished the survey on time.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Führten irgendwelche Delegierten die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] any[pl] delegates the[f] survey on-time [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did any delegates finish the survey on time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Einige Delegierte führten die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] delegates finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] the[f] survey on-time [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some delegates finished the survey on time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>In this context the verb "finish" has to be translated with the discontinuous constituent "durchführen"</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="056"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Viele britische Delegierte erzielten interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] British[pl] delegates obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[pl] results from the[f,dat] survey.     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many British delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Erzielten viele Delegierte interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage?
     </script>
     <morph>
      obtained[past,3.Pl] many[pl] delegates interesting[pl] results from the[f,dat] survey?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did many delegates obtain interesting results from the survey?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Viele Delegierte erzielten interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] delegates obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[pl] results the[f,dat] survey.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<note>
    This answer seems dubious to me.  Apparently the FraCaS people interpret
    "many" as denoting a large proportion, whereas I interpret it as denoting a
    large absolute number.  That is, if "many" is regarded as a binary
    generalized quantifier, they want to say it's non-monotone in the first
    argument (and upward-monotone in the second), whereas I would say it's
    upward-monotone in both arguments.  Note that this problem is exactly the
    inverse of problem fracas-72.
 </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="057"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es wurden die Ergebnisse, mehrerer portugiesischer Delegierter, in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it got[pl] the[pl] results, several[pl,gen] Portuguese[pl,gen] delegates[gen], in most-important[pl] national newspapers published[perf].      
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several Portuguese delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wurden die Ergebnisse, mehrerer Delegierter, in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results, several[pl,gen] delegates[gen], in the[pl] most-important[pl] national[pl] newspapers published[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did several delegates get the results published in major national newspapers?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es wurden die Ergebnisse, mehrerer Delegierter, in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results, several[pl,gen] delegates[gen], in the[pl] most-important[pl] national[pl] newspapers published[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="058"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die meisten Europäer, die in Europa wohnhaft sind, können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most[pl] Europeans who[pl] in Europe resident are[pres,3.Pl] can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most Europeans who are resident in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Können die meisten Europäer unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Pl] the[pl] most[pl] Europeans freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can most Europeans travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die meisten Europäer können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most[pl] Europeans can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="059"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige weibliche Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Skandinavien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a-few[pl] female committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from Scandinavia.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A few female committee members are from Scandinavia.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kommen zumindest einige Ausschussmitglieder aus Skandinavien?
     </script>
     <morph>
      come[pres,3.Pl] at-least a-few[pl] committee-members from Scandinavia?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are at least a few committee members from Scandinavia?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es kommen zumindest einige Ausschussmitglieder aus Skandinavien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it come[pres,3.Pl] at-least a-few[pl] committee-members from Scandinavia.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least a few committee members are from Scandinavia.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="060"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Wenige weibliche Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Südeuropa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      few[pl] female committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from southern-Europe.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Few female committee members are from southern Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kommen wenige Ausschussmitglieder aus Südeuropa?
     </script>
     <morph>
      come[pres,3.Pl] few[pl] committee-members from southern-Europe?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are few committee members from southern Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es kommen wenige Ausschussmitglieder aus Südeuropa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it come[pres,3.Pl] few[pl] committee-members from southern-Europe.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Few committee members are from southern Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Unknown
     </english>
</a>
<note>
    Note that this problem is exactly the inverse of problem fracas-76.
 </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="061"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Beide Kommissarinnen waren früher im Geschäft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both[pl,f] female-commissioners be[past,3.Pl] used-to in business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both female commissioners used to be in business.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Waren beide Kommissionsmitglieder früher im Geschäft?
     </script>
     <morph>
      be[past,3.Pl] both[pl] commissioners used-to in business?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did both commissioners used to be in business?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Beide Kommissionsmitglieder waren früher im Geschäft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both[pl] commissioners be[past,3.Pl] used-to in business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both commissioners used to be in business.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, wenn beide Kommissionsmitglieder Frauen sind; ansonsten gibt es mehr als zwei Kommissionsmitglieder
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes, if both commissioners are female; otherwise there are more than two commissioners
     </english>
</a>
<note>
 Here commisioners has to be translated with 'Kommissionsmitglieder' in order to leave the gender unspecified.
</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="062"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Keine der beiden Kommissarinnen verbringt viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      none[f] of-the both[pl] female-commissioners spend[pres,3.Sg] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Neither female commissioner spends a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringt einer der beiden Kommissionsmitglieder viel Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Sg] one[m] of-the both[pl] commissioners a-lot-of time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does either commissioner spend a lot of time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Einer der Kommissionsmitglieder verbringt viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      one[m] of-the commissioners spend[pres,3.Sg] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      One of the commissioners spends a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein, wenn beide Kommissionsmitglieder Frauen sind; ansonsten gibt es mehr als zwei Kommissionsmitglieder
     </script>
     <english>
	  No, if both commissioners are female; otherwise there are more than two commissioners
     </english>
</a>
<note>
 Here commisioners has to be translated with 'Kommissionsmitglieder' in order to leave the gender unspecified.
</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="063"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mindestens drei Kommissarinnen verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least drei female-commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three female commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringen mindestens drei Kommissionsmitglieder Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Pl] at-least three commissioners time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do at least three commissioners spend time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mindestens drei Kommissionsmitglieder verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least three commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>
 Here commisioners has to be translated with 'Kommissionsmitglieder' in order to leave the gender unspecified.
</note>
<note> Typo in original problem: premise was "A least three..." </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="064"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Höchstens zehn der Kommissarinnen verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most ten of-the[pl] female-commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most ten female commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringen höchstens zehn der Kommissionsmitglieder Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Pl] at-most ten of-the[pl] commissioners time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do at most ten commissioners spend time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Höchstens zehn der Kommissionsmitglieder verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most ten of-the[pl] commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most ten commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<note>
 Here commisioners has to be translated with 'Kommissionsmitglieder' in order to leave the gender unspecified.
</note>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 1.5 Monotonicity (downwards on first argument) </comment>

<comment> Q As are Bs and all Cs are As &lt; Q Cs are Bs </comment>

<problem
  id="065"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Ein Skandinavier gewann einen Nobelpreis.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a[m] Scandinavian won[past,3.Sg] a[m] Nobel-prize.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A Scandinavian won a Nobel prize.
     </english>
   </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder Schwede ist ein Skandinavier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] Swede is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] Scandinavian.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Swede is a Scandinavian.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ein Schwede einen Nobelpreis?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] a[m] Swede a[m,acc] Nobel-prize?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did a Swede win a Nobel prize?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Ein Schwede gewann einen Nobelpreis.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a[m] Swede won[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] Nobel-prize.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A Swede won a Nobel prize.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
  </a>  
</problem>

<problem
  id="066"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every resident of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, ist ein Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg],is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kann jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, unbehindert innnerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Sg] everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can every Canadian resident travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Canadian resident can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
  </a>
<note> NB: in the original, "travel" was missing from the question. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="067"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] residents of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      All residents of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, ist ein Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
     </english>
   </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Können alle, die in Kanada wohnhaft sind, unbehindert innnerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Pl] all[pl], who[pl] in Canada resident are[pres,3.Pl], freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can all Canadian residents travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle, die in Kanada wohnhaft sind, können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl], who[pl] in Canada resident are[pres,3.Pl], can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      All Canadian residents can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
  </a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="068"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      each[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each resident of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, ist ein Bewohner des nordamerikanischen Kontinents.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] resident of-the[m,gen] North-American[m,gen] continent[gen].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
     </english>
   </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kann jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, unbehindert innnerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Sg] everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can each Canadian resident travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder, der in Kanada wohnhaft ist, kann unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone[m], who[m] in Canada resident is[pres,3.Sg], can[pres,3.Sg] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each Canadian resident can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
  </a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="069"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die Bewohner der westlichen Länder können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] residents of-the[pl,gen] western[pl,gen] countries can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The residents of western countries can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Bewohner der führenden westlichen Länder sind Bewohner der westlichen Länder.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] residents of-the[pl,gen] major[pl,gen] western[pl,gen] countries are[pres,3.Pl] residents of-the[pl,gen] western[pl,gen] countries.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All residents of major western countries are residents of western countries.
     </english>
   </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Haben die Bewohner der führenden westlichen Länder das Recht in Europa zu leben?
     </script>
     <morph>
      have[pres,3.Pl] the[pl] residents of-the[pl,gen] major[pl,gen] western[pl,gen] countries[gen] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do the residents of major western countries have the right to live in Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die Bewohner der führenden westlichen Länder haben das Recht in Europa zu leben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] residents of-the[pl,gen] major[pl,gen] western[m,gen] countries[gen] have[pres,3.Pl] the[n] right in Europe to live[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The residents of major western countries have the right to live in Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
  </a> 
</problem>

<problem
  id="070"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Kein Delegierter stellte den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[m] delegate finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m] report on-time [dis-con].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      No delegate finished the report on time.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Stellte irgendein skandinavischer Delegierter den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] any[m] Scandinavian[m] delegate the[m] report on-time [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did any Scandinavian delegate finish the report on time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Irgendein skandinavischer Delegierter stellte den Bericht rechtzeitig fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[m] Scandinavian[m] delegate finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m] report on-time [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some Scandinavian delegate finished the report on time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
<note>In this context the verb "finish" is translated with the discontinuous constituent "fertigstellen"</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="071"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige Delegierte führten die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] delegates finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] the[f] survey on-time [dis-con].     
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some delegates finished the survey on time.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Führten irgendwelche irischen Delegierten die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] any[pl] Irish[pl] delegates the[f] survey on-time [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did any Irish delegates finish the survey on time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Einige irische Delegierte führten die Umfrage rechtzeitig durch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] Irish[pl] delegates finished[past,3.Pl,dis-con] the[f] survey on-time [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some Irish delegates finished the survey on time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<note>In this context the verb "finish" is translated with the discontinuous constituent "durchführen"</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="072"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Viele Delegierte erzielten interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] delegates obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[pl] results from the[f] survey.      
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Erzielten viele britische Delegierte interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage?
     </script>
     <morph>
      obtained[past,3.Pl] many[pl] British[pl] delegates interesting[pl] results from the[f] survey?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did many British delegates obtain interesting results from the survey?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Viele britische Delegierte erzielten interessante Ergebnisse aus der Umfrage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      many[pl] British[pl] delegates obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[pl] results from the[f] survey.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Many British delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<note>
    Note that this problem is exactly the inverse of problem fracas-56.
 </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="073"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es wurden die Ergebnisse, mehrerer Delegierter, in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it got[pl] the[pl] results, several[pl,gen] delegates[gen], in most-important[pl] national newspapers published[perf].      
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wurden die Ergebnisse, mehrerer portugiesischer Delegierter, in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results, several[pl,gen] Portuguese[pl,gen] delegates[gen], in the[pl] most-important[pl] national[pl] newspapers published[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did several Portuguese delegates get the results published in major national newspapers?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es wurden die Ergebnisse, mehrerer portugiesischer Delegierter, in den wichtigsten nationalen Zeitungen veröffentlicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it got[past,3.Pl] the[pl] results, several[pl,gen] Portuguese[pl,gen] delegates[gen], in the[pl] most-important[pl] national[pl] newspapers published[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Several Portuguese delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="074"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die meisten Europäer können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most[pl] Europeans can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Können die meisten Europäer, die außerhalb Europas wohnhaft sind, unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      can[pres,3.Pl] the[pl] most[pl] Europeans, who[pl] outside Europe[gen] resident are[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Can most Europeans who are resident outside Europe travel freely within Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die meisten Europäer, die außerhalb Europas wohnhaft sind, können unbehindert innerhalb Europas reisen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] most[pl] Europeans, who[pl] outside Europe[gen] resident are[pres,3.Pl] can[pres,3.Pl] freely within Europe[gen] travel[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most Europeans who are resident outside Europe can travel freely within Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="075"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Einige Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Skandinavien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a-few[pl] committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from Scandinavia.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A few committee members are from Scandinavia.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kommen wenigstens einige weibliche Ausschussmitglieder aus Skandinavien?
     </script>
     <morph>
      come[pres,3.Pl] at-least a-few[pl] female[pl] committee-members from Scandinavia?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are at least a few female committee members from Scandinavia?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es kommen wenigstens einige weibliche Ausschussmitglieder aus Skandinavien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it come[pres,3.Pl] at-least a-few[pl] female[pl] committee-members from Scandinavia.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least a few female committee members are from Scandinavia.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Unknown
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="076"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Wenige Ausschussmitglieder kommen aus Südeuropa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      few[pl] committee-members come[pres,3.Pl] from southern-Europe.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Few committee members are from southern Europe.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Kommen wenige weibliche Ausschussmitglieder aus Südeuropa?
     </script>
     <morph>
      come[pres,3.Pl] few[pl] female[pl] committee-members from southern-Europe?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are few female committee members from southern Europe?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es kommen wenige weibliche Ausschussmitglieder aus Südeuropa.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it come[pres,3.Pl] few[pl] female[pl] committee-members from southern-Europe.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Few female committee members are from southern Europe.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>
    Note that this problem is exactly the inverse of problem fracas-60.  If the
    answer is "yes", then apparently the FraCaS people interpret "few" as
    denoting a small absolute number, rather than a small proportion.  That is,
    if "few" is regarded as a binary generalized quantifier, they want to say
    it's downward-monotone in the first argument, rather than non-monotone.
    Contrast this with the treatment of "many" in fracas-56 and fracas-72, which
    is apparently interpreted to be non-monotone in its first argument.
  </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="077"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Beide Kommissionsmitglieder waren früher im Geschäft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both[pl] commissioners be[past,3.Pl] used-to in business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both commissioners used to be in business.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Waren beide Kommissarinnen früher im Geschäft?
     </script>
     <morph>
      be[past,3.Pl] both[pl] female-commissioners used-to in business?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did both female commissioners used to be in business?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Beide Kommissarinnen waren früher im Geschäft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      both[pl] female-commissioners be[past,3.Pl] used-to in business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Both female commissioners used to be in business.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, wenn beide Kommissionsmitglieder Frauen sind; ansonsten gibt es mehr als zwei Kommissionsmitglieder
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes, if both commissioners are female; otherwise there are more than two commissioners
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="078"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Keiner der beiden Kommisionsmitglieder verbringt viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      none[f] of-the both[pl] commissioners spend[pres,3.Sg] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Neither commissioner spends a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringt eine der beiden Kommissarinnen viel Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Sg] one[f] of-the both[pl] female-commissioners a-lot-of time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does either female commissioner spend a lot of time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Eine der Kommissarinnen verbringt viel Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      one[f] of-the female-commissioners spend[pres,3.Sg] a-lot-of time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      One of the female commissioners spends a lot of time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein, wenn beide Kommissionsmitglieder Frauen sind; ansonsten gibt es mehr als zwei Kommissionsmitglieder
     </script>
     <english>
	  No, if both commissioners are female; otherwise there are more than two commissioners.
     </english>
</a>
<note>
 Here commisioners has to be translated with 'Kommissionsmitglieder' in order to leave the gender unspecified.
</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="079"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mindestens drei Kommissionsmitglieder verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least drei commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringen mindestens drei Kommissare Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Pl] at-least three commissioners time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do at least three male commissioners spend time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mindestens drei Kommissare verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-least three commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At least three male commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<note>
 Here commisioners has to be translated with 'Kommissionsmitglieder' in order to leave the gender unspecified.
</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="080"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Höchstens zehn der Kommissionsmitglieder verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most ten of-the[pl] commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most ten commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbringen höchstens zehn der Kommissarinnen Zeit zu Hause?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spend[pres,3.Pl] at-most ten of-the[pl] female-commissioners time at home?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do at most ten female commissioners spend time at home?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Höchstens zehn der Kommissarinnen verbringen Zeit zu Hause.
     </script>
     <morph>
      at-most ten of-the[pl] female-commissioners spend[pres,3.Pl] time at home.
     </morph>
     <english>
      At most ten female commissioners spend time at home.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>
 Here commisioners has to be translated with 'Kommissionsmitglieder' in order to leave the gender unspecified.
</note>
</problem>

<comment class="section"> 2 PLURALS </comment>

<comment>
  A number of inferences pertaining to plurals are covered under the headings of
  generalized quantifiers and elsewhere. Here we concentrate on conjoined NPs;
  bare, existential and definite plurals; dependent plurals; and collective and
  distributive readings and scope ambiguity.
</comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 2.1 Conjoined Noun Phrases </comment>

<problem
  id="081"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith, Jones und Anderson unterzeichneten den Vertrag. 
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith, Jones and Anderson signed[past,3.Pl] the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith, Jones and Anderson signed the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichnete Jones den Vertrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones unterzeichnete den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones signed the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones signed the contract.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="082"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith, Jones und mehrere Anwälte unterzeichneten den Vertrag. 
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith, Jones and Anderson signed[past,3.Pl] the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith, Jones and several lawyers signed the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichnete Jones den Vertrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones unterzeichnete den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones signed the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones signed the contract.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="083"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Den Vertrag unterzeichnete entweder Smith, Jones oder Anderson.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m,acc] contract signed[past,3.Sg] either Smith, Jones or Anderson.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Either Smith, Jones or Anderson signed the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichnete Jones den Vertrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones unterzeichnete den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones signed the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones signed the contract.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="084"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Den Vertrag unterzeichnete entweder Smith, Jones oder Anderson.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m,acc] contract signed[past,3.Sg] either Smith, Jones or Anderson.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Either Smith, Jones or Anderson signed the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wenn Smith und Anderson den Vertrag nicht unterzeichneten, unterzeichnete Jones den Vertrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      if Smith and Anderson the[m,acc] contract not signed[past,3.Pl], signed[past,3.Sg] the[m,dat] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      If Smith and Anderson did not sign the contract, did Jones sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Wenn Smith und Anderson den Vertrag nicht unterzeichneten, unterzeichnete Jones den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      if Smith and Anderson the[m,acc] contract not signed[past,3.Pl], signed[past,3.Sg] the[m,dat] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      If Smith and Anderson did not sign the contract, Jones signed the contract.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="085"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Genau zwei Anwälte und drei Buchhalter unterzeichneten den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Exactly two lawyers and three accountants signed[past,3.Pl] the[m,dat] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Exactly two lawyers and three accountants signed the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichneten sechs Anwälte den Vertrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Pl] six lawyers the[m,dat] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did six lawyers sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Sechs Anwälte unterzeichneten den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      six lawyers signed[past,3.Pl] the[m,dat] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Six lawyers signed the contract.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
<why> No scope relations between the two conjoined NPs. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="086"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Genau zwei Anwälte und drei Buchhalter unterzeichneten den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Exactly two lawyers and three accountants signed[past,3.Pl] the[m,dat] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Exactly two lawyers and three accountants signed the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichneten sechs Buchhalter den Vertrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Pl] six accountants the[m,dat] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did six accountants sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Sechs Buchhalter unterzeichneten den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      six accountants signed[past,3.Pl] the[m,dat] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Six accountants signed the contract.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
<why> No scope relations between the two conjoined NPs. </why>
</problem>

<comment> Conjoined Nbars </comment>

<comment>
  Nbar conjunction tends to be quite ambiguous. This may be the result of a
  syntactic ambiguity between (i) genuine Nbar conjunction, and (ii) NP
  conjunction where the determiner of one of the NPs is ellided.
</comment>

<problem
  id="087"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Vertreter und Klient war(en) bei der Versammlung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] representative and client was[past,3.Sg(Pl)] at the[f,dat] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every representative and client was at the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      War jeder Vertreter bei der Versammlung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] every[m] representative at the[f,dat] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was every representative at the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Vertreter war bei der Versammlung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] representative was[past,3.Sg] at the[f,dat] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every representative was at the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine Interpretation.
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes, on one reading.
     </english>
</a>
<why> Arguably NP conjunction: every representative and every client. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="088"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Vertreter und Klient war bei der Versammlung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] representative and client was[past,3.Sg] at the[f,dat] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every representative and client was at the meeting.
     </english>
   </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      War jeder Vertreter bei der Versammlung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] every[m] representative at the[f,dat] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was every representative at the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Vertreter war bei der Versammlung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] representative was[past,3.Sg] at the meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every representative was at the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt, eine Interpretation.
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know, on one reading.
     </english>
 </a>
 <why> NBar conjunction: everyone who is both a representative and a client. </why>
 <note> Note that this is formally identical with preceding. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="089"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Vertreter oder Klient war bei der Versammlung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] representative or client was[past,3.Sg] at the[f,dat] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every representative or client was at the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      War jeder Vertreter und jeder Klient bei der Versammlung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] every[m] representative and every[m] client at the[f,dat] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was every representative and every client at the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Vertreter und jeder Klient war bei der Versammlung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] representative was[past,3.Sg] at the[f,dat] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every representative and every client was at the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> With disjunction, NP conjunction seems unavailable. </why>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 2.2 Definite Plurals </comment>

<comment>
  Definite plurals can often be non-anaphoric and behave like universally
  quantified noun phrases (90). However, as with (generic) bare plurals, the
  force of the quantification can also be less than universal (91). Whether this
  lessening of quantificational force is due to the noun phrase or to the
  predicate of which the NP is an argument is unclear (92, 93).
</comment>

<problem
  id="090"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der Vorsitzende las die Punkte auf der Tagesordnung vor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] chairman read the[pl] items on the[f,dat] out.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The chairman read out the items on the agenda.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Las der Vorsitzende jeden Punkt auf der Tagesordnung vor?
     </script>
     <morph>
      read[past,3.Sg] the[m] chairman every[m] item on the[f,dat] agenda out?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did the chairman read out every item on the agenda?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der Vorsitzende las jeden Punkt auf der Tagesordnung vor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] chairman read[past,3.Sg] every[m] item on the[f,dat] agenda out.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The chairman read out every item on the agenda.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment> Non-anaphoric, universal plural definite </comment>

<problem
  id="091"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die Leute, die bei der Versammlung waren, stimmten für einen neuen Vorsitzenden ab.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the people, who[pl] at the[f,dat] meeting were[past,3.Pl], voted[past,3.Pl] for a[m,acc] new[m,acc] chairman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The people who were at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      Stimmten alle für einen neuen Vorsitzenden bei der Versammlung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      voted[past,3.Pl] all[pl] for a[m,acc] new[m,acc] chairman at the[f,dat] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did everyone at the meeting vote for a new chairman?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle bei der Versammlung stimmten für einen neuen Vorsitzenden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] at the[f,dat] meeting voted[past,3.Pl] for a[m,acc] new[a,acc] chairman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Everyone at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
 <note> "vote" could be translated as "abstimmen" or "stimmen für". If "abstimmen" is used it means that people were voting, could be that some one abstained from the vote but "stimmen für" means that someone is giving his/her vote to someone</note> 
<note>Some people may have abstained from the vote </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="092"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Leute, die bei der Versammlung waren, stimmten für einen neuen Vorsitzenden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all people, who[pl] at the[f,dat] meeting were[past,3.Pl], voted[past,3.Pl] for a[m,acc] new[m,acc] chairman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All the people who were at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      Stimmten alle für einen neuen Vorsitzenden bei der Versammlung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      voted[past,3.Pl] all[pl] for a[m,acc] new[m,acc] chairman at the[f,dat] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did everyone at the meeting vote for a new chairman?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle bei der Versammlung stimmten für einen neuen Vorsitzenden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] at the[f,dat] meeting voted[past,3.Pl] for a[m,acc] new[a,acc] chairman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Everyone at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="093"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die Leute, die bei der Versammlung waren, stimmten alle für einen neuen Vorsitzenden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the people, who[pl] at the[f,dat] meeting were[past,3.Pl], voted[past,3.Pl] all for a[m,acc] new[m,acc] chairman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The people who were at the meeting all voted for a new chairman.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      Stimmten alle für einen neuen Vorsitzenden bei der Versammlung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      voted[past,3.Pl] all[pl] for a[m,acc] new[m,acc] chairman at the[f,dat] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did everyone at the meeting vote for a new chairman?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle bei der Versammlung stimmten für einen neuen Vorsitzenden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] at the[f,dat] meeting voted[past,3.Pl] for a[m,acc] new[a,acc] chairman
     </morph>
     <english>
      Everyone at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment> Closely related to this, plural definites can have a
collective/institutional or even generic interpretation: </comment>

<problem
  id="094"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die Einwohner vom Cambridge stimmten für die Arbeiterpartei.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] inhabitants of Cambridge voted[past,3.Pl] for the[f] Labour-Party.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The inhabitants of Cambridge voted for a Labour MP.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      Stimmten alle Einwohner von Cambridge für die Arbeiterpartei?
     </script>
     <morph>
      voted[past,3.Pl] all[pl] inhabitants of Cambridge for the[f] Labour-Party?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did every inhabitant of Cambridge vote for a Labour MP?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle Einwohner von Cambridge stimmten für die Arbeiterpartei.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] inhabitants of Cambridge voted[past,3.Pl] for the[f] Labour-Party.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every inhabitant of Cambridge voted for a Labour MP.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="095"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die alten Griechen waren berühmte Philosophen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] Ancient[pl] Greeks were[past,3.Pl] noted[pl] philosophers.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The Ancient Greeks were noted philosophers.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      War jeder alte Grieche ein berühmter Philosoph?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] every[m] Ancient[m] Greek a[m] noted[m] philosopher?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was every Ancient Greek a noted philosopher?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder alte Grieche war ein berühmter Philosoph.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] Ancient[m] Greek was[past,3.Sg] a[m] noted[m] philosopher.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Ancient Greek was a noted philosopher.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="096"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die alten Griechen waren alle berühmte Philosophen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] Ancient[pl] Greeks were[past,3.Pl] all[pl] noted[pl] philosophers.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The Ancient Greeks were all noted philosophers.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      War jeder alte Grieche ein berühmter Philosoph?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] every[m] Ancient[m] Greek a[m] noted[m] philosopher?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was every Ancient Greek a noted philosopher?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder alte Grieche war ein berühmter Philosoph.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] Ancient[m] Greek was[past,3.Sg] a[m] noted[m] philosopher.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every Ancient Greek was a noted philosopher.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 2.3 Bare Plurals </comment>

<comment> Bare plurals can exhibit existential, (quasi) universal, generic or
dependent plural behaviour. </comment>

<comment> The circumstances giving rise to these different behaviours a poorly
understood, so we only give a few illustrative examples. </comment>

<problem
  id="097"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Softwarefehler waren schuld an dem Systemausfall.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Software-faults were[past,3.Pl] blamed[adj] for the[m,dat] system-failure.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Software faults were blamed for the system failure.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      War(en) einer oder mehrere Softwarfehler schuld an dem Systemausfall?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was(were)[past,3.Sg(Pl)] one[m] or more[pl] software-faults blamed[adj] for the[m,dat] system-failure?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was the system failure blamed on one or more software faults?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      An dem Systemausfall war(en) einer oder mehrere Softwarefehler schuld. 
     </script>
     <morph>
      For the[m,dat] system-failure was(were)[past,3.Sg(Pl)] one[m] or more[pl] software-faults blamed[adj].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The system failure was blamed on one or more software faults.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Existential bare plural </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="098"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Softwarefehler waren schuld an dem Systemausfall.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Software-faults were[past,3.Pl] for the[m,dat] system-failure blamed[adj].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Software faults were blamed for the system failure.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bug # 32-985 ist ein bekannter Softwarefehler.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bug # 32-985 is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] known[m] software-fault. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bug # 32-985 is a known software fault.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      War Bug # 32-985 schuld an dem Systemausfall?
     </script>
     <morph>
      Was[past,3.Sg] Bug # 32-985 blamed[adj] for the[m,dat] system-failure?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Bug # 32-985 blamed for the system failure?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bug # 32-985 war schuld an dem Systemausfall.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bug # 32-985 was[past,3.Sg] blamed[adj] for the[m,dat] system-failure.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bug # 32-985 was blamed for the system failure.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Unknown
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    Existential interpretation: not every software fault contributed to the failure.
</why>
<note> Bug could be translated with "Programmfehler" but "Bug" is also common in German and is more suitable in this context</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="099"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die Kunden bei der Vorführung waren alle von der Systemleistung beeindruckt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the clients at the[f,dat] demonstration were[past,3.Pl] all by the[f,dat] system's-performance impressed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Clients at the demonstration were all impressed by the system's performance.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Smith war ein Kunde bei der Vorführung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] a[m] client at the[f,dat] demonstration.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was a client at the demonstration.
     </english>
   </p>
   <q>
     <script>
      War Smith beeindruckt von der Systemleistung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      Was[past,3.Sg] Smith impressed[per] by the[f,dat] system's-performance?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Smith impressed by the system's performance?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith war beeindruckt von der Systemleistung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] impressed[per] by the[f,dat] system's-performance?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was impressed by the system's performance.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> (Quasi) universal bare plural </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="100"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die Kunden bei der Vorführung waren von der Systemleistung beeindruckt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the clients at the[f,dat] demonstration were[past,3.Pl] by the[f,dat] system's-performance impressed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Clients at the demonstration were impressed by the system's performance.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Waren die meisten Kunden bei der Vorführung beeindruckt von der Systemleistung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      were[past,3.Pl] the most[pl] clients at the[f,dat] demonstration impressed[perf] by the[f,dat] system's-performance?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Were most clients at the demonstration impressed by the system's performance?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die meisten Kunden bei der Vorführung waren von der Systemleistung beeindruckt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the most[pl] clients at the[f,dat] demonstration were[past,3.Pl] by the[f,dat] system's-performance impressed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most clients at the demonstration were impressed by the system's performance.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> (Quasi) universal bare plural </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="101"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Hochschulabsolventen werden schlechte Börsenhändler.
     </script>
     <morph>
      university-graduates become[fut,3.Pl] bad[pl] stock-market-traders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      University graduates make poor stock-market traders.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Smith is ein Hochschulabsolvent.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] university-graduate.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith is a university graduate.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wäre Smith wohl ein schlechter Börsenhändler?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[conjII,3.Sg] Smith likely a[m] bad[m] stock-market-trader?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Smith likely to make a poor stock market trader?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith wäre wohl ein schlechter Börsenhändler.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[conjII,3.Sg] likely a[m] bad[m] stock-market-trader.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith is likely to make a poor stock market trader.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Generic interpretation </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="102"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Hochschulabsolventen werden schlechte Börsenhändler.
     </script>
     <morph>
      university-graduates fut[pres,3.Pl] bad[pl] stock-market-traders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      University graduates make poor stock-market traders.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Smith is ein Hochschulabsolvent.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] university-graduate.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith is a university graduate.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wird Smith ein schlechter Börsenhändler werden?
     </script>
     <morph>
      will[fut,3.Sg] Smith a[m] bad[m] stock-market-trader be[inf] ?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Will Smith make a poor stock market trader?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith wird ein schlechter Börsenhändler werden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith will[fut,3.Sg] a[m] bad[m] stock-market-trader be[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith will make a poor stock market trader.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Unknown
     </english>
</a>
<why> Generic interpretation </why>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 2.4 Dependent Plurals </comment>

<problem
  id="103"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle APCOM Manager haben Firmenautos.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] APCOM managers have[pres,3.Pl] company-cars.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All APCOM managers have company cars.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist ein APCOM Manager.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] APCOM nanager.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones is an APCOM manager.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat Jones ein Firmenauto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] Jones a[n,acc] company-car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Jones have a company car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones hat ein Firmenauto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones has[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] company-car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones has a company car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="104"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle APCOM Manager haben Firmenautos.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all[pl] APCOM managers have[pres,3.Pl] company-cars.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All APCOM managers have company cars.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist ein APCOM Manager.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] APCOM manager.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones is an APCOM manager.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat Jones mehr als ein Firmenauto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] Jones more than one[n,acc] company-car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Jones have more than one company car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones hat mehr als ein Firmenauto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones has[pres,3.Sg] more than one[m,acc] company-car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones has more than one company car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Unknown
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 2.5 Negated Plurals </comment>

<problem
  id="105"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Nur ein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      just one[m] accountant attend[past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Just one accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Nahmen keine Buchhalter an dem Meeting teil?
     </script>
     <morph>
      attended[past,3.Pl,dis-con] no[pl] accountants at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did no accountants attend the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Keine Buchhalter nahmen an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[pl] accountants attended [past,3.Pl,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      No accountants attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="106"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Nur ein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      just one[m] accountant attend[past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Just one accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Nahm kein Buchhalter an dem Meeting teil?
     </script>
     <morph>
      attended[past,3.Sg,dis-con] no[m] accountant at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did no accountant attend the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Kein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[m] accountant attended [past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      No accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="107"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Nur ein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      just one[m] accountant attend[past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Just one accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Nahmen irgendwelche Buchhalter an dem Meeting teil?
     </script>
     <morph>
      attended[past,3.Pl,dis-con] any[pl] accountants at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did any accountants attend the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es nahmen Buchhalter an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it attended[past,3.Pl,dis-con] accountants at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some accountants attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="108"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Nur ein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      just one[m] accountant attend[past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Just one accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Nahm irgendein Buchhalter an dem Meeting teil?
     </script>
     <morph>
      attended[past,3.Sg,dis-con] any[m] accountant at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did any accountant attend the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Ein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[m] accountant attended [past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>Here 'some accountant' is meant as the profession and not the number of accountants so the translation for 'some accountant' is 'ein Buchhalter' meaning there was a person with the profession 'accountant'
</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="109"
  fracas_answer="no"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Nur ein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      just one[m] acountant attend[past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Just one accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Nahmen einige Buchhalter an dem Meeting teil?
     </script>
     <morph>
      attended[past,3.Pl,dis-con] some[pl] accountants at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did some accountants attend the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Einige Buchhalter nahmen an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[pl] accountants attended [past,3.Pl,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some accountants attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein, nur einer
     </script>
     <english>
	  No, just one
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="110"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Nur ein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      just one[m] attend[past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Just one accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Nahm irgendein Buchhalter an dem Meeting teil?
     </script>
     <morph>
      attended[past,3.Sg,dis-con] some[m] accountant at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did some accountant attend the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Ein Buchhalter nahm an dem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some[m] accountant attended [past,3.Sg,dis-con] at the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some accountant attended the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>Here 'some accountant' is meant as the profession and not the number of accountants so the translation for 'some accountant' is 'ein Buchhalter' meaning there was a person with the profession 'accountant'
</note>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 2.6 Collective and Distributive Plurals </comment>

<problem
  id="111"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith unterzeichnete einen Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith signed[past,3.Sg] one[m] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith signed one contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones unterzeichnete einen anderen Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones signed[past,3.Sg] another[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones signed another contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichneten Smith und Jones zwei Verträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Pl] Smith and Jones two[pl] contracts?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith and Jones sign two contracts?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith und Jones unterzeichneten zwei Verträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith and Jones signed[past,3.Pl] two[pl] contracts.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith and Jones signed two contracts.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, wenn man die Verträge als Gesamtzahlt interpretiert.
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes, on a collective/cumulative reading of the conclusion
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="112"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith unterzeichnete zwei Verträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith signed[past,3.Sg] two[pl] contracts.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith signed two contracts.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones unterzeichnete zwei Verträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones signed[past,3.Sg] zwei[pl] contracts.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones signed two contracts.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichneten Smith und Jones zwei Verträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Pl] Smith and Jones two contracts?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith and Jones sign two contracts?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith und Jones unterzeichneten zwei Verträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith and Jones signed[past,3.Pl] two contracts .
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith and Jones signed two contracts.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, wenn man "Smith und Jones" separat zählt.
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes, on a distributive reading of "Smith and Jones".
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="113"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith unterzeichnete zwei Verträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith signed[past,3.Sg] two[pl] contracts.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith signed two contracts.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones unterzeichnete sie auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones signed[past,3.Sg] them also.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones also signed them.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichneten Smith und Jones zwei Verträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Pl] Smith and Jones two contracts?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith and Jones sign two contracts?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith und Jones unterzeichneten zwei Verträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith and Jones signed[past,3.Pl] two contracts .
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith and Jones signed two contracts.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="section"> 3 (NOMINAL) ANAPHORA </comment>

<comment> In the examples below we make the assumption (unless otherwise
indicated) that there is no context beyond that provided by the
mini-discourse. This is so that we can do away with explicit co-indexing
of pronouns with their antecedents, on the grounds that context will
provide only (or sometimes a strictly limited number) of possible
antecedents. </comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 3.1 Intra-Sentential </comment>

<problem
  id="114"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Maria benutzte ihre Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary used[past,3.Sg] her[f,acc] workstation. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary used her workstation.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wurde Marias Workstation benutzt?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[pass,3.Sg] Mary-s[gen] workstation used[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Mary's workstation used?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Marias Workstation wurde benutzt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary-s[gen] workstation was[pass,3.Sg] used[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary's workstation was used.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="115"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Maria benutzte ihre Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary used[past,3.Sg] her[f,acc] workstation. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary used her workstation.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat Maria eine Workstation?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] workstation?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Mary have a workstation?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Maria hat eine Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary has[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] workstation.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary has a workstation.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
 </a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="116"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Maria benutzte ihre Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary used[past,3.Sg] her[f,acc] workstation. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary used her workstation.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Maria ein weibliches Wesen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      Is Mary a[n] female[n] being?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Mary female?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Maria ist ein weibliches Wesen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary is a[n] female[n] being.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary is female.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>It is quite tricky to translate "female" in German since "weiblich" could be understood as "feminine" and "Frau" is wrong since Mary could be a girl too. The translation "weibliches Wesen" is in this context the best solution
</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="117"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jede Studentin benutzte ihre Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] student used[past,3.Sg] her[f,acc] workstation. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every student used her workstation.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Maria ist eine Studentin.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] student. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary is a student.
     </english>
  </p> 
  <q>
     <script>
      Benutzte Maria ihre Workstation?
     </script>
     <morph>
      Used[past,3.Sg] Mary her[f,acc] workstation?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Mary use her workstation?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Maria benutzte ihre Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary used[past,3.Sg] her[f,acc] workstation.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary used her workstation.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="118"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jede Studentin benutzte ihre Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] student used[past,3.Sg] her[f,acc] workstation.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every student used her workstation.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Maria ist eine Studentin.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] student. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary is a student.
     </english>
  </p> 
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat Maria eine Workstation?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] Mary a[f] workstation?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Mary have a workstation?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Maria hat eine Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary has[pres,3.Sg] a[f] workstation.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary has a workstation.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="119"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Keine Studentin benutzte ihre Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no[f] student used[past,3.Sg] her workstation. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      No student used her workstation.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Maria ist eine Studentin.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] student. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary is a student.
     </english>
  </p> 
  <q>
     <script>
      Benutzte Maria eine Workstation?
     </script>
     <morph>
      used[past,3.Sg] Mary a[f] workstation?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Mary use a workstation?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Maria benutzte eine Workstation.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary used[past,3.Sg] a[f] workstation.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary used a workstation.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 3.2 Inter-Sentential </comment>

<problem
  id="120"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith nahm an einem Meeting teil.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith attended[past,3.Sg,dis-con] at a[n] meeting [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith attended a meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie leitete es.
     </script>
     <morph>
      she chaired[past,3.Sg] it.
     </morph>
     <english>
      She chaired it.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Leitete Smith ein Meeting?
     </script>
     <morph>
      chaired[past,3.Sg] Smith a[n] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith chair a meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith leitete ein Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith chaired[past,3.Sg] a[n] Meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith chaired a meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="121"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith lieferte ITEL einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith delivered[past,3.Sg] ITEL[dat] a[m] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith delivered a report to ITEL.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie lieferte ihnen auch eine Rechnung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      she delivered[past,3.Sg] them also an[f] invoice.
     </morph>
     <english>
      She also delivered them an invoice.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Und sie lieferte ihnen auch einen Projektvorschlag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      and she delivered[past,3.Sg] them also a[m] project-proposal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      And she delivered them a project proposal.
     </english>
    </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Lieferte Smith ITEL einen Bericht, eine Rechnung und einen Projektvorschlag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      delivered[past,3.Sg] Smith ITEL[dat] a[m] report, an[f] invoice and a[m] project-proposal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith deliver a report, an invoice and a project proposal to ITEL?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Sie lieferte ITEL einen Bericht, eine Rechnung und einen Prjoktvorschlag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      she delivered[past,3.Sg] ITEL[dat] a[m] report, an[f] invoice and a[m] project-proposal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith delivered a report, an invoice and a project proposal to ITEL.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Keeping track of same entities across more than two sentences. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="122"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Ausschuss hat einen Vorsitzenden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] committee has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] chairman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every committee has a chairman.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Er wird von dessen Mitgliedern ernannt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      He is[pass,3.Sg] by its members appointed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      He is appointed by its members.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat jeder Ausschuss einen Vorsitzenden, der von den Ausschussmitgliedern ernannt wird?
     </script>
     <morph>
      Has[pres,3.Sg] every[m] committee a[m,acc] chairman, who[m] by the[pl,acc] members-of-the-committee appointed[perf] is[pass,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does every committee have a chairman appointed by members of the committee?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder Ausschuss hat einen Vorsitzenden, der von den Ausschussmitgliedern ernannt wird.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] committee has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] chairman, who[m] by the[pl,acc] members-of-the-committee appointed[perf] is[pass,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every committee has a chairman appointed by members of the committee.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Modal subordination. </why>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 3.3 Plural Anaphora </comment>

<problem
  id="123"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL hat die meisten der Berichte, die Smith braucht, geschickt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL has[pres,3.Sg] the[pl] most of-the[pl] reports, which[pl] Smith needs[pres,3.Sg], sent[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL has sent most of the reports Smith needs.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie liegen auf ihrem Schreibtisch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      They lay[pres,3.Pl] on her desk.
     </morph>
     <english>
      They are on her desk.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Liegen einige Berichte von ITEL auf Smiths Schreibtisch?
     </script>
     <morph>
      Lay[pres,3.Pl] some[pl] reports form ITEL on Smith-s[gen] desk?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are there some reports from ITEL on Smith's desk?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es liegen einige Berichte von ITEL auf Smiths Schreibtisch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it lay[pres,3.Pl] some[pl] reports from ITEL on Smith-s[gen] desk.
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are some reports from ITEL on Smith's desk.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="124"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es fehlen zwei von zehn Maschinen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it miss[pres,3.Pl] two out-of ten machines.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Two out of ten machines are missing.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie wurden entfernt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they were[past,pass,3.Pl] removed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      They have been removed.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wurden zwei Maschinen entfernt?
     </script>
     <morph>
      were[past,pass,3.Pl] two machines removed[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Have two machines been removed?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Zwei Maschinen wurden entfernt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      two machines were[past,pass,3.Pl] removed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Two machines have been removed.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="125"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es fehlen zwei von zehn Maschinen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it miss[pres,3.Pl] two out-of ten machines.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Two out of ten machines are missing.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie wurden entfernt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they were[past,pass,3.Pl] removed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      They have been removed.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wurden acht Maschinen entfernt?
     </script>
     <morph>
      were[past,pass,3.Pl] eight machines removed[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Have eight machines been removed?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Acht Maschinen wurden entfernt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      eight machines were[past,pass,3.Pl] removed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Eight machines have been removed.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Set difference can't be used to construct plural antecedents </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="126"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es fehlen zwei von zehn Maschinen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it miss[pres,3.Pl] two out-of ten machines.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Two out of ten machines are missing.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie waren gestern alle noch da.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they were[past,3.Pl] yesterday all still here.
     </morph>
     <english>
      They were all here yesterday.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Waren zehn Maschinen gestern noch da?
     </script>
     <morph>
      waren[past,3.Pl] ten machines yesterday still here?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Were ten machines here yesterday?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Zehn Maschinen waren gestern da.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ten machines were yesterday here.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Ten machines were here yesterday.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>The word "noch" in German emphasis that the machines were here yesterday but they were gone the next day. It does not work for the hypothesis though.</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="127"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith nahm eine Maschine am Dienstag, und Jones nahm eine Maschine am Mittwoch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith took a[f] machine on Tuesday, and Jones took a[f] machine on Wednesday.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith took a machine on Tuesday, and Jones took a machine on Wednesday.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie stellten sie in die Lobby.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they put[past,3.Pl] them in the[f,acc] lobby.
     </morph>
     <english>
      They put them in the lobby.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Stellten Smith und Jones zwei Maschinen in die Lobby?
     </script>
     <morph>
      put[past,3.Pl] Smith and Jones two machines in the[f,acc] lobby?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith and Jones put two machines in the lobby?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith und Jones stellten zwei Maschinen in die Lobby.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith and Jones put[past,3.Pl] two machines in the[f,acc] lobby.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith and Jones put two machines in the lobby.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, wenn man die zwei Maschinen als Gesamtzahl interpretiert. 
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes, on a distributive reading of the question
     </english>
</a>
<why> Construction of plural antecedents from separate constituents. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="128"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johan und seine Kollegen gingen zu einem Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John and his colleagues went[past,3.Pl] to a[n,dat] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John and his colleagues went to a meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie hassten es.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they hated[past,3.Pl] it.
     </morph>
     <english>
      They hated it.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hassten Johans Kollegen das Meeting?
     </script>
     <morph>
      hated[past,3.Pl] John-s[gen] colleagues the[n,acc] meeting? 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John's colleagues hate the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johans Kollegen hassten das Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John-s[gen] colleagues hated[past,3.Pl] the[n,acc] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John's colleagues hated the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="129"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johan und seine Kollegen gingen zu einem Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John and his colleagues went[past,3.Pl] to a[n,dat] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John and his colleagues went to a meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie hassten es.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they hated[past,3.Pl] it.
     </morph>
     <english>
      They hated it.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hasste Johan das Meeting?
     </script>
     <morph>
      hated[past,3.Sg] John the[n,acc] meeting? 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John hate the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johan hasste das Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John hated[past,3.Sg] the[n,acc] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John hated the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes, on one possible reading
     </english>
</a>
<why> "They" can be resolved to John and his colleagues. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="130"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johan und seine Kollegen gingen zu einem Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John and his colleagues went[past,3.Pl] to a[n,dat] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John and his colleagues went to a meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie hassten es.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they hated[past,3.Pl] it.
     </morph>
     <english>
      They hated it.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hasste Johan das Meeting?
     </script>
     <morph>
      hated[past,3.Sg] John the[n,acc] meeting? 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John hate the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johan hasste das Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John hated[past,3.Sg] the[n,acc] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John hated the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know, on one possible reading
     </english>
</a>
<why> "They" can also be resolved to John's colleagues but not John. </why>
<note> Note that this is formally identical with preceding. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="131"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jede Abteilung hat eine Standleitung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      each[f] department has[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] dedicated-line.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each department has a dedicated line.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie mieten sie von BT.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they rent[pres,3.Pl] them from BT.
     </morph>
     <english>
      They rent them from BT.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Mietet jede Abteilung eine Leitung von BT?
     </script>
     <morph>
      rents[pres,3.Sg] every[f] department a[f] line from BT? 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does every department rent a line from BT?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jede Abteilung mietet eine Leitung von BT.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[f] department rents[pres,3.Sg] a[f] line from BT.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every department rents a line from BT.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Dependent plural anaphora </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="132"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jede Abteilung hat eine Standleitung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      each[f] department has[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] dedicated-line.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each department has a dedicated line.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Die Verkaufsabteilung mietet sie von BT.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[f] sales-department rents[pres,3.Sg] it from BT.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The sales department rents it from BT.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Mietet die Verkaufsabteilung eine Leitung von BT?
     </script>
     <morph>
      rents[pres,3.Sg] the[f] sales-department a[f,acc] line from BT? 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does the sales department rent a line from BT?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die Verkaufsabteilung mietet eine Leitung von BT.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[f] sales-department rents[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] line from BT.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The sales department rents a line from BT.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Paycheque pronoun </why>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 3.4 E-type and Donkey Pronouns </comment>

<problem
  id="133"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      GFI besitzt mehrere Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      GFI owns[pres,3.Sg] several[pl] computers.
     </morph>
     <english>
      GFI owns several computers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      ITEL wartet sie.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL maintains[pres,3.Sg] them.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL maintains them.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wartet ITEL alle Computer, die GFI besitzt?
     </script>
     <morph>
      maintains[pres,3.Sg] ITEL all-the[pl] computers, that[pl] GFI owns[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does ITEL maintain all the computers that GFI owns?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL wartet alle Computer, die GFI besitzt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL maintains[pres,3.Sg] all-the[pl] computers, that[pl] GFI owns[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL maintains all the computers that GFI owns.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> E-type anaphora </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="134"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Kunde, der einen Computer besitzt hat für ihn einen Servicevertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] customer, who[m] a[m,acc] computer owns[pres,3.Sg] has[pres,3.Sg] for it[m,acc] a[m,acc] service-contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      MFI ist ein Kunde, der genau einen Computer besitzt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      MFI is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] customer, that[m] exactly one[m,acc] computer owns[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      MFI is a customer that owns exactly one computer.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat MFI einen Servicvertrag für alle ihre Computer?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] MFI a[m,acc] service-contract for all[pl] her computers?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does MFI have a service contract for all its computers?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      MFI hat einen Servicevertrag für alle ihre Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      MFI has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] service-contract for all[pl] her computers.
     </morph>
     <english>
      MFI has a service contract for all its computers.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Donkey sentence </why>
<note> MFI has the female gender in German cause it stands for a company 'Firma' that has the female gender</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="135"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Kunde, der einen Computer besitzt, hat für ihn einen Servicevertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] customer, who[m] a[m] computer owns[pres,3.Sg], has[pres,3.Sg] for it[m,acc] a[m,acc] service-contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      MFI ist ein Kunde, der mehrere Computer besitzt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      MFI is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] customer, who[m] several[pl] computers owns[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      MFI is a customer that owns several computers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat MFI einen Servicvertrag für alle ihre Computer?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] MFI a[m,acc] service-contract for all[pl] her computers?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does MFI have a service contract for all its computers?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      MFI hat einen Servicevertrag für alle ihre Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      MFI has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] service-contract for all[pl] her computers.
     </morph>
     <english>
      MFI has a service contract for all its computers.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    This pattern of inference, unlike (134), tends to some theory
    dependence. Although the inference seems correct in this example, compare
    with (136)
</why>
<note> MFI has the female gender in German cause it stands for a company 'Firma' that has the female gender</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="136"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Manager, der einen Laptop hatte, brachte ihn mit um sich bei dem Meeting Notizen zu machen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] executive, who[m] a[m,acc] laptop-computer had[past,3.Sg], brought[past,3.Sg, dis-con] it [dis-con] to himself at the[n,dat] meeting notes to make[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every executive who had a laptop computer brought it to take notes at the meeting.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Smith ist ein Manager, der fünf verschiedene Laptops besitzt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] executive, who[m] five different[pl] laptop-computers owns[pres,3.Sg]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith is a executive who owns five different laptop computers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Nahm Smith fünf Laptops zum Meeting mit?
     </script>
     <morph>
      took[past,3.Sg, dis-con] Smith five laptop-computers to-the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith take five laptop computers to the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith nahm fünf Laptops zum Meeting mit.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith took[past,3.Sg, dis-con] five laptop-computers to-the[n,dat] meeting [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith took five laptop computers to the meeting.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Similar to (135), except for tense and pragmatic plausibility. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="137"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es gibt 100 Firmen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] 100 copmpanies.
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are 100 companies.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      ICM ist eine der Firmen, die 150 Computer besitzt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ICM is[pres,3.Sg] one[f] of-the[pl] companies, who[f] 150 computers owns[pres,3.Sg]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      ICM is one of the companies and owns 150 computers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Sie hat keine Serviceverträge für keinen ihrer Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      she has[pres,3.Sg] not[pl] service-contracts for any[m,acc] her[pl,gen] computers. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      It does not have service contracts for any of its computers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="4">
     <script>
      Jede der anderen 99 Firmen besitzt einen Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      each[n] of-the[pl] other[pl,acc] 99 Unternehmen owns[pres,3.Sg] one[m,acc] computer.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Each of the other 99 companies owns one computer.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="5">
     <script>
      Sie haben Serviceverträge für sie.
     </script>
     <morph>
      they have[pres,3.Pl] service-contracts for them[pl,acc]. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      They have service contracts for them.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Haben die meisten Firmen, die einen Computer besitzen, einen Servicevertrag für ihn?
     </script>
     <morph>
      have[pres,3.Pl] the most[pl] companies, who[pl] a[m,acc] computer own[pres,3.Pl], a[m,acc] service-contract for it[m,acc]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do most companies that own a computer have a service contract for it?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die meisten Firmen, die einen Computer besitzen, haben einen Servicevertrag für ihn.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the most[pl] companies, who[pl] a[m,acc] computer own[pres,3.Pl], have[pres,3.Pl] a[m,acc] service-contract for it[m,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Most companies that own a computer have a service contract for it.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Proportion problem </why>
<note>In German 'Firma' has a female gender therefore the personal pronoun 'sie' is used</note>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 3.5 Functional and Subsectional </comment>

<comment> Due to the heavy domain dependence of functional (or better perhaps,
relational) anaphora, it is hard to state general inferences that don't assume
considerable background knowledge unless this is given explicitly. </comment>

<problem
  id="138"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Bericht hat eine Umschlagseite.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] report has[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] cover-page.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every report has a cover page.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      R-95-103 ist ein Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      R-95-103 is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      R-95-103 is a report.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith unterzeichnete die Umschlagseite.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith signed[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] cover-page.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith signed the cover page.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichnete Smith die Umschlagseite von R-95-103?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Sg] Smith the[f,acc] cover-page of R-95-103?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith sign the cover page of R-95-103?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith unterzeichnete die Umschlagseite vom R-95-103.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith signed[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] cover-page of R-95-103.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith signed the cover page of R-95-103.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 3.6 Simple Reflexives </comment>

<problem
  id="139"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Ein Betriebsleiter verdiente sich eine hohe Gehaltserhöhung .
     </script>
     <morph>
      a company-director awarded[past,3.Sg,dis-con] himself a[f,acc] large[f,acc] payrise.
     </morph>
     <english>
      A company director awarded himself a large payrise.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat sich ein Betriebsleiter eine Gehaltserhöhung verdient und wurde sie ihm verliehn?
     </script>
     <morph>
      Has[pres,3.Sg] himself a[m] company director a[f,acc] payrise awarded[perf] and has-been[past,pass,3.Sg] she(it) him awarded[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Has a company director awarded and been awarded a payrise?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Ein Betriebsleiter hat sich eine Gehaltserhöhung verdient und sie wurde ihm verliehn.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a[m] company director has[pres,3.Sg] himself a[f,acc] payrise awarded[perf] and she(it) has-been[past,pass,3.Sg] him awarded[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      A company director has awarded and been awarded a payrise.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="140"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sagte Bill hatte sich verletzt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John said[past,3.Sg] Bill had[past,3.Sg] himself hurt[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John said Bill had hurt himself.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sagte Johann dass Bill verletzt war?
     </script>
     <morph>
      said[past,3.Sg] John that Bill hurt[perf] was[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John say Bill had been hurt?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann sagte dass Bill verletzt war.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John said[past,3.Sg] that Bill hurt[perf] was[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      John said Bill had been hurt.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note>For the premise you do not need to use a conjunction in German but for the question and the hypothesis you do.</note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="141"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sagte Bill hatte sich verletzt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John said[past,3.Sg] Bill had[past,3.Sg] himself hurt[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John said Bill had hurt himself.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sagte irgendwer dass Johann verletzt war?
     </script>
     <morph>
      said[past,3.Sg] anyone that John hurt[perf] was[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did anyone say John had been hurt?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jemand sagte dass Johann verletzt war.
     </script>
     <morph>
      someone said[past,3.Sg] that John hurt[perf] was[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Someone said John had been hurt.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
 <note>If more emphasis is put on John it could be understood that Bill said that John was hurt. In the German translation a conjunction is needed for the question and the hypothesis but not for the premise</note>
</problem>

<comment class="section"> 4 ELLIPSIS </comment>

<comment>
  In nearly all cases the inferences presented here have conclusions that are
  simply reconstructions of the ellided constituent. Unfortunately, an inference
  test suite is not well suited to illustrating prohibitions on ellipsis
  resolution. For example, an ill-formed discourse like

  John was in Paris yesterday. *So did Bill.

  doesn't even get as far as supporting any inferences.
</comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 4.1 VP Ellipsis </comment>

<problem
  id="142"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      So did Bill.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Bill mit Maria?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] Bill with Mary?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill speak to Mary?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Basic example. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="143"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      So did Bill.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria um vier Uhr.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary at four o'clock.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary at four o'clock.
     </english>
  </p>  
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Bill mit Maria um vier Uhr?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] Bill with Mary at four o'clock?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill speak to Mary at four o'clock?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit Maria um vier Uhr.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary at four o'clock.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to Mary at four o'clock.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    Temporal resolution of tense in antecedent is not carried across to ellipsis.
</why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="144"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria um vier Uhr.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary at four o'clock.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary at four o'clock.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      So did Bill.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Bill mit Maria um vier Uhr?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] Bill with Mary at four o'clock?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill speak to Mary at four o'clock?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit Maria um vier Uhr.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary at four o'clock.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to Mary at four o'clock.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Explicit temporal adverbials are carried across to ellipsis. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="145"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria um vier Uhr.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary at four o'clock.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary at four o'clock.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Und Bill um fünf Uhr.
     </script>
     <morph>
      and Bill at five o'clock.
     </morph>
     <english>
      And Bill did at five o'clock.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Bill mit Maria um fünf Uhr?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] Bill with Mary at five o'clock?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill speak to Mary at five o'clock?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit Maria um fünf Uhr.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary at five o'clock.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to Mary at five o'clock.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Explicit temporal adverbials are not carried across if overridden. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="146"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann hat mit Maria gesprochen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John has[past,3.Sg] with Mary spoken[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John has spoken to Mary.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill wird es noch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill will[fut,3.Sg] it. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill is going to.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Wird Bill mit Maria sprechen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      will[fut,3.Sg] Bill with Mary speak[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Will Bill speak to Mary?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill wird mit Maria sprechen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill will[fut,3.Sg] with Mary speak[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill will speak to Mary.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Tense agreement not necessary between ellipsis and antecedent. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="147"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria am Montag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary on Monday.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary on Monday.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill tat es nicht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill did[past,3.Sg] it not.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill didn't.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Bill mit Maria am Montag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] Bill with Mary on Monday?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill speak to Mary on Monday?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit Maria am Montag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary on Monday.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to Mary on Monday.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
<why> Polarity agreement not necessary between ellipsis and antecedent. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="148"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Hat Johann mit Maria gesprochen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] John with Mary spoken[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Has John spoken to Mary?
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill hat es.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill has[past,3.Sg] it.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill has.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat Bill mit Maria gesprochen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] Bill with Mary spoken[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Has Bill spoken to Mary?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill hat mit Maria gesprochen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill has[pres,3.Sg] Bill with Mary spoken[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill has spoken to Mary.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Mood agreement not necessary between ellipsis and antecedent. </why>
<note> Note unusual use of question as premise. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="149"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann hat mit Maria gesprochen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      John has[pres,3.Sg] with Mary spoken[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      John has spoken to Mary.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Die Studenten haben es auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] students have[pres,3.Pl] it too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The students have too.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Haben die Studenten mit Maria gesprochen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      have[pres,3.Pl] the[pl] students with Mary spoken[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Have the students spoken to Mary?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die Studenten haben mit Maria gesprochen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      The students have[pres,3.Pl] with Mary spoken[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      The students have spoken to Mary.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Number agreement not necessary. </why>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 4.2 Gapping </comment>

<problem
  id="150"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann fuhr mit dem Auto nach Paris und Bill mit dem Zug.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John drove[past,3.Sg] with the[n,dat] car to Paris and Bill with the[m,dat] train.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John went to Paris by car, and Bill by train.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Fuhr Bill mit dem Zug nach Paris?
     </script>
     <morph>
      drove[past,3.Sg] Bill with the[m,dat] train to Paris?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill go to Paris by train?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill fuhr mit dem Zug nach Paris.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill drove[past,3.Sg] with the[m,dat] train to Paris.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill went to Paris by train.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Basic example </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="151"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann fuhr mit dem Auto nach Paris und Bill mit dem Zug nach Berlin.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John drove[past,3.Sg] with the[n,dat] car to Paris and Bill with the[m,dat] train to Berlin.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John went to Paris by car, and Bill by train to Berlin.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Fuhr Bill mit dem Zug nach Berlin?
     </script>
     <morph>
      drove[past,3.Sg] Bill with the[m,dat] train to Berlin?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill go to Berlin by train?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill fuhr mit dem Zug nach Berlin.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill drove[past,3.Sg] with the[m,dat] train to Berlin.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill went to Berlin by train.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Another basic example </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="152"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann fuhr mit dem Auto nach Paris und Bill nach Berlin.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John drove[past,3.Sg] with the[n,dat] car to Paris and Bill to Berlin.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John went to Paris by car, and Bill to Berlin.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Fuhr Bill mit dem Auto nach Berlin?
     </script>
     <morph>
      drove[past,3.Sg] Bill with the[n,dat] car to Berlin?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill go to Berlin by car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill fuhr mit dem Auto nach Berlin.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill drove[past,3.Sg] with the[n,dat] car to Berlin.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill went to Berlin by car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Another basic example </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="153"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann fährt dem Auto nach Paris und die Studenten mit dem Zug.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John drives[pres(fut),3.Sg] with the[n,dat] car to Paris and the[pl] students with the[m,dat] train.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is going to Paris by car, and the students by train.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Fahren die Studenten mit dem Zug nach Paris?
     </script>
     <morph>
      drive[pres(fut),3.Pl] the[pl] students with the[m,dat] train to Paris?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are the students going to Paris by train?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die Studenten fahren mit dem Zug nach Paris.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[pl] students drive[pers(fut),3.Pl] with the[m,dat] train to Paris.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The students are going to Paris by train.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Subject-verb agreement not necessary </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="154"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann fuhr mit dem Auto nach Paris.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John drove[past,3.Sg] with the[n,dat] car to Paris.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John went to Paris by car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill mit dem Zug.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill with the[m,dat] train.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill by train.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Fuhr Bill mit dem Zug nach Paris?
     </script>
     <morph>
      drove[past,3.Sg] Bill with the[m,dat] train to Paris?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill go to Paris by train?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill fuhr mit dem Zug nach Paris.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill drove[past,3.Sg] with the[m,dat] train to Paris.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill went to Paris by train.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Cross-sentential gapping </why>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 4.3 One Anaphora </comment>

<problem
  id="155"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann besitzt ein Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John owns a car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill besitzt auch eines.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] too one[n,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns one too.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Besitzt Bill ein Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      owns[pres,3.Sg] Bill a[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Bill own a car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Basic example </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="156"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann besitzt ein Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John owns a car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill besitzt auch eines.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] too one[n,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns one too.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es ein Auto, das Johann und Bill besitzen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists[pres,3.Sg] it a[n,acc] car, that[n] John and Bill own[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is there a car that John and Bill own?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt ein Auto, das Johann und Bill besitzten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] car, that[n] John and Bill own[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      There is a car that John and Bill own.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> It needn't be the same car that John and Bill own. </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="157"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann besitzt ein rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John owns a red car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein blaues.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] blue-one[n,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a blue one.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Besitzt Bill ein blaues Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      owns[pres,3.Sg] Bill a[n,acc] blue[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Bill own a blue car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein blaues Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] blue[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a blue car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="158"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann besitzt ein rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John owns a red car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein blaues.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] blue-one[n,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a blue one.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Besitzt Bill ein rotes Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      owns[pres,3.Sg] Bill a[n,acc] red[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Bill own a red car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a red car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="159"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann besitzt ein rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John owns a red car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein schnelles.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] fast-one[n,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a fast one.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Besitzt Bill ein schnelles Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      owns[pres,3.Sg] Bill a[n,acc] fast[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Bill own a fast car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein schnelles Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] fast[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a fast car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="160"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann besitzt ein rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John owns a red car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein schnelles.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] fast-one[n,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a fast one.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Besitzt Bill ein schnelles rotes Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      owns[pres,3.Sg] Bill a[n,acc] fast[n,acc] red[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Bill own a fast red car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein schnelles rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] fast[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a fast red car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes, on one possible reading
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    The "one" anaphor may be resolved via the property of being a red car.
</why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="161"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann besitzt ein rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John owns a red car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein schnelles.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] fast-one[n,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a fast one.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Besitzt Bill ein schnelles rotes Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      owns[pres,3.Sg] Bill a[n,acc] fast[n,acc] red[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Bill own a fast red car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein schnelles rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] fast[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a fast red car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
	  Don't know, on one possible reading
     </english>
</a>
<why>
 Or the "one" anaphor may just be resolved via the property of being a car.
</why>
<note> Note that this is formally identical with preceding. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="162"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann besitzt ein schnelles rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] fast[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John owns a fast red car.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein langsames.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] slow-one[n,acc].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a slow one.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Besitzt Bill ein langsames rotes Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      owns[pres,3.Sg] Bill a[n,acc] slow[n,acc] red[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Bill own a slow red car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill besitzt ein langsames rotes Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill owns[pres,3.Sg] a[n,acc] slow[n,acc] red[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill owns a slow red car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    When semantically parallel (e.g. fast/slow) modifiers appear on the
    antecedent and one-anaphor, it appears that all non-parallel modifiers must
    form part of the resolution.
</why>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 4.4 Sluicing </comment>

<problem
  id="163"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johanns Arbeit wurde angenommen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Johan-s paper was[past,pass,3.Sg] accepted[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John had his paper accepted.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill weiß nicht warum.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill knows[pres,3.Sg] not why.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill doesn't know why.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Weiß Bill warum Johanns Arbeit angenommen wurde?
     </script>
     <morph>
      knows[pres,3.Sg] Bill why John-s paper accepted[perf] was[past,pass,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Bill know why John had his paper accepted?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill weiß warum Johanns Arbeit angenommen wurde.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill knows[pres,3.Sg] why John-s paper accepted[perf] was[past,pass,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill knows why John had his paper accepted.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 4.5 Phrasal Ellipsis </comment>

<problem
  id="164"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Und mit Sue.
     </script>
     <morph>
      and with Sue.
     </morph>
     <english>
      And to Sue.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Johann mit Sue?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] John with Sue?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John speak to Sue?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Sue.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Sue.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Sue.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> PP ellipsis (subcategorized) </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="165"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Am Freitag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      on Friday.
     </morph>
     <english>
      On Friday.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Johann mit Maria am Freitag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] John with Mary on Friday?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John speak to Mary on Friday?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria am Freitag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary on Friday.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary on Friday.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> PP ellipsis: adds PP to antecedent </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="166"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria am Donnerstag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary on Thursday.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary on Thursday.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Und am Freitag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      and on Friday.
     </morph>
     <english>
      And on Friday.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Johann mit Maria am Freitag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] John with Mary on Friday?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John speak to Mary on Friday?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria am Freitag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary on Friday.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary on Friday.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
	  Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> PP ellipsis: replaces PP in antecedent </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="167"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Zwanzig Männer arbeiten in der Verkaufsabteilung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      twenty men work in the[f,dat] Sales-Department.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Twenty men work in the Sales Department.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Aber nur eine Frau.
     </script>
     <morph>
      but only one woman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      But only one woman.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Arbeiten zwei Frauen in der Verkaufsabteilung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      work[pres,3.Pl] two women in the[f,dat] Sales-Department?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do two women work in the Sales Department?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Zwei Frauen arbeiten in der Verkaufsabteilung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      two women work[pres,3.Pl] in the[f,dat] Sales-Department.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Two women work in the Sales Department.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
	  No
     </english>
</a>
<why> NP ellipsis </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="168"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Fünf Männer arbeiten Teilzeit.
     </script>
     <morph>
      five men work[pres,3.Pl] part-time.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Five men work part time.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Und fünfundvierzig Frauen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      and forty-five women.
     </morph>
     <english>
      And forty five women.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Arbeiten fünfundvierzig Frauen Teilzeit?
     </script>
     <morph>
      work[pres,3.Pl] forty-five women part-time?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do forty five women work part time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Fünfundvierzig Frauen arbeiten Teilzeit.
     </script>
     <morph>
      forty-five women work[pres,3.Pl] part-time.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Forty five women work part time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> NP ellipsis </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="169"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann fand Maria vor Bill.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John found[past,3.Sg] Mary before Bill.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John found Mary before Bill.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Fand Johann Maria bevor Bill Maria fand?
     </script>
     <morph>
      found[past,3.Sg] John Mary before Bill Mary found[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John find Mary before Bill found Mary?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann fand Maria bevor Bill Maria fand.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John found[past,3.Sg] Mary before Bill Mary found[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John found Mary before Bill found Mary.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one possible reading
     </english>
</a>
<note>In German 'before' is translated to 'vor' if it is not followed by a verb and 'bevor' if it is followed by a verb. </note>
<why> NP ellipsis </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="170"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann fand Maria vor Bill.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John found[past,3.Sg] Mary before Bill.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John found Mary before Bill.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Fand Johann Maria bevor Johann Bill fand?
     </script>
     <morph>
      found[past,3.Sg] John Mary before John Bill found[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John find Mary before John found Bill?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann fand Maria bevor Johann Bill fand.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John found[past,3.Sg] Mary before John Bill found[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John found Mary before John found Bill.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one possible reading
     </english>
</a>
<why> NP ellipsis </why>
<note>In German 'before' is translated to 'vor' if it is not followed by a verb and 'bevor' if it is followed by a verb. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="171"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann will wissen, wieviele Männer Teilzeit arbeiten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John wants[pres,3.Sg] know[inf], how-many men part-time work[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John wants to know how many men work part time.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Und Frauen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      and women.
     </morph>
     <english>
      And women.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Will Johann wissen, wieviele Frauen Teilzeit arbeiten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wants[pres,3.Sg] John know[inf], how-many women part-time work[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does John want to know how many women work part time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann will wissen, wieviele Frauen Teilzeit arbeiten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John wants[pres,3.Sg] know[inf], how-many women part-time work[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John wants to know how many women work part time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Nbar ellipsis </why>                                                                  
</problem>


<problem
  id="172"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann will wissen, wieviele Männer Teilzeit arbeiten und welche.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John wants[pres,3.Sg] know[inf], how-many men part-time work[pres,3.Pl] and which.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John wants to know how many men work part time, and which.
     </english>
  </p>
  <q>
     <script>
      Will Johann wissen, welche Männer Teilzeit arbeiten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wants[pres,3.Sg] John know[inf], which men part-time work[pres,3.Pl]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does John want to know which men work part time?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann will wissen, welche Männer Teilzeit arbeiten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John wants[pres,3.Sg] know[inf], which men part-time work[pres,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John wants to know which men work part time.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Determiner ellipsis </why>
</problem>
                                                                  

<comment class="subsection"> 4.6 Antecedent Contained Deletion </comment>

<comment> Antecedent contained deletion is a notorious problem for copying
approaches to ellipsis, since the antecedent clause contains the ellipsis and
some way must be found of removing it from the copy. </comment>


<problem
  id="173"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit jedem, mit dem Johann sprach.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with everyone[m,dat] with whom[m,dat] John spoke.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to everyone that John did.
     </english>
  </p>
 <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                 
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Bill mit Maria?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] Bill with Mary?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill speak to Mary?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="174"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit jedem, mit dem Johann sprach.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with everyone[m,dat] with whom[m,dat] John spoke.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to everyone that John did.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Bill sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                 
  <q>
     <script>
      Sprach Johann mit Maria?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spoke[past,3.Sg] John with Mary?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John speak to Mary?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann sprach mit Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John spoke[past,3.Sg] with Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John spoke to Mary.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 4.7 Configurational Effects </comment>

<comment>
  There are a number of syntactic and other configurational constraints on what
  can constitute the antecedent to an ellipsis. These constraints varying
  depending on the type of ellipsis (VP, phrasal, gapping, etc).
</comment>

<problem
  id="175"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sagte, Maria schrieb einen Bericht und Bill auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John said[past,3.Sg] Mary, wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report and Bill too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John said Mary wrote a report, and Bill did too.
     </english>
  </p>                                                              
  <q>
     <script>
      Sagte Bill, dass Maria einen Bericht schrieb?
     </script>
     <morph>
      said[past,3.Sg] Bill, that Mary a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill say Mary wrote a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sagte Maria schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill said[past,3.Sg], Mary wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill said Mary wrote a report.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation. 
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one possible reading/parse 
     </english>
</a>
<note> In German the conjunction 'dass' is needed in the question but not necessarily for the hypothesis. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="176"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sagte, Maria schrieb einen Bericht und Bill auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John said[past,3.Sg], Mary wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report and Bill too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John said Mary wrote a report, and Bill did too.
     </english>
  </p>                                                              
  <q>
     <script>
      Sagte Johann, dass Bill einen Bericht schrieb?
     </script>
     <morph>
      said[past,3.Sg] John, that Bill a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John say Bill wrote a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann sagte, Bill schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John said[past,3.Sg], Bill wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John said Bill wrote a report.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation. 
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one possible reading/parse 
     </english>
</a>
<note> In German the conjunction 'dass' is needed in the question but not necessarily for the hypothesis. </note>
</problem>

<problem
  id="177"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                            
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann sagte, dass Maria einen Bericht schrieb und dass Bill es auch tat.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John said[past,3.Sg], that Mary a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg] and that Bill it too did[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      John said that Mary wrote a report, and that Bill did too.
     </english>
  </p>                                                              
  <q>
     <script>
      Sagte Bill, dass Maria einen Bericht schrieb?
     </script>
     <morph>
      said[past,3.Sg] Bill, that Mary a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill say Mary wrote a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sagte, Maria schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill said[past,3.Sg], Mary wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill said Mary wrote a report.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt 
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
<note> In German the conjunction 'dass' is needed in the question but not necessarily for the hypothesis. </note>
</problem>

<comment> Note that the first sentence in (175) and (176) is syntactically
ambiguous, depending on whether the conjunctive clause conjoins with the main
or subordinate clause of "John said Mary wrote a report". In (177) the
conjunctive clause unambiguously conjoins with the subordinate clause, and
only one interpretation of the ellipsis is possible. This appears to indicate
that the antecedent clause to a VP ellipsis must be adjacent to the elliptical
clause. However, as the examples below show, this is not correct. </comment>

<problem
  id="178"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                            
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann schrieb einen Bericht und Bill sagte, Peter auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report and Bill said[past,3.Sg], Peter too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John wrote a report, and Bill said Peter did too.
     </english>
  </p>                                                              
  <q>
     <script>
      Sagte Bill, dass Peter einen Bericht schrieb?
     </script>
     <morph>
      said[past,3.Sg] Bill, that Peter a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill say Peter wrote a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill sagte, Peter schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill said[past,3.Sg], Peter wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill said Peter wrote a report.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja 
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<why> Embedded elliptical clause </why>
<note> In German the conjunction 'dass' is needed in the question but not necessarily for the hypothesis. </note>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="179"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                            
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Wenn Johann einen Bericht schrieb dann tat es Bill auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      if John a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg] then Bill did [past,3.Sg] too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      If John wrote a report, then Bill did too.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Johann schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John wrote a report.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Bill einen Bericht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Bill a[m,acc] report?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill write a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill wrote[past,3.Sg] a[acc,m] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill wrote a report.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja 
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<why> Elliptical and antecedent clause embedded (in parallel) </why>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="180"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                            
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann wollte ein Auto kaufen und er tat es auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John wanted[past,3.Sg] a[n,acc] car buy[inf] and he did[past,3.Sg] it too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John wanted to buy a car, and he did.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Kaufte Johann ein Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      bought[past,3.Sg] John a[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did John buy a car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann kaufte ein Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John bought[past,3.Sg] a[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John bought a car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja 
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<why> Embedded antecedent clause </why>                                                              
</problem>

<problem
  id="181"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                            
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann musste ein Auto kaufen, und Bill auch.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John needed[past,3.Sg] a[n,acc] car buy[inf] and Bill too.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John needed to buy a car, and Bill did.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Kaufte Bill ein Auto?
     </script>
     <morph>
      bought[past,3.Sg] Bill a[n,acc] car?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Bill buy a car?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Bill kaufte ein Auto.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill bought[past,3.Sg] a[n,acc] car.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill bought a car.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt 
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know 
     </english>
</a>                                                           
</problem>

<comment>
  Other configurational effects of the kinds illustrated in Deliverable 7 are
  hard to exemplify using inference suites.
</comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 4.8 Ellipsis and Anaphora </comment>

<comment>
  The following inferences illustrate differences between strict and sloppy
  interpretations of anaphors in elliptical clauses.
</comment>

<problem
  id="182"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith representiert seine Firma und so auch Jones.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith represents[pres,3.Sg] his[f,acc] company and as well Jones.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith represents his company and so does Jones.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Representiert Jones Jones' Firma?
     </script>
     <morph>
      represents[pres,3.Sg] Jones Jones'[gen] company?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Jones represent Jones' company?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones representiert Jones' Firma.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones represents[pres,3.Sg] Jones'[gen] company.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones represents Jones' company.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation 
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading 
     </english>
</a>
<why> Sloppy identity </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="183"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith representiert seine Firma und so auch Jones.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith represents[pres,3.Sg] his[f,acc] company and as well Jones.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith represents his company and so does Jones.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Representiert Jones Smiths Firma?
     </script>
     <morph>
      represents[pres,3.Sg] Jones Smith-s[gen] company?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Jones represent Smith's company?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones representiert Smiths Firma.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones represents[pres,3.Sg] Smith-s[gen] company.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones represents Smith's company.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation 
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading 
     </english>
</a>
<why> Strict identity </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="184"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                             
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith representiert seine Firma und so auch Jones.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith represents[pres,3.Sg] his[f,acc] company and as well Jones.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith represents his company and so does Jones.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Representiert Smith Jones' Firma?
     </script>
     <morph>
      represents[pres,3.Sg] Smith Jones'[gen] company?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Smith represent Jones' company?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith representiert Jones' Firma.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith represents[pres,3.Sg] Jones'[gen] company.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith represents Jones' company.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="185"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith behauptete, er hätte sein Angebot berechnet und so auch Jones.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith claimed[present,3.Sg], he had[past,conj 3.Sg] his[n,acc] proposal costed[perf] and as well Jones.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith claimed he had costed his proposal and so did Jones.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Behauptete Jones er hätte sein eigenes Angebot berechnet?
     </script>
     <morph>
      claimed[past,3.Sg]Jones he had[past,conj 3.Sg] his[n,acc] own[n] proposal costed[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones claim he had costed his own proposal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones behauptete, er hätte sein eigenes Angebot berechnet.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones claimed[past,3.Sg], he had[past,conj 3.Sg] his[n,acc] own[n] proposal costed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones claimed he had costed his own proposal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading
     </english>
</a>
<why> Sloppy identity on both pronouns </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="186"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith behauptete, er hätte sein Angebot berechnet und so auch Jones.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith claimed[present,3.Sg] he had[past,conj 3.Sg] his[n,acc] proposal costed[perf] and as well Jones.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith claimed he had costed his proposal and so did Jones.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Behauptete Jones er hätte Smiths Angebot berechnet?
     </script>
     <morph>
      claimed[past,3.Sg]Jones he had[past,conj 3.Sg] Smith-s[gen] proposal costed[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones claim he had costed Smith's proposal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones behauptete, er hätte Smiths Angebot berechnet.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones claimed[past,3.Sg], he had[past,conj 3.Sg] Smith-s[gen] proposal costed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones claimed he had costed Smith's proposal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading
     </english>
</a>
<why> Sloppy identity "he", strict on "his" </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="187"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith behauptete, er hätte sein Angebot berechnet und so auch Jones.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith claimed[present,3.Sg], he had[past,conj 3.Sg] his[n,acc] proposal costed[perf] and as well Jones.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith claimed he had costed his proposal and so did Jones.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Behauptete Jones Smith hätte Smiths Angebot berechnet?
     </script>
     <morph>
      claimed[past,3.Sg]Jones Smith had[past,conj 3.Sg] Smith-s[gen] proposal costed[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones claim Smith had costed Smith's proposal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones behauptete, Smith hätte Smiths Angebot berechnet.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones claimed[past,3.Sg], Smith had[past,conj 3.Sg] Smith-s[gen] proposal costed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones claimed Smith had costed Smith's proposal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading
     </english>
</a>
<why> Strict identity on both pronouns </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="188"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith behauptete, er hätte sein Angebot berechnet und so auch Jones.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith claimed[present,3.Sg], he had[past,conj 3.Sg] his[n,acc] proposal costed[perf] and as well Jones.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith claimed he had costed his proposal and so did Jones.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Behauptete Jones Smith hätte Jones' Angebot berechnet?
     </script>
     <morph>
      claimed[past,3.Sg] Jones Smith had[past,conj 3.Sg] Jones'[gen] proposal costed[perf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones claim Smith had costed Jones' proposal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones behauptete Smith hätte Jones' Angebot berechnet.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones claimed[past,3.Sg] Smith had[past,conj 3.Sg] Jones'[gen] proposal costed[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones claimed Smith had costed Jones' proposal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Can't have strict identity on "he" and sloppy identity on "his" </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="189"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann ist ein Mann und Maria ist eine Frau.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] man and Mary is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] woman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a man and Mary is a woman.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Johann representiert seine Firma und so auch Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John represents[pres,3.Sg] his[f,acc] company and as well Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John represents his company and so does Mary.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                      
  <q>
     <script>
      Representiert Maria ihre eigene Firma?
     </script>
     <morph>
      represents[pres,3.Sg] Mary her[f,acc] own[f] company?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Mary represent her own company?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Maria representiert ihre eigene Firma.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary represents[pres,3.Sg] her[f,acc] own[f] company.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary represents her own company.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading
     </english>
</a>
<why> Sloppy identity, gender agreement not necessary </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="190"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann ist ein Mann und Maria ist eine Frau.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] man and Mary is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] woman.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a man and Mary is a woman.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Johann representiert seine Firma und so auch Maria.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John represents[pres,3.Sg] his[f,acc] company and as well Mary.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John represents his company and so does Mary.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                      
  <q>
     <script>
      Representiert Maria Johanns Firma?
     </script>
     <morph>
      represents[pres,3.Sg] Mary John-s[gen] company?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does Mary represent John's company?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Maria representiert Johanns Firma.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary represents[pres,3.Sg] John-s[gen] company.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary represents John's company.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading
     </english>
</a>
<why> Sloppy identity, gender agreement not necessary </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="191"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Bill schlug Franks Chef vor, dass sie zusammen zu dem Meeting gehen sollten und Karl Alans Frau.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill suggested[past,3.Sg,dis-con] Frank-s[gen] boss [dis-con], that they together to the[n,dat] meeting go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl] and Carl Alan-s[gen] wife.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan' wife.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill und Frank zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl und Alan zusammen gehen sollten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill and Frank together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl and Alan together go[inf] should?
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill and Frank should go together, was it suggested that Carl and Alan should go together?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill und Frank zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl und Alan zusammen gehen sollten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill and Frank together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl and Alan together go[inf] should.
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill and Frank should go together, it was suggested that Carl and Alan should go together.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Plural pronouns resolved in parallel </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="192"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Bill schlug Franks Chef vor, dass sie zusammen zu dem Meeting gehen sollten und Karl Alans Frau.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill suggested[past,3.Sg,dis-con] Frank-s[gen] boss [dis-con] that they together to the[n,dat] meeting go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl] and Carl Alan-s[gen] wife.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill und Frank zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl und Alans Frau zusammen gehen sollten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill and Frank together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl and Alan-s[gen] wife together go[inf] should?
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill and Frank should go together, was it suggested that Carl and Alan's wife should go together?
     </english>                                                             
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill und Frank zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl und Alans Frau zusammen gehen sollten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill and Frank together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl and Alan-s[gen] wife together go[inf] should.
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill and Frank should go together, it was suggested that Carl and Alan's wife should go together.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Plural pronouns resolved in parallel </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="193"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Bill schlug Franks Chef vor, dass sie zusammen zu dem Meeting gehen sollten und Karl Alans Frau.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill suggested[past,3.Sg,dis-con] Frank-s[gen] boss [dis-con], that they together to the[n,dat] meeting go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl] and Carl Alan-s[gen] wife.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill und Franks Chef zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl und Alans Frau zusammen gehen sollten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill and Frank-s[gen] boss together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl and Alan-s[gen] wife together go[inf] should?
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill and Frank's boss should go together, was it suggested that Carl and Alan's wife should go together?
     </english>                                                            
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill und Franks Chef zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl und Alans Frau zusammen gehen sollten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill and Frank-s[gen] boss together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl and Alan-s[gen] wife together go[inf] should.
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill and Frank's boss should go together, it was suggested that Carl and Alan's wife should go together.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Plural pronouns resolved in parallel </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="194"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Bill schlug Franks Chef vor, dass sie zusammen zu dem Meeting gehen sollten und Karl Alans Frau.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill suggested[past,3.Sg,dis-con] Frank-s[gen] boss [dis-con], that they together to the[n,dat] meeting go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl] and Carl Alan-s[gen] wife.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill und Franks Chef zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl und Alan zusammen gehen sollten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill and Frank-s[gen] boss together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl and Alan together go[inf] should?
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill and Frank's boss should go together, was it suggested that Carl and Alan should go together?
     </english>                                                             
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill und Franks Chef zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl und Alan zusammen gehen sollten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill and Frank-s[gen] boss together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl and Alan together go[inf] should.
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill and Frank's boss should go together, it was suggested that Carl and Alan should go together.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Plural pronouns resolved in parallel </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="195"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Bill schlug Franks Chef vor, dass sie zusammen zu dem Meeting gehen sollten und Karl Alans Frau.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Bill suggested[past,3.Sg,dis-con] Frank-s[gen] boss [dis-con], that they together to the[n,dat] meeting go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl] and Carl Alan-s[gen] wife.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill, Frank und Franks Chef zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl, Alan und Alans Frau zusammen gehen sollten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill, Frank and Frank-s[gen] boss together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl, Alan and Alan-s[gen] wife together go[inf] should?
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill, Frank and Frank's boss should go together, was it suggested that Carl, Alan and Alan's wife should go together?
     </english>                                                             
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Wenn vorgeschlagen wurde, dass Bill, Frank und Franks Chef zusammen gehen sollten, wurde vorgeschlagen dass Karl, Alan und Alans Frau zusammen gehen sollten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      If suggested[pass] was[past,3.Sg], that Bill, Frank and Frank-s[gen] boss together go[inf] should[mod,3.Pl], was[past,3.Sg] suggested[pass] that Carl, Alan and Alan-s[gen] wife together go[inf] should.
     </morph>
     <english>
      If it was suggested that Bill, Frank and Frank's boss should go together, it was suggested that Carl, Alan and Alan's wife should go together.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Plural pronouns resolved in parallel </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 4.9 Ellipsis and Quantification </comment>

<comment> Scope parallelism turns out to be rather tricky to illustrate
through inference suites. This is because of the entailment relation: 98
j= 89. </comment>

<problem
  id="196"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Ein Anwalt unterzeichnete jedes Protokoll und so auch ein Buchführer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      a[m] lawyer signed[past,3.Sg] every[n,acc] report and as well an[n] auditor. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      A lawyer signed every report, and so did an auditor.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Das heißt, es gab einen Anwalt, der alle Protokolle unterzeichnete.
     </script>
     <morph>
      that means[pres,3.Sg], it exists[pres,3.Sg] one[m,acc] lawyer, who[m] all reports signed[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      That is, there was one lawyer who signed all the reports.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Gab es einen Buchführer, der alle Protokolle unterzeichnete?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists[pres,3.Sg] it one[m,acc] lawyer, who[m] all reports signed[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was there one auditor who signed all the reports?
     </english>                                                             
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gab einen Buchführer, der alle Protokolle unterzeichnete.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] one[m,acc] lawyer, who[m] all reports signed[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There was one auditor who signed all the reports.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<comment class="section"> 5 ADJECTIVES </comment>

<comment>
  The inferences below carve up adjectives into (a by no means exhaustive)
  cross-cutting set of dimensions. Typical inferences are given for example
  adjectives.
</comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 5.1 Affirmative and Non-Affirmative </comment>

<comment>
  Affirmative adjectives map the denotation of the predicate they modify onto a
  subset of the denotation. So for example, an old man is a man. Most adjectives
  are affirmative, but a few like former and fake are not. Given that someone is
  a former student, one cannot conclude that they are now a student. But it is
  not entirely clear whether one can conclude that they are not now a student
  ... they may have become one again.
</comment>

<problem
  id="197"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann hat einen echten Diamanten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] genuine[m,acc] diamond.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John has a genuine diamond.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat Johann einen Diamanten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] John a[m,acc] dimond?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does John have a diamond?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann hat einen Diamanten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] diamond.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John has a diamond.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Affirmative adjectives: Adj N entails N </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="198"
  fracas_answer="no"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann ist ein ehemaliger Hochschulstudent.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] former[m] university-student.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a former university student.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Johann ein Hochschulstudent?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] John a[m] university-student?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is John a university student?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann ist ein Hochschulstudent.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] university-student.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a university student.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein / unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      No / don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    Non-affirmative: Adj N =/=> N
    (Opinions differ about whether "Adj N entails !N")
</why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="199"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                                
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann ist ein erfolgreicher ehemaliger Hochschulstudent.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] successful[m] former[m] university-student.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a successful former university student.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Johann erfolgreich?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] John successful?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is John successful?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann ist erfolgreich.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] successful.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is successful.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Yes (für einen ehemaligen Hochschulstudenten)
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes (for a former university student)
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    Ordering between affirmative and non-affirmative adjectives affects which
    adjectival predications are and aren't affirmed
</why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="200"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann ist ein ehemaliger erfolgreicher Hochschulstudent.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] former[m] successful[m] university-student.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a former successful university student.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Johann erfolgreich?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] John successful?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is John successful?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann ist erfolgreich.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] successful.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is successful.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="201"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann ist ein ehemaliger erfolgreicher Hochschulstudent.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] former[m] successful[m] university-student.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a former successful university student.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Johann ein Hochschulstudent?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] university-student?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is John a university student?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann ist ein Hochschulstudent.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] university-student.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a university student.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> John may currently be an unsuccessful university student </why>                                                                
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 5.2 No Comparison Class </comment>

<comment>
  Gradable adjectives (e.g. big, small) usually assume some form of comparison
  class (i.e. "big for an N"). But some others do not e.g. four-legged, or the
  adjectival phrase ten foot long. Adjectives not requiring a comparison class
  permit straightforward predication without reference to a nominal property
  providing a comparison class: a ten foot long alligator is ten foot long.
</comment>

<problem
  id="202"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Säuger ist ein Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] mammal is[pres,3.Sg] an[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every mammal is an animal.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist jeder vierbeinige Säuger ein vierbeiniges Tier?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] every[m] four-legged[m] mammal a[n] four-legged[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is every four-legged mammal a four-legged animal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder vierbeinige Säuger ist ein vierbeiniges Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      every[m] four-legged[m] mammal is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] four-legged[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every four-legged mammal is a four-legged animal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> [N1 entails N2] entails [Adj(N1) entails Adj(N2)] </why>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="203"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein vierbeiniges Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] four-legged[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is a four-legged animal.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Dumbo ein vierbeiniges Tier?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Dumbo a[n] four-legged[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Dumbo four-legged?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein vierbeiniges Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] four-legged[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is four-legged.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Adj(N)(x) entails Adj(x) </why>                                                                
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 5.3 Opposites </comment>

<comment> Large and small (applied to the same comparison class) are opposites. If
something is a small N it cannot be a large N, and vice versa. Some things can
be neither large nor small Ns. </comment>

<problem
  id="204"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mickey ist ein kleines Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] small[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is a small animal.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Mickey ein großes Tier?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Mickey a[n] large[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Mickey a large animal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mickey ist ein großes Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] large[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is a large animal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
<why> Small(N) entails !Large(N) </why>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="205"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein großes Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] large[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is a large animal.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Dumbo ein kleines Tier?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Dumbo a[n] small[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Dumbo a small animal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein kleines Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] small[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is a small animal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
<why> Large(N) entails !Small(N) </why>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="206"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Fido ist kein kleines Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Fido is[pres,3.Sg] not[n] a[n] small[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Fido is not a small animal.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Fido ein großes Tier?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Fido a[n] large[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Fido a large animal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Fido ist ein großes Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Fido is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] large[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Fido is a large animal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> !Small(N) =/=> Large(N) </why>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="207"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Fido ist kein großes Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Fido is[pres,3.Sg] not[n] a[n] large[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Fido is not a large animal.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Fido ein kleines Tier?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Fido a[n] small[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Fido a small animal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Fido ist ein kleines Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Fido is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] small[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Fido is a small animal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> !Large(N) =/=> Small(N) </why>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="208"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mickey ist ein kleines Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] small[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is a small animal.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein großes Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] large[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is a large animal.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Mickey kleiner als Dumbo?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Mickey smaller[comp] than Dumbo?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Mickey smaller than Dumbo?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mickey ist kleiner als Dumbo.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] smaller[comp] than Dumbo.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is smaller than Dumbo.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> "Small" and "large" are related via the comparative "smaller" </why>                                                               
</problem>

<problem
  id="209"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Mickey ist ein kleines Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] small[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is a small animal.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein großes Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] large[n] animal.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is a large animal.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Mickey größer als Dumbo?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Mickey larger[comp] than Dumbo?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Mickey larger than Dumbo?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mickey ist größer als Dumbo.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] larger[comp] than Dumbo.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is larger than Dumbo.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
<why> "Small" and "large" are related via the comparative "larger" </why>                                                              
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 5.4 Extensional Comparison Classes </comment>

<comment> Adjectives like large and small depend only on the extension of the
comparison class they depend on. </comment>

<problem
  id="210"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Mäuse sind kleine Tiere.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all mice are[pres,3.Pl] small[pl] animals.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All mice are small animals.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Mickey ist eine große Maus.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] large[f] mouse.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is a large mouse.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Mickey ein großes Tier?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Mickey a[n] large[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Mickey a large animal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mickey ist ein großes Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] large[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is a large animal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>                                                             
</problem>

<problem
  id="211"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Elefanten sind große Tiere.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all elephants are[pres,3.Pl] large[pl] animals.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All elephants are large animals.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein kleiner Elefant.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] small[m] elephant.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is a small elephant.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Dumbo ein kleines Tier?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Dumbo a[n] small[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Dumbo a small animal?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein kleines Tier.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[n] small[n] animal?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is a small animal.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>                                                             
</problem>

<problem
  id="212"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Mäuse sind kleine Tiere.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all mice are[pres,3.Pl] small[pl] animals.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All mice are small animals.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Elefanten sind große Tiere.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all elephants are[pres,3.Pl] large[pl] animals.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All elephants are large animals.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Mickey ist eine große Maus.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] large[f] mouse.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is a large mouse.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="4">
     <script>
      Dumbo ist ein kleiner Elefant.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] small[m] elephant.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is a small elephant.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Dumbo größer als Mickey? 
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Dumbo larger[comp] than Mickey?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Dumbo larger than Mickey?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Dumbo ist größer als Mickey. 
     </script>
     <morph>
      Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] larger[comp] than Mickey.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Dumbo is larger than Mickey.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Assume comparative relations exemplified in (208) and (209) </why>                                                                  
</problem>

<problem
  id="213"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Mäuse sind kleine Tiere.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all mice are[pres,3.Pl] small[pl] animals.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All mice are small animals.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Mickey ist eine große Maus.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] large[f] mouse.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is a large mouse.
     </english>
  </p>                                                              
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Mickey klein?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Mickey small?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Mickey small?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Mickey ist klein.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] small.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mickey is small.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
     ??: Nein für eine Maus; ?? Ja für ein Tier
     </script>
     <english>
     ??: No for a mouse; ?? Yes for an animal
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    Adjectives requiring a comparison class cannot usually be predicated in
    the absence of a common noun, unless some comparison class is clear from
    the wider context.
</why>                                                                
</problem>


<comment class="subsection"> 5.5 Extensional and Intensional Comparison Classes </comment>

<comment>
  Some adjectives require an "intensional" comparison class: different
  inferences may follow when two distinct but co-extensive predicates provide
  the comparison class.
</comment>

<problem
  id="214"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Justizbehörden sind Dozenten der Rechtswissenschaft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all legal-authorities are[pres,3.Pl] lecturers of law.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All legal authorities are law lecturers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Dozenten der Rechtswissenschaft sind Justizbehörden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all lecturers of law are[pres,3.Pl] legal-authorities.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All law lecturers are legal authorities.
     </english>
  </p>                                                              
  <q>
     <script>
      Sind alle dicken Justizbehörden dicke Dozenten der Rechtswissenschaft?
     </script>
     <morph>
      are[pres,3.Pl] fat[pl] legal-authorities fat[pl] lecturers of law?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are all fat legal authorities fat law lecturers?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle dicken Justizbehörden sind dicke Dozenten der Rechtswissenschaft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all fat[pl] legal-authorities are[pres,3.Pl] fat[pl] lecturers of law.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All fat legal authorities are fat law lecturers.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Extensional comparison class </why>                                                               
</problem>

<problem
  id="215"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Alle Justizbehörden sind Dozenten der Rechtswissenschaft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all legal-authorities are[pres,3.Pl] lecturers of law.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All legal authorities are law lecturers.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Alle Dozenten der Rechtswissenschaft sind Justizbehörden.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all lecturers of law are[pres,3.Pl] legal-authorities.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All law lecturers are legal authorities.
     </english>
  </p>                                                              
  <q>
     <script>
      Sind alle kompetenten Justizbehörden kompetente Dozenten der Rechtswissenschaft?
     </script>
     <morph>
      are[pres,3.Pl] competent[pl] legal-authorities competent[pl] lecturers of law?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Are all competent legal authorities competent law lecturers?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Alle kompetenten Justizbehörden sind kompetente Dozenten der Rechtswissenschaft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      all competent[pl] legal-authorities are[pres,3.Pl] competent[pl] lecturers of law.
     </morph>
     <english>
      All competent legal authorities are competent law lecturers.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Intensional comparison class </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="216"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann ist ein dickerer Politiker als Bill.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] fatter[comp] politician than Bill.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a fatter politician than Bill.
     </english>
  </p>                                                            
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Johann dicker als Bill?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] John fatter[comp] than Bill?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is John fatter than Bill?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann ist dicker als Bill.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] fatter[comp] than Bill.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is fatter than Bill.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Extensional </why>
</problem>

<problem
  id="217"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Johann ist ein klügerer Politiker als Bill.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] a[m] cleverer[comp,adj] politician than Bill.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is a cleverer politician than Bill.
     </english>
  </p>                                                            
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Johann klüger als Bill?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] John cleverer[comp] than Bill?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is John cleverer than Bill?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Johann ist klüger als Bill.
     </script>
     <morph>
      John is[pres,3.Sg] cleverer[comp] than Bill.
     </morph>
     <english>
      John is cleverer than Bill.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Intensional </why>
</problem>

<comment>
  Note that both intensional and extensional comparison class adjectives support
  comparatives.
</comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 5.6 Default Comparison Classes </comment>

<comment> Comparison class adjectives can sometimes pick up a default comparison
class from the subject NP. For example, knowing that Kim is a person provides
a default scale for assessing cleverness in people. If Kim were known to be a
dog, the assessment scale would be different. </comment>

<problem
  id="218"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Kim ist eine kluge Person.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Kim is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] clever[f] person.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Kim is a clever person.
     </english>
  </p>                                                            
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Kim klug?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Kim clever?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is Kim clever?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Kim ist klug.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Kim is[pres,3.Sg] clever.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Kim is clever.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="219"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Kim ist ein/e kluge/r Politiker/in.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Kim is[pres,3.Sg] a[m]/[f] clever[f]/[m] politician.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Kim is a clever politician.
     </english>
  </p>                                                            
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Kim klug?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Kim clever?
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Is Kim clever?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Kim ist klug.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Kim is[pres,3.Sg] clever.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Kim is clever.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="section"> 6 COMPARATIVES </comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 6.1 Phrasal Comparatives </comment>

<problem
  id="220"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster[comp] than the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der ITEL-XZ ist schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-XZ is fast.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                 
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schnell?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 fast?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 fast?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is fast.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="221"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster[comp] than the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>                                                           
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schnell?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 fast?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 fast?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is fast.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="222"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster[comp] than the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is fast.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der ITEL-XZ schnell?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] ITEL-XZ fast?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the ITEL-XZ fast?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der ITEL-XZ ist schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-XZ is fast.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="223"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster[comp] than the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist langsam.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] slow.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is slow.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der ITEL-XZ schnell?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] ITEL-XZ fast?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the ITEL-XZ fast?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der ITEL-XZ ist schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-XZ is fast.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="224"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist so schnell wie der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast as the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der ITEL-XZ is schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-XZ is fast.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schnell?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 fast?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 fast?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 is schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is fast.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="225"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist so schnell wie der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast as the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schnell?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 fast?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 fast?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 is schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is fast.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="226"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist so schnell wie der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast as the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is fast.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der ITEL-XZ schnell?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] ITEL-XZ fast?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the ITEL-XZ fast?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der ITEL-XZ is schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-XZ is fast.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="227"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist so schnell wie der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast as the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist langsam.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] slow.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is slow.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der ITEL-XZ schnell?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] ITEL-XZ fast?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the ITEL-XZ fast?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der ITEL-XZ is schnell.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-XZ is fast.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="228"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist so schnell wie der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast as the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schneller als der ITEL-XZ?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 faster than the[m] ITEL-XZ?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-XZ?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="229"
  fracas_answer="no"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist so schnell wie der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast as the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 langsamer als der ITEL-XZ?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 slower than the[m] ITEL-XZ?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 slower than the ITEL-XZ?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist langsamer als der ITEL-XZ.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] slower than the[m] ITEL-XZ.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is slower than the ITEL-XZ.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="230"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM did.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL einige Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL some orders?
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Did ITEL win some orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann einige Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] some orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won some orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="231"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM did.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann APCOM einige Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] APCOM some orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did APCOM win some orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      APCOM gewann einige Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM won[past,3.Sg] some orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM won some orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="232"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM did.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      APCOM gewann zehn Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM won[past,3.Sg] ten orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM won ten orders.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                  
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL mindestens elf Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL at-least eleven orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win at least eleven orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mindestens elf Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] at-least eleven orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won at least eleven orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment>
  Inferences (233)-(235) are similar to (230)-(232). Note however, that if
  "APCOM" can be interpreted as referring to a particular order (e.g. "the APCOM
  contract"), as it can in (233), the sentence ITEL won more orders than APCOM
  is ambiguous between a reading like that in (230)-(232), and one where ITEL
  won more than just the APCOM order ... see (236)
</comment>

<problem
  id="233"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL einige Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL some orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win some orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann einige Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] some orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won some orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="234"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann APCOM einige Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] APCOM some orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did APCOM win some orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      APCOM gewann einige Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM won[past,3.Sg] some orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM won some orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="235"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      APCOM gewann zehn Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM won[past,3.Sg] ten orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM won ten orders.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                 
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL mindestens elf Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL at-least eleven orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win at least eleven orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mindestens elf Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] at-least eleven orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won at least eleven orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>                                                   

<problem
  id="236"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als den APCOM Auftrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than the APCOM contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than the APCOM contract.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL den APCOM Auftrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL the APCOM contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win the APCOM contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann den APCOM Auftrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the APCOM contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won the APCOM contract.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>   

<problem
  id="237"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als den APCOM Auftrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than the APCOM contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than the APCOM contract.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL mehr als einen Auftrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL more than one order?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win more than one order?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr als einen Auftrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more than one order.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more than one order.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="238"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann doppelt soviele Aufträge wie APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] twice as-many orders than APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won twice as many orders than APCOM.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      APCOM gewann zehn Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM won[past,3.Sg] ten orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM won ten orders.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL zwanzig Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL twenty orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win twenty orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann zwanzig Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] twenty orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won twenty orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 6.2 Clausal Complement </comment>

<problem
  id="239"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM verlor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM lost[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.
     </english>
  </p>                                                           
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL einige Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL some orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win some orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann einige Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] some orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won some orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="240"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM verlor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM lost[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.
     </english>
  </p>                                                           
  <q>
     <script>
      Verlor APCOM einige Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      lost[past,3.Sg] APCOM some orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did APCOM lose some orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      APCOM verlor einige Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM lost[past,3.Sg] some orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM lost some orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="241"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mehr Aufträge als APCOM verlor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more orders than APCOM lost[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      APCOM verlor zehn Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM lost[past,3.Sg] ten orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM lost ten orders.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Gewann ITEL mindestens elf Aufträge?
     </script>
     <morph>
      won[past,3.Sg] ITEL at-least eleven orders?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win at least eleven orders?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL gewann mindestens elf Aufträge.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] at-least eleven orders.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won at least eleven orders.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 6.3 Measure Phrases </comment>

<problem
  id="242"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als 500 MIPS.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than 500 MIPS.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than 500 MIPS.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der ITEL-ZX ist langsamer als 500 MIPS.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-ZX is[pres,3.Sg] slower than 500 MIPS.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-ZX is slower than 500 MIPS.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schneller als der ITEL-ZX?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-ZX.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 6.4 Differential Comparatives </comment>

<problem
  id="243"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL verkaufte 3000 Computer mehr als APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL sold[past,3.Sg] 3000 computers more than APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL sold 3000 more computers than APCOM.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      APCOM verkaufte genau 2500 Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM sold[past,3.Sg] exactly 2500 computers.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM sold exactly 2500 computers.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Verkaufte ITEL 5500 Computer?
     </script>
     <morph>
      sold[past,3.Sg] ITEL 5500 computers?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL sell 5500 computers?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL verkaufte 5500 Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL sold[past,3.Sg] 5500 computers.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL sold 5500 computers.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 6.5 Attributive Comparatives </comment>

<problem
  id="244"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      APCOM hat einen wichtigeren Kunden als ITEL.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM has[pres,3.Sg] a[acc,m] more-important[comp,acc,m] customer than ITEL.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL.
     </english>
  </p>                                                          
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat APCOM einen wichtigeren Kunden als es ITEL ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] APCOM a[acc,m] more-important[comp,acc,m] customer than it ITEL is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does APCOM have a more important customer than ITEL is?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      APCOM hat einen wichtigeren Kunden als es ITEL ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM has[pres,3.Sg] a[acc,m] more-important[comp,acc,m] customer than it ITEL is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL is.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading of the premise
     </english>
</a>
</problem>

<problem
  id="245"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      APCOM hat einen wichtigeren Kunden als ITEL.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM has[pres,3.Sg] a[acc,m] more-important[comp,acc,m] customer than ITEL.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL.
     </english>
  </p>                                                          
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat APCOM einen wichtigeren Kunden als es ITEL hat?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] APCOM a[acc,m] more-important[comp,acc,m] customer than it ITEL has[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL has?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      APCOM hat einen wichtigeren Kunden als es ITEL hat.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM has[pres,3.Sg] a[acc,m] more-important[comp,acc,m] customer than it ITEL has[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL has.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading of the premise
     </english>
</a>
<note>
    Note ungrammaticality of question in original source: subject/verb agreement.
</note>                                                    
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 6.6 Comparatives and Quantifiers </comment>

<problem
  id="246"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als jeder ITEL Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than every[m] ITEL computer.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than every ITEL computer.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der ITEL-ZX ist ein ITEL Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-ZX is[pres,3.Sg] an[m] ITEL computer.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-ZX is an ITEL computer.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                 
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schneller als der ITEL-ZX?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-ZX.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<problem
  id="247"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als mancher ITEL Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than some[m] ITEL computer.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than some ITEL computer.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der ITEL-ZX ist ein ITEL Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-ZX is[pres,3.Sg] an[m] ITEL computer.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-ZX is an ITEL computer.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                 
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schneller als der ITEL-ZX?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-ZX.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<problem
  id="248"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als irgendein ITEL Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than any[m] ITEL computer.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than any ITEL computer.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der ITEL-ZX ist ein ITEL Computer.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] ITEL-ZX is[pres,3.Sg] an[m] ITEL computer.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The ITEL-ZX is an ITEL computer.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                 
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schneller als der ITEL-ZX?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-ZX.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<problem
  id="249"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-ZX und der ITEL-ZY.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX and the[m] ITEL-ZY.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX and the ITEL-ZY.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schneller als der ITEL-ZX?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-ZX.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<problem
  id="250"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-ZX oder der ITEL-ZY.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX or the[m] ITEL-ZY.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX or the ITEL-ZY.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist der PC-6082 schneller als der ITEL-ZX?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] PC-6082 faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Der PC-6082 ist schneller als der ITEL-ZX.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] faster than the[m] ITEL-ZX.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX.
     </english>
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading of the premise
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<comment class="section"> 7 TEMPORAL REFERENCE </comment>

<comment>
  Inference patterns involving temporal reference are complicated by the
  interplay between tense, aspectual information, lexical semantics, defeasible
  interpretation principles such as narrative progression, rhetorical relations,
  a theory of action and causation, world knowledge, interaction between
  plurality, genericity and temporal/aspectual phenomena etc. Some of the
  inferences are very basic, some are more involved. The more complex examples
  give ample illustration of the fact that temporal phenomena are usually
  discourse phenomena.
</comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 7.1 Standard Use of Tenses </comment>

<problem
  id="251"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                              
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL hat eine Fabrik in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL has[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] factory in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL has a factory in Birmingham.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Hat ITEL derzeit eine Fabrik in Birmingham?
     </script>
     <morph>
      has[pres,3.Sg] ITEL currently a[f,acc] factory in Birmingham?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does ITEL currently have a factory in Birmingham?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL hat derzeit eine Fabrik in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL has[pres,3.Sg] currently a[f,acc] factory in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL currently has a factory in Birmingham.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<problem
  id="252"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                              
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Seit 1992 ist ITEL in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Since 1992 is[pres,3.Sg] ITEL in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Since 1992 ITEL has been in Birmingham.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Es ist nun 1996.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg] now 1996.
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is now 1996.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      War ITEL 1993 in Birmingham?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 in Birmingham?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was ITEL in Birmingham in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL war 1993 in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL was[past,3.Sg] 1993 in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL was in Birmingham in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<comment> (251) and (252) are instances of the subinterval property. This works
only with stative verbs. C.f. the following example involving an
accomplishment verb in the simple past: </comment>

<problem
  id="253"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                              
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL entwickelt seit 1992 einen neuen Editor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL develops[pres,3.Sg] since 1992 a[m,acc] new[m,acc] editor.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL has developed a new editor since 1992.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Es ist nun 1996.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg] now 1996.
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is now 1996.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Entwickelte ITEL 1993 einen neuen Editor?
     </script>
     <morph>
      developed[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 a[m,acc] new[m,acc] editor?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL develop a new editor in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL entwickelte 1993 einen neuen Editor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL developed[past,3.Sg] 1993 a[m,acc] new[m,acc] editor.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL developed a new editor in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<comment> Similarly with activity verbs and adverbial modification: </comment>

<problem
  id="254"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                              
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL expandiert seit 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL expands[pres,3.Sg] since 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL has expanded since 1992.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Es ist nun 1996.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg] now 1996.
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is now 1996.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Expandierte ITEL 1993?
     </script>
     <morph>
      expanded[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL expand in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL expandierte 1993.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL expanded[past,3.Sg] 1993.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL expanded in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<comment> Also, the position of the "since" adverbial affects the range of readings
available: </comment>

<problem
  id="255"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                              
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Seit 1992 macht ITEL einen Verlust.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Since 1992 makes[pres,3.Sg] ITEL a[m,acc] loss.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Since 1992 ITEL has made a loss.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Es ist nun 1996.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg] now 1996.
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is now 1996.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Machte ITEL 1993 einen Verlust?
     </script>
     <morph>
      made[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 a[m,acc] loss?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL make a loss in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL machte 1993 einen Verlust.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL made[past,3.Sg] 1993 a[m,acc] loss.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL made a loss in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<problem
  id="256"
  fracas_answer="unknown"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL macht einen Verlust seit 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL makes[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] loss since 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL has made a loss since 1992.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Es ist nun 1996.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg] now 1996.
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is now 1996.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Machte ITEL 1993 einen Verlust?
     </script>
     <morph>
      made[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 a[m,acc] loss?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL make a loss in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL machte 1993 einen Verlust.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL made[past,3.Sg] 1993 a[m,acc] loss.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL made a loss in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know, on one reading of the premise
     </english>
</a>                                                    
</problem>

<problem
  id="257"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL macht einen Verlust seit 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL makes[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] loss since 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL has made a loss since 1992.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Es ist nun 1996.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg] now 1996.
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is now 1996.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Machte ITEL 1993 einen Verlust?
     </script>
     <morph>
      made[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 a[m,acc] loss?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL make a loss in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL machte 1993 einen Verlust.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL made[past,3.Sg] 1993 a[m,acc] loss.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL made a loss in 1993.
     </english>                                                           
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes, on one reading of the premise
     </english>
</a>
<note> Note that this is formally identical with preceding. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="258"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Im März 1993 gründete APCOM ITEL.
     </script>
     <morph>
      in march 1993 APCOM founded[past,3.Sg] ITEL.
     </morph>
     <english>
      In March 1993 APCOM founded ITEL.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Existierte ITEL 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      existed[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL exist in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL existierte 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL existed[past,3.Sg] 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL existed in 1992.
     </english>                                                           
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>


<comment> (258) involves the lexical semantics of found. </comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 7.2 Temporal Adverbials </comment>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 7.2.1 Indexicals </comment>

<comment> Non-context dependent indexicals are reasonably straightforward: </comment>

<problem
  id="259"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Die Konferenz begann am 4. Juli 1994.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[f] conference started[past,3.Sg] on 4th July 1994.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The conference started on July 4th, 1994.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie dauerte 2 Tage.
     </script>
     <morph>
      she[f] lasted 2 days. 
     </morph>
     <english>
      It lasted 2 days.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      War die Konferenz am 8. Juli 1994, zu Ende?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] the[f] conference on 8th July 1994, over?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was the conference over on July 8th, 1994?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die Konferenz war am 8. Juli 1994, zu Ende.
     </script>
     <morph>
      The conference was[past,3.Sg] on July 8th 1994, over.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The conference was over on July 8th, 1994.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<comment> Context dependent indexicals (e.g. today, yesterday) are evaluated
with respect to some temporal reference point (e.g. now): </comment>

<problem
  id="260"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Gestern unterzeichnete APCOM den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      yesterday signed[past,3.Sg] APCOM the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Yesterday APCOM signed the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Heute ist Samstag, der 14. Juli.
     </script>
     <morph>
      today is[pres,3.Sg] Saturday, the[m] 14th July.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Today is Saturday, July 14th.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichnete APCOM den Vertrag am Freitag, den 13.?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Sg] APCOM the[m,acc] on Friday, the[acc,m] 13th?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did APCOM sign the contract Friday, 13th.?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      APCOM unterzeichnete den Vertrag am Freitag, den 13.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM signed[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract on Friday, the[acc,m] 13th.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM signed the contract Friday, 13th.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note> The odd punctuation in the question was in the original. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 7.2.2 "Before", "After" (Temporal Subordinate Clauses) </comment>

<comment>
  Ignoring counterfactual readings, 'before' and 'after' have the following
  transitivity properties: if X, Y and Z are either all state or accomplishment
  or achievement or activity denoting sentences we have 
    X &lt; Y. 
    Y &lt; Z. 
    X &lt; Z.  
  where &lt; \in {before; after}
</comment>

<problem
  id="261"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen bevor Jones gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] before Jones gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left before Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist gegangen bevor Anderson gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] before Anderson gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left before Anderson left.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Smith gegangen bevor Anderson gegangen ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg Smith gone[perf] before Anderson gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith leave before Anderson left?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen bevor Anderson gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] before Anderson gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left before Anderson left.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note> Original is degenerate problem; this is my fabrication. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="262"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen nachdem Jones gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] after Jones gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left after Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist gangen nachdem Anderson gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] after Anderson gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left after Anderson left.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Smith gegangen nachdem Anderson gegangen ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Smith gone[perf] after Anderson gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith leave after Anderson left?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen nachdem Anderson gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] after Anderson gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left after Anderson left.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<comment> In general transitivity does not hold when we mix aspectual classes in
the premises: </comment>

<problem
  id="263"
  fracas_answer="unbekannt"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith war anwesend nachdem Jones gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] present after Jones gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was present after Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist gegangen nachdem Anderson anwesend war.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] after Anderson present was[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left after Anderson was present.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      War Smith anwesend nachdem Anderson anwesend war?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] Smith present after Anderson present was[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Smith present after Anderson was present?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith war anwesend nachdem Anderson anwesend war.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] present after Anderson present was[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was present after Anderson was present.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<comment> If X and Y are either all accomplishment or achievement denoting
sentences with simple tenses 'before' and 'after' are inverses of each other:
</comment>

<comment> X before Y iff Y after X. </comment>

<problem
  id="264"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist gegangen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen bevor Jones gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] before Jones gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left before Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Jones gegangen nachdem Smith gegangen ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Jones gone[perf] after Smith gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones leave after Smith left?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones ist gegangen nachdem Smith gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] after Smith gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left after Smith left.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note> Original is degenerate problem; this is my fabrication. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="265"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist gegangen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen nachdem Jones gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] after Jones gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left after Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Jones gegangen bevor Smith gegangen ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Jones gone[perf] before Smith gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones leave before Smith left?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones ist gegangen bevor Smith gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] before Smith gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left before Smith left.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="266"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist gegangen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith ist gegangen nachdem Jones gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] after Jones gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left after Jones left.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Jones gegangen bevor Smith gegangen ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Jones gone[perf] before Smith gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones leave before Smith left?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones ist gegangen bevor Smith gegangen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] gone[perf] before Smith gone[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones left before Smith left.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="267"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jones bearbeitete den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones revised the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Smith bearbeitete den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith revised the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jones bearbeitete den Vertrag bevor Smith es tat.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract before Smith it did[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones revised the contract before Smith did.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Bearbeitete Smith den Vertrag nachdem es Jones tat?
     </script>
     <morph>
      revised[past,3.Sg] Smith the[m,acc] contract after it Jones did[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith revise the contract after Jones did?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith bearbeitete den Vertrag nachdem Jones es tat.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract after Smith it did[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith revised the contract after Jones did.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="268"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jones bearbeitete den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones revised the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Smith bearbeitete den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith revised the contract.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Jones bearbeitete den Vertrag nachdem Smith es tat.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract after Smith it did[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones revised the contract after Smith did.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Bearbeitete Smith den Vertrag bevor es Jones tat?
     </script>
     <morph>
      revised[past,3.Sg] Smith the[m,acc] the contract before it Jones did[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith revise the contract before Jones did?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith bearbeitete den Vertrag bevor Jones es tat.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract before Smith it did[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith revised the contract before Jones did.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<comment> In general this is not so with activity verbs: </comment>

<problem
  id="269"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith ist geschwommen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] swum[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith swam.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist geschwommen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] swum[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones swam.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith ist geschwommen bevor Jones geschwommen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] swum[perf] before Jones swum[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith swam before Jones swam.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Jones geschwommen nachdem Smith geschwommen ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Jones swum[perf] after Smith swum[perf] is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones swim after Smith swam?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones ist geschwommen nachdem Smith geschwommen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] swum[perf] after Smith swum[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones swam after Smith swam.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>                                                                 

<comment> However we do get </comment>

<problem
  id="270"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith ist zum Ufer geschwommen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] to-the[n,dat] shore swum[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith swam to the shore.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist zum Ufer geschwommen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] to-the[n,dat] shore swum[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones swam to the shore.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith ist zum Ufer geschwommen bevor Jones zum Ufer geschwommen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith is[pres,3.Sg] to-the[n,dat] shore swum[perf] before Jones to-the[n,dat] shore swum[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith swam to the shore before Jones swam to the shore.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist Jones zum Ufer geschwommen nachdem Smith zum Ufer geschwommen ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] Jones to-the[n,dat] shore swum[perf] after Smith to-the[n,dat] shore swum[perf] is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones swim to the shore after Smith swam to the shore?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones ist zum Ufer geschwommen nachdem Smith zum Ufer geschwommen ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] to-the[n,dat] shore swum[perf] after Smith to-the[n,dat] shore swum[perf] is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones swam to the shore after Smith swam to the shore.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<comment>
  Here the PP "to the shore" provides an end point or conclusion for the activity.
</comment>

<comment> "Before" and "after" are not inverses for state-denoting sentences: </comment>

<problem
  id="271"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith war anwesend.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] present.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was present.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones war anwesend.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones was[past,3.Sg] present.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was present.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith war anwesend nachdem Jones anwesend war.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] was present after Jones present was[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was present after Jones was present.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      War Jones anwesend bevor Smith anwesend war?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] Jones present before Smith present was[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Jones present before Smith was present?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones war anwesend bevor Smith anwesend war.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones was[past,3.Sg] present before Smith present was[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was present before Smith was present.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="272"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith war anwesend.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] present.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was present.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones war anwesend.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones was[past,3.Sg] present.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was present.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith war anwesend bevor Jones anwesend war.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] was present before Jones present was[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was present before Jones was present.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      War Jones anwesend nachdem Smith anwesend war?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] Jones present after Smith present was[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Jones present after Smith was present?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones war anwesend nachdem Smith anwesend war.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones was[past,3.Sg] present after Smith present was[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was present after Smith was present.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="273"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was writing a report.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was writing a report.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb einen Bericht bevor Jones einen Bericht schrieb.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report before Jones a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was writing a report before Jones was writing a report.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Jones einen Bericht nachdem Smith einen Bericht schrieb?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Jones a[m,acc] report after Smith a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Jones writing a report after Smith was writing a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones schrieb einen Bericht nachdem Smith einen Bericht schrieb.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report after Smith a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was writing a report after Smith was writing a report.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="274"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was writing a report.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was writing a report.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb einen Bericht nachdem Jones einen Bericht schrieb.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report after Jones a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was writing a report after Jones was writing a report.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                   
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Jones einen Bericht bevor Smith einen Bericht schrieb?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Jones a[m,acc] report before Smith a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Jones writing a report before Smith was writing a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones schrieb einen Bericht bevor Smith einen Bericht schrieb.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report before Smith a[m,acc] report wrote[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was writing a report before Smith was writing a report.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<comment> Also "before", but not "after", can have a counterfactual
meaning. Whether this is a distinct sense of "before" is open to debate: </comment>

<problem
  id="275"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith verließ das Meeting bevor er seine Beherrschung verlor.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith left[past,3.Sg] the[n,acc] meeting before he his[f,acc] temper lost[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left the meeting before he lost his temper.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Verlor Smith seine Beherrschung?
     </script>
     <morph>
      lost[past,3.Sg] Smith his[f,acc] temper?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith lose his temper?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verlor seine Beherrschung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lost[past,3.Sg] his[f,acc] temper.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lost his temper.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<comment>
  With "when" things are even more complicated. The problem is that it
  is often very difficult to tease apart the temporal from the causal
  dimension of "when", c.f.
</comment>

<problem
  id="276"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Als sie die M25 öffneten, nahm der Verkehr zu.
     </script>
     <morph>
      when they the M25 opened[past,3.Pl], increased[past,dis,3.Sg] traffic [dis].
     </morph>
     <english>
      When they opened the M25, traffic increased.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     
  </q>
  <h>
>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> </a>
<note> Original is degenerate problem; no question or answer given. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 7.2.3 "In", "For" and "On" Temporal Adverbials </comment>

<comment> "In" and "for" adverbials can be used as tests for the aspectual class of
verb phrases (or sentences). </comment>

<problem
  id="277"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith lebte 1991 in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lived[past,3.Sg] 1991 in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lived in Birmingham in 1991.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Lebte Smith 1992 in Birmingham?
     </script>
     <morph>
      lived[past,3.Sg] Smith 1992 in Birmingham?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith live in Birmingham in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith lebte 1992 in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lived[past,3.Sg] 1992 in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lived in Birmingham in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Stative </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="278"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb 1991 seinen ersten Roman.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] 1991 his[m,acc] first[m,acc] novel.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote his first novel in 1991.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Smith 1992 seinen ersten Roman?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Smith 1992 his[m,acc] first[m,acc] novel?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith write his first novel in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith schrieb 1992 seinen ersten Roman.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] 1992 his[m,acc] first[m,acc] novel.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote his first novel in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
<why> (Unrepeatable) accomplishment </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="279"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb 1991 einen Roman.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] 1991 a[m,acc] novel.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a novel in 1991.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb ihn Smith 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] him Smith 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith write it in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith schrieb ihn 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] him 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote it in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a> 
<why> (Unrepeatable) accomplishment </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="280"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb 1991 einen Roman.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] 1991 a[m,acc] novel.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a novel in 1991.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Smith 1992 einen Roman?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Smith 1992 a[m,acc] novel?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith write a novel in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith schrieb 1992 einen Roman.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] 1992 a[m,acc] novel.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a novel in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> (Repeatable) accomplishment </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="281"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith leitete 1991 ein Unternehmen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] 1991 a[n,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was running a business in 1991.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Leitet es Smith 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      ran[past,3.Sg] it Smith 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Smith running it in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith leitete es 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] it 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was running it in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Activity </why>                                                               
</problem>

<problem
  id="282"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte 1991 eine neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] 1991 a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered a new species in 1991.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Entdeckte sie Smith 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      discovered[past,3.Sg] her Smith 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith discover it in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte sie 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] her 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered it in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
<why> (Unrepeatable) achievement </why>                                                              
</problem>

<problem
  id="283"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte 1991 eine neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] 1991 a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered a new species in 1991.
     </english>
  </p>                                                       
  <q>
     <script>
      Entdeckte Smith 1992 eine neue Spezies?
     </script>
     <morph>
      discovered[past,3.Sg] Smith 1992 a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith discover a new species in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte 1992 eine neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] 1992 a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered a new species in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> (Unrepeatable) achievement </why>                                                              
</problem>

<problem
  id="284"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb in zwei Stunden einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] in two hours a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report in two hours.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Smith fing um 8 Uhr vormittags an den Bericht zu schreiben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith started[past,3.Sg,dis-con] at 8 o'clock am [dis-con] the[m,acc] report to write[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith started writing the report at 8 am.
     </english>
  </p>                                                                  
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Smith den Bericht um 11 Uhr vormittags fertig?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg,dis-con] Smith the[m,acc] report at 11 o'clock am [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Had Smith finished writing the report by 11 am?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith schrieb den Berich um 11 Uhr vormittags fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg,dis-con] the[m,acc] report at 11 o'clock am [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith had finished writing the report by 11 am.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Accomplishment </why>                                                              
</problem>

<problem
  id="285"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb in zwei Stunden einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] in two hours a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report in two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbrachte Smith zwei Stunden mit dem Berichtschreiben?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spent[past,3.Sg] Smith two hours with the[m,dat] report-writing?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith spend two hours writing the report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verbrachte zwei Stunden mit dem Berichtschreiben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith spent[past,3.Sg] two hours with the[m,dat] report-writing.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith spent two hours writing the report.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why>
    Smith may have written the report in less than two hours. It is unclear
    whether there are two different readings for the premise: one where Smith
    takes exactly two hours, and one where he does it within two hours.
</why>                                                             
</problem>

<problem
  id="286"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb in zwei Stunden einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] in two hours a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report in two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbrachte Smith mehr als zwei Stunden mit dem Berichtschreiben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      spent[past,3.Sg] Smith more than two hours with the[m,dat] report-writing.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith spend more than two hours writing the report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verbrachte mehr als zwei Stunden mit dem Berichtschreiben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith spent[past,3.Sg] more than two hours with the[m,dat] report-writing.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith spent more than two hours writing the report.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>                                                            
</problem>

<problem
  id="287"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb in zwei Stunden einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] in two hours a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report in two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Smith einen Bericht in einer Stunde?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Smith a[m,acc] report in one hour?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith write a report in one hour?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith schrieb einen Bericht in einer Stunde.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report in one hour.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report in one hour.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                            
</problem>

<problem
  id="288"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb in zwei Stunden einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] in two hours a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report in two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Smith einen Bericht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Smith a[m,acc] report?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith write a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                            
</problem>

<problem
  id="289"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte in zwei Stunden eine neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] in two hours a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered a new species in two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbrachte Smith zwei Stunden damit eine neue Spezies zu entdecken?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spent[past,3.Sg] Smith two hours with a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species to discover[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith spend two hours discovering the new species?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verbrachte zwei Stunden damit eine neue Spezies zu entdecken.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith spent[past,3.Sg] two hours with a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species to discover[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith spent two hours discovering the new species.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>
<why> Achievements are typically (more or less) instantaneous </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="290"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte in zwei Stunden eine neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] in two hours a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered a new species in two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Entdeckte Smith eine neue Spezies?
     </script>
     <morph>
      discovered[past,3.Sg] Smith a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith discover a new species?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte eine neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered a new species.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="291"
  fracas_answer="yes"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte in zwei Stunden viele neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] in two hours many[pl,acc] new[pl,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered many new species in two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbrachte Smith zwei Stunden damit neue Spezies zu entdecken?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spent[past,3.Sg] Smith two hours with new[pl,acc] species to discover[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith spend two hours discovering new species?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verbrachte zwei Stunden damit neue Spezies zu entdecken.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith spent[past,3.Sg] two hours with new[pl,acc] species to discover[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith spent two hours discovering new species.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      ?Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      ?Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Repeated achievement can last two hours. </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="292"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith leitet innerhalb zwei Jahre sein eigenes Unternehemn.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] within two years his[n,acc] own[n,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was running his own business in two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbrachte Smith zwei Jahre damit sein Unternehmen zu leiten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spent[past,3.Sg] Smith two years with his[n,acc] business to run[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith spend two years running his own business?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verbrachte zwei Jahre damit sein Unternehmen zu leiten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith spent[past,3.Sg] two years with his[n,acc] business to run[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith spent two years running his own business.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Premise refers to time taken to inception of activity, not duration of activity. </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="293"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith leitet innerhalb zwei Jahre sein eigenes Unternehemn.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] within two years his[n,acc] own[n,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was running his own business in two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Verbrachte Smith mehr als zwei Jahre damit sein Unternehmen zu leiten?
     </script>
     <morph>
      spent[past,3.Sg] Smith more than two years with his[n,acc] business to run[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith spend more than two years running his own business?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verbrachte mehr als zwei Jahre damit sein Unternehmen zu leiten.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith spent[past,3.Sg] more than two years with his[n,acc] business to run[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith spent more than two years running his own business.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> Cf. similar inference for accomplishment, (286) </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="294"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith leitet innerhalb zwei Jahre sein eigenes Unternehemn.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] within two years his[n,acc] own[n,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was running his own business in two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Leitete Smith sein eigenes Unternehmen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      ran[past,3.Sg] Smith his[n,acc] own[n,acc] business?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith run his own business?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith leitete sein eigenes Unternehmen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] his[n,acc] own[n,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith ran his own business.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="295"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Innerhalb zwei Jahre besaß Smith eine Unternehmenskette.
     </script>
     <morph>
      within two years Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain-of-businesses.
     </morph>
     <english>
      In two years Smith owned a chain of businesses.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Besaß Smith zwei Jahre eine Unternehmenskette? 
     </script>
     <morph>
      owned[past,3.Sg] Smith two years a[f,acc] chain-of-buisness?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith own a chain of business for two years?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith besaß zwei Jahre eine Unternehmenskette.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith owned[past,3.Sg] two years a[f,acc] chain-of-buisness.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith owned a chain of business for two years.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<why> States behave like activities. </why>
<note> Sic: the original did have "chain of business" in the question. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="296"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Innerhalb zwei Jahre besaß Smith eine Unternehmenskette.
     </script>
     <morph>
      within two years Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain-of-businesses.
     </morph>
     <english>
      In two years Smith owned a chain of businesses.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Besaß Smith für mehr als zwei Jahre eine Unternehmenskette? 
     </script>
     <morph>
      owned[past,3.Sg] Smith for more than two years a[f,acc] chain-of-buisness?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith own a chain of business for more than two years?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith besaß für mehr als zwei Jahre eine Unternehmenskette.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith owned[past,3.Sg] for more than two years a[f,acc] chain-of-buisness.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith owned a chain of business for more than two years.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>
<note> Sic: the original did have "chain of business" in the question. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="297"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Innerhalb zwei Jahre besaß Smith eine Unternehmenskette.
     </script>
     <morph>
      within two years Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain-of-businesses.
     </morph>
     <english>
      In two years Smith owned a chain of businesses.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Besaß Smith eine Unternehmenskette? 
     </script>
     <morph>
      owned[past,3.Sg] Smith a[f,acc] chain-of-business?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith own a chain of business?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith besaß eine Unternehmenskette.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain-of-business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith owned a chain of business.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<note> Sic: the original did have "chain of business" in the question. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="298"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith lebte zwei Jahre lang in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lived[past,3.Sg] two years long in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lived in Birmingham for two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Lebte Smith ein Jahr lang in Birmingham?
     </script>
     <morph>
      lived[past,3.Sg] Smith a[n] year long in Birmingham?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith live in Birmingham for a year?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith lebte ein Jahr lang in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lived[past,3.Sg] a[n] year long in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lived in Birmingham for a year.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> State </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="299"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith lebte zwei Jahre lang in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lived[past,3.Sg] two years long in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lived in Birmingham for two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Lebte Smith genau ein Jahr lang in Birmingham?
     </script>
     <morph>
      lived[past,3.Sg] Smith exactly a[n] year long in Birmingham?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith live in Birmingham for exactly a year?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith lebte genau ein Jahr lang in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lived[past,3.Sg] exactly a[n] year long in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lived in Birmingham for exactly a year.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="300"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith lebte zwei Jahre lang in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lived[past,3.Sg] two years long in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lived in Birmingham for two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Lebte Smith in Birmingham?
     </script>
     <morph>
      lived[past,3.Sg] Smith in Birmingham?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith live in Birmingham?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith lebte in Birmingham.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in Birmingham.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lived in Birmingham.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="301"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith leitete zwei Jahre lang sein eigenes Unternehmen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] two years long his[m,acc] own[m,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith ran his own business for two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Leitete Smith ein Jahr lang sein eigenes Unternehmen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      ran[past,3.Sg] Smith a[n] year long his[m,acc] own[m,acc] business?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith run his own business for a year?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith leitet ein Jahr lang sein eigenes Unternehmen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] a[n] year long his[m,acc] own[m,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith ran his own business for a year.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Activity </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="302"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith leitete zwei Jahre lang sein eigenes Unternehmen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] two years long his[m,acc] own[m,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith ran his own business for two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Leitete Smith sein eigenes Unternehmen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      ran[past,3.Sg] Smith his[m,acc] own[m,acc] business?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith run his own business?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith leitet sein eigenes Unternehmen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith ran[past,3.Sg] his[m,acc] own[m,acc] business.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith ran his own business.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<problem
  id="303"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb zwei Stunden lang einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] two hours long a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report for two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Smith eine Stunde lang einen Bericht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Smith an[f] hour long a[m,acc] report?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith write a report for an hour?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith schrieb eine Stunde lang einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] an[f] hour long a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report for an hour.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Accomplishment </why>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="304"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb zwei Stunden lang einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] two hours long a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report for two hours.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Schrieb Smith einen Bericht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      wrote[past,3.Sg] Smith a[m,acc] report?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith write a report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith schrieb einen Bericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote a report.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know.
     </english>
</a>
<why> He may not have finished it </why>                                                              
</problem>

<problem
  id="305"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte eine Stunde lang eine neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] an[f] hour long a[f,acc] new[f,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered a new species for an hour.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     
  </q>
  <h>
                                                               
  </h>
  <a> </a>
<note> Original is degenerate problem; no question or answer given. </note>                                                              
</problem>

<problem
  id="306"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte zwei Jahre lang neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] two years long new[pl,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered new species for two years.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Endeckte Smith neue Spezies?
     </script>
     <morph>
      discovered[past,3.Sg] Smith new[pl,acc] species?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith discover new species?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith entdeckte neue Spezies.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] new[pl,acc] species.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith discovered new species.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>
<why> Repeated achievement </why>                                                              
</problem>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 7.2.4 Quantificational Adverbials </comment>

<problem
  id="307"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      1994 schickte ITEL jeden Monat einen Fortschrittsbericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      1994 sent[past,3.Sg] ITEL every[m] month a[m,acc] progress-report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      In 1994 ITEL sent a progress report every month.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Schickte ITEL im Juli 1994 einen Fortschrittsbericht?
     </script>
     <morph>
      sent[past,3.Sg] ITEL in July 1994 a[m,acc] progress-report?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL send a progress report in July 1994?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL schickte im Juli 1994 einen Fortschrittsbericht.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL sent[past,3.Sg] in July 1994 a[m,acc] progress-report.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL sent a progress report in July 1994.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                           
</problem>

<comment> Quantificational adverbials also introduce scope ambiguities with respect
to other quantified NPs </comment>

<problem
  id="308"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith schrieb einem Vertreter jede Woche.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] to-a[m,dat] representative every[f] week.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith wrote to a representative every week.
     </english>
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es einen Vertreter, dem Smith jede Woche schrieb?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists[pres,3.Sg] it a[m,acc] representative, whom[m,dat] Smith every[f] week wrote[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is there a representative that Smith wrote to every week?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt einen Vertreter, dem Smith jede Woche schrieb.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] representative, whom[m,dat] Smith every[f] week wrote[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There is a representative that Smith wrote to every week.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja, eine mögliche Interpretation; unbekannt, andere mögliche Interpreation
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes on one scoping; unknown on another scoping
     </english>
</a>                                                           
</problem>


<comment class="subsection"> 7.3 Anaphoric Dimension </comment>

<comment>
  Rhetorical relations like narrative progression are defeasible
  interpretation principles. They depend on a theory of action and
  causation and general world knowledge (c.f. (309) and (310)).
</comment>

<problem
  id="309"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith verließ das Haus um etwa viertel nach fünf.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith left[past,3.Sg] the[n] house at a quarter past five.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left the house at a quarter past five.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie nahm ein Taxi zum Bahnhof und erwischte den ersten Zug nach Luxemburg.
     </script>
     <morph>
      She took[past,3.Sg] a taxi to-the[m,dat] station and caught[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] first[m,acc] train to Luxembourg.
     </morph>
     <english>
      She took a taxi to the station and caught the first train to Luxembourg.
     </english>                                                              
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     
  </q>
  <h>
                                                               
  </h>
  <a> </a>
<note> Original is degenerate problem; no question or answer given. </note>                                                              
</problem>

<problem
  id="310"
  fracas_answer="undef"
  fracas_nonstandard="true"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith verlor einige Dateien.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith lost[past,3.Sg] some[pl] files.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith lost some files.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie nahm ein Taxi zum Bahnhof und erwischte den ersten Zug nach Luxemburg.
     </script>
     <morph>
      She took[past,3.Sg] a taxi to-the[m,dat] station and caught[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] first[m,acc] train to Luxembourg.
     </morph>
     <english>
      They were destroyed when her hard disk crashed.
     </english>                                                              
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     
  </q>
  <h>
                                                               
  </h>
  <a> </a>
<note> Original is degenerate problem; no question or answer given. </note>                                                              
</problem>

<problem
  id="311"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith hatte das Haus um etwa viertel nach fünf verlassen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith had[past,3.Sg] the[n,acc] house at a quarter past five left[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith had left the house at a quarter past five.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Dann nahm sie ein Taxi zum Bahnhof.
     </script>
     <morph>
      then took[past,3.Sg] she a[n,acc] taxi to-the[m,dat] station.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Then she took a taxi to the station.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Verließ Smith das Haus bevor sie ein Taxi zum Bahnhof nahm?
     </script>
     <morph>
      left[past,3.Sg] Smith the[n,acc] house before she a[n,acc] taxi to-the[m,dat] station took[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith leave the house before she took a taxi to the station?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verließ das Haus bevor sie ein Taxi zum Bahnhof nahm.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith left[past,3.Sg] the[n,acc] house before she a[n,acc] taxi to-the[m,dat] station took[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left the house before she took a taxi to the station.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                           
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 7.4 Adverbs of Quantification </comment>

<problem
  id="312"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL liefert Berichte immer spät.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL delivers[pres,3.Sg] reports always late.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL always delivers reports late.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      1993 lieferte ITEL Berichte.
     </script>
     <morph>
      1993 delivered[past,3.Sg] ITEL reports.
     </morph>
     <english>
      In 1993 ITEL delivered reports.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Lieferte ITEL 1993 Berichte spät?
     </script>
     <morph>
      delivered[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 reports late?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL delivered reports late in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL lieferte 1993 Berichte spät.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL delivered 1993 reports late.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL delivered reports late in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>
<note> Sic: the original did have "delivered" in the question. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="313"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL liefert Berichte nie spät.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL delivers[pres,3.Sg] reports never late.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL never delivers reports late.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      1993 lieferte ITEL Berichte.
     </script>
     <morph>
      1993 delivered[past,3.Sg] ITEL reports.
     </morph>
     <english>
      In 1993 ITEL delivered reports.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Lieferte ITEL 1993 Berichte spät?
     </script>
     <morph>
      delivered[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 reports late?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL delivered reports late in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL lieferte 1993 Berichte spät.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL delivered 1993 reports late.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL delivered reports late in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No 
     </english>
</a>
<note> Sic: the original did have "delivered" in the question. </note>                                                                 
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 7.5 Some more Complex Examples </comment>

<problem
  id="314"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith kam am 5. Mai 1995 in Paris an.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith arrived[past,3.Sg,dis-con] on-the 5th May 1995 in Paris [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith arrived in Paris on the 5th of May, 1995.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Heute ist der 15. Mai 1995.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Today is the[m] 15th May 1995.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Today is the 15th of May, 1995.
     </english>
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Sie ist immer noch in Paris.
     </script>
     <morph>
      She is[pres,3.Sg] still in Paris.
     </morph>
     <english>
      She is still in Paris.
     </english>
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      War Smith am 7. Mai 1995 in Paris?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] Smith on-the 7th May 1995 in Paris?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Smith in Paris on the 7th of May, 1995?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith war am 7. Mai 1995 in Paris.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] on-the 7th May 1995 in Paris.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith was in Paris on the 7th of May, 1995.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="315"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Als Smith in Katmandu ankam war sie schon drei Tage lang unterwegs.
     </script>
     <morph>
      when Smith in Katmandu arrived[past,3.Sg] was[past,3.Sg] she already three days long on-the-go.
     </morph>
     <english>
      When Smith arrived in Katmandu she had been travelling for three days.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      War Smith den Tag bevor sie in Katmandu ankam unterwegs?
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] Smith the[m,acc] day before she in Katmandu arrived[past,3.Sg] on-the-go?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Had Smith been travelling the day before she arrived in Katmandu?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith war den Tag bevor sie in Katmandu ankam unterwegs.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] day before she in Katmandu arrived[past,3.Sg] on-the-go.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith had been travelling the day before she arrived in Katmandu.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="316"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jones promovierte im März und ist seitdem beschäftigt.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones graduated[past,3.Sg] in March and is[pres,3.Sg] ever-since employed.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones graduated in March and has been employed ever since.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones war in der Vergangenheit arbeitslos. 
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones was[past,3.Sg] in the[f,acc] past unemployed.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones has been unemployed in the past.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      War Jones irgendwann bevor er promovierte arbeitslos? 
     </script>
     <morph>
      was[past,3.Sg] Jones at-some-time before he graduated[past,3.Sg] unemployed?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was Jones unemployed at some time before he graduated?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones war irgendwann bevor er promovierte arteitslos.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones was[past,3.Sg] at-some-time before he graduated[past,3.Sg] unemployed.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones was unemployed at some time before he graduated.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="317"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Jeder Vertreter hat diesen Bericht gelesen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Every representative has[pres,3.Sg] this[m,acc] read[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Every representative has read this report.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Keine zwei Vertreter haben ihn zur gleichen Zeit gelesen. 
     </script>
     <morph>
      no two representatives have[pres,3.Pl] him at-the same[f,acc] time read[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      No two representatives have read it at the same time.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="3">
     <script>
      Keiner der Vertreter brauchte weniger als einen halben Tag um den Bericht zu lesen. 
     </script>
     <morph>
      None of-the representative needed[past,3.Sg] less than a[m,acc] half[m,acc] day to the[m,acc] report to read[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      No representative took less than half a day to read the report.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="4">
     <script>
      Es gibt sechzehn Vertreter.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] sixteen representatives.
     </morph>
     <english>
      There are sixteen representatives.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Brauchten die Vertreter mehr als eine Woche um den Bericht zu lesen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      needed[past,3.Pl] the representatives more than a[f] week to the[m,acc] report to read[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did it take the representatives more than a week to read the report?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Die Vertreter brauchten mehr als eine Woche um den Bericht zu lesen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the representatives needed[past,3.Pl] more than a[n] week to the[m,acc] report to read[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      It took the representatives more than a week to read the report.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="318"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Während Jones das Programm aktualisierte kam Maria herein und erzählte ihm von der Vorstandssitzung.
     </script>
     <morph>
      while Jones the program updated[past,3.Sg] came[past,3.Sg] Mary in and told[past,3.Sg] him about the[f,acc] board-meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      While Jones was updating the program, Mary came in and told him about the board meeting.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Sie war vor ihm fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      She was[past,3.Sg] before him finished[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      She finished before he did.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Dauerte Marias Geschichte so lange wie Jones' Programm aktualisieren?
     </script>
     <morph>
      last[past,3.Sg] Mary-s[gen] story as long as Jones-s[gen] program update[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Mary's story last as long as Jones's updating the program?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Marias Geschichte dauerte so lange wie Jones' Programm aktualisieren.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Mary-s[gen] story last[past,3.Sg] as long as Jones-s[gen] program update[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Mary's story lasted as long as Jones's updating the program.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      No
     </script>
     <english>
      Nein 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="319"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Bevor APCOM sein jetziges Bürogebäude kaufte, zahlte es 8 Jahre Hypothekenzins für das vorherige.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Before APCOM its present office-building bought, payed[past,3.Sg] it 8 years mortgage-interest for the[n,acc] previous-one.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Before APCOM bought its present office building, it had been paying mortgage interest on the previous one for 8 years.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Seitdem APCOM sein jetziges Bürogebäude gekauft hat, zahlt es seit mehr als 10 Jahren Hypothekenzins dafür. 
     </script>
     <morph>
      Since APCOM its present office-building bought[perf] has[pres,3.Sg], pays[pres,3.Sg] it for more than 10 years mortgage-interest for it.
     </morph> 
     <english>
      Since APCOM bought its present office building it has been paying mortgage interest on it for more than 10 years.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Zahlt APCOM Hypothekenzins für insgesamt 15 oder mehr Jahre?
     </script>
     <morph>
      pay[pres,3.Sg] APCOM mortgage-interest for a-total 15 or more years?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Has APCOM been paying mortgage interest for a total of 15 years or more?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      APCOM zahlt Hypothekenzins für insgesamt 15 oder mehr Jahre.
     </script>
     <morph>
      APCOM pay[pres,3.Sg] mortgage-interest for a-total 15 or more years.
     </morph>
     <english>
      APCOM has been paying mortgage interest for a total of 15 years or more.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="320"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Als Jones seinen Job bei der CIA bekam, wusste er dass er nie seine Memoiren schreiben durfte.
     </script>
     <morph>
      when Jones his job at the[f,dat] CIA got[past,3.Sg], knew[past,3.Sg] he that he never his[pl,acc] memoirs write[inf] was-not-allowed[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      When Jones got his job at the CIA, he knew that he would never be allowed to write his memoirs.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Ist es der Fall, dass Jones seine Memoiren nicht schreiben darf und nie schreiben dürfen wird?
     </script>
     <morph>
      is[pres,3.Sg] it the case, that Jones his[pl,acc] memoirs not is-allowed[pres,3.Sg] and never write be-allowed[inf] will[fut,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is it the case that Jones is not and will never be allowed to write his memoirs?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es ist der Fall, dass Jones seine Memoiren nicht schreiben darf und nie schreiben dürfen wird.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg] the case, that Jones his[pl,acc] memoirs not is-allowed[pres,3.Sg] and never write be-allowed[inf] will[fut,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is the case that Jones is not and will never be allowed to write his memoirs.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="321"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith war in der Vergangenheit zweimal in Florenz.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith was[past,3.Sg] in the[f,acc] past twice in Florence.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith has been to Florence twice in the past.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Smith wird im kommenden Jahr zweimal nach Florenz gehen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith will[fut,3.Sg] in-the[n,dat] coming[n,acc] year twice to Florence go[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith will go to Florence twice in the coming year.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Wird Smith in zwei Jahre mindestens viermal in Florenz gewesen sein?
     </script>
     <morph>
      will[fut,3.Sg] Smith in two years at-least four-times in Florence been[perf] be[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Two years from now will Smith have been to Florence at least four times?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith wird in zwei Jahre mindestens viermal in Florenz gewesen sein.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith will[fut,3.Sg] in two years at-least four-times in Florence been[perf] be[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Two years from now Smith will have been to Florence at least four times.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="322"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Ich wusste schon letzte Woche, dass wenn in einem Monat, Smith entdecken würde, dass sie betrogen wurde, sie wütend sein würde.
     </script>
     <morph>
      I knew[past,3.Sg] already last week, that when in a month, Smith discover[inf] would[conj, 3.Sg], that she was[past,3.Sg] duped[perf], she furious be[inf] would[conj,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Last week I already knew that when, in a month's time, Smith would discover that she had been duped she would be furious.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                            
  <q>
     <script>
      Wird es der Fall sein, dass in ein paar Wochen Smith entdecken wird, dass sie betrogen wurde; und wird sie wütend sein?
     </script>
     <morph>
      will[fut,3.Sg] it the[m] case be[inf], that in a few weeks Smith discover[inf] will[fut,3.Sg], that she duped[past,3.Sg] was[past,3.Sg]; and will[fut,3.Sg] she furious be[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Will it be the case that in a few weeks Smith will discover that she has been duped; and will she be furious?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es wir der Fall sein, dass in ein paar Wochen Smith entdecken wird, dass sie betrogen wurde; und sie wütend sein wird.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it will[fut,3.Sg] the case be[inf], that in a few weeks Smith discover[inf] will[fut,3.Sg], that she duped[past,3.Sg] was[past,3.Sg]; and she furious be[inf] will[fut,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      It will be the case that in a few weeks Smith will discover that she has been duped; and she will be furious.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="323"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Niemand, der ernsthaft spielt, hört auf bis er pleite ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      No-one who seriously gambles[pres,3.Sg], stops[pres,3.Sg,dis-con] [dis-con] until he broke is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      No one gambling seriously stops until he is broke.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Niemand kann spielen wenn er pleite ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      no-one can[pres,3.Sg] gamble[inf] when he broke is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      No one can gamble when he is broke.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                                
  <q>
     <script>
      Hört jeder, der anfängt ernsthaft zu spielen, auf sobald er pleite ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      stops[pres,3.Sg,dis-con] everyone, who starts[pres,3.Sg] seriously to gamble[inf], [dis-con] the-moment he broke is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does everyone who starts gambling seriously stop the moment he is broke?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder, der anfängt ernsthaft zu spielen, hört auf sobald er pleite ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone, who starts[pres,3.Sg] seriously to gamble[inf], stops[pres,3.Sg,dis-con] [dis-con] the-moment he broke is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Everyone who starts gambling seriously stops the moment he is broke.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="324"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Niemand, der anfängt ernsthaft zu spielen, hört auf bis er pleite ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      No-one who starts[pres,3.Sg] seriously to gamble[inf], stops[pres,3.Sg,dis-con] [dis-con] until he broke is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      No one who starts gambling seriously stops until he is broke.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Spielt jeder, der anfängt ernsthaft zu spielen, weiter bis er pleite ist?
     </script>
     <morph>
      continues[pres,3.Sg,dis-con] everyone, who starts[pres,3.Sg] seriously to gamble[inf], [dis-con] until he broke is[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Does everyone who starts gambling seriously continue until he is broke?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jeder, der anfängt ernsthaft zu spielen, spielt weiter bis er pleite ist.
     </script>
     <morph>
      everyone, who starts[pres,3.Sg] seriously to gamble[inf], continues[pres,3.Sg,dis-con] [dis-con] until he broke is[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Everyone who starts gambling seriously continues until he is broke.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="325"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Niemand, der schläft weiß jemals, dass er schläft.
     </script>
     <morph>
      No-one who sleeps[pres,3.Sg] knows[pres,3.Sg] ever, that he sleeps[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Nobody who is asleep ever knows that he is asleep.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Aber manche Leute wissen, dass sie geschlafen haben nachdem sie geschlafen haben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      but some people know[pres,3.Pl], that they slept[perf] have[pres,3.Pl] after they have[pres,3.Pl] slept[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      But some people know that they have been asleep after they have been asleep.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Entdecken manche Leute, dass sie geschlafen haben?
     </script>
     <morph>
      discover[pres,3.Sg] some people, that they slept[perf] have[pres,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Do some people discover that they have been asleep?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Manche Leute entdecken dass sie gschlafen haben.
     </script>
     <morph>
      some people discover[pres,3.Sg], that they slept[perf] have[pres,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Some people discover that they have been asleep.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<comment class="section"> 8 VERBS </comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 8.1 Aspectual Classes </comment>

<comment> See also the inference pertaining to in and for adverbials. </comment>

<problem
  id="326"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL gründete MTALK 1993.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL built[past,3.Sg] MTALK 1993.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL built MTALK in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Stellte ITEL MTALK 1993 fertig?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] ITEL MTALK 1993 [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL finish MTALK in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL stellte MTALK 1993 fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] MTALK 1993 [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL finished MTALK in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="327"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL war 1993 dabei MTALK zu gründen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL was[past,3.Sg] 1993 at MTALK to build[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL was building MTALK in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Stellte ITEL MTALK 1993 fertig?
     </script>
     <morph>
      finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] ITEL MTALK 1993 [dis-con]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL finish MTALK in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL stellte MTALK 1993 fertig.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL finished[past,3.Sg,dis-con] MTALK 1993 [dis-con].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL finished MTALK in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="328"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL bekam 1993 den Auftrag von APCOM.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL got[past,3.Sg] 1993 the[m,acc] contract from APCOM.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won the contract from APCOM in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Bekam ITEL 1993 einen Auftrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 a[m,acc] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win a contract in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL bekam 1993 einen Auftrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL got[past,3.Sg] 1993 a[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won a contract in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="329"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL war 1993 dabei den Auftrag von APCOM zu bekommen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL was[past,3.Sg] 1993 at the[m,acc] contract from APCOM to get[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL was winning the contract from APCOM in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Bekam ITEL 1993 einen Auftrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Sg] ITEL 1993 a[m,acc] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win a contract in 1993?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL bekam 1993 einen Auftrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL won[past,3.Sg] 1993 a[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won a contract in 1993.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="330"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL besaß APCOM von 1988 bis 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL owned[past,3.Sg] APCOM from 1988 to 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL owned APCOM from 1988 to 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Besaß ITEL APCOM 1990?
     </script>
     <morph>
      owned[past,3.Sg] ITEL APCOM 1990?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL own APCOM in 1990?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL besaß APCOM 1990.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL owned[past,3.Sg] APCOM 1990.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL owned APCOM in 1990.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 8.2 Distributive and Collective Predication </comment>

<problem
  id="331"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith und Jones verließen das Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith and Jones left[pres,3.Pl] the[n,acc] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith and Jones left the meeting.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Verließ Smith das Meeting?
     </script>
     <morph>
      left[past,3.Sg] Smith the[n,acc] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith leave the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith verließ das Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith left[past,3.Sg] the[n,acc] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith left the meeting.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="332"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith und Jones verließen das Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith and Jones left[pres,3.Pl] the[n,acc] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith and Jones left the meeting.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Verließ Jones das Meeting?
     </script>
     <morph>
      left[past,3.Sg] Jones the[n,acc] meeting?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones leave the meeting?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones verließ das Meeting.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones left[past,3.Sg] the[n,acc] meeting.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones leave the meeting?
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="333"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith, Anderson und Jones trafen sich.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith, Anderson and Jones met[past,ref,3.Pl].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith, Anderson and Jones met.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Gab es eine Gruppe von Leuten, die sich traf?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists[pres,3.Sg] it a[f,acc] group of people, that met[past,ref,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Was there a group of people that met?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gab eine Gruppe von Leuten, die sich traf.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] group of people, that met[past,ref,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There was a group of people that met.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<comment class="section"> 9 ATTITUDES </comment>

<comment class="subsection"> 9.1 Epistemic, Intentional and Reportive Attitudes </comment>

<problem
  id="334"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith wusste dass ITEL den Auftrag 1992 bekommen hatte.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith knew[past,3.Sg] that ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992 got[past,3.Sg] had[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith knew that ITEL had won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Bekam ITEL den Auftrag 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Sg] ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL bekam den Auftrag 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL got[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                                
</problem>

<problem
  id="335"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith glaubte, dass ITEL den Auftrag 1992 bekommen hatte.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith believed[past,3.Sg], that ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992 got[past,3.Sg] had[perf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith believed that ITEL had won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Bekam ITEL den Auftrag 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Sg] ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL bekam den Auftrag 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL got[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
<note>
    Sic: the original had "believed / said / denied / feared / hoped" in the
    premise.  I changed this to just "tried".
</note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="336"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL schaffte es, 1992 den Auftrag zu bekommen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL managed[past,3.Sg] it, 1992 the[m,acc] contract to get[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL managed to win the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Bekam ITEL den Auftrag 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Sg] ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL bekam den Auftrag 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL got[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes 
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<problem
  id="337"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      ITEL versuchte, 1992 den Auftrag zu bekommen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL tried[past,3.Sg], 1992 the[m,acc] contract to get[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL tried to win the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Bekam ITEL den Auftrag 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Sg] ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL bekam den Auftrag 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL got[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know 
     </english>
</a>
<note>
    Sic: the original had "tried / wanted" in the premise.  I changed this to
    just "tried".
</note>                                                                 
</problem>

<problem
  id="338"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es ist wahr, dass ITEL den Auftrag 1992 bekam.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg], that ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992 got[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is true that ITEL won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Bekam ITEL den Auftrag 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Sg] ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL bekam den Auftrag 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL got[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<problem
  id="339"
  fracas_answer="no"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Es ist nicht wahr, dass ITEL den Auftrag 1992 bekam.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it is[pres,3.Sg] not true, that ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992 got[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      It is false that ITEL won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                             
  <q>
     <script>
      Bekam ITEL den Auftrag 1992?
     </script>
     <morph>
      got[past,3.Sg] ITEL the[m,acc] contract 1992?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      ITEL bekam den Auftrag 1992.
     </script>
     <morph>
      ITEL got[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract 1992.
     </morph>
     <english>
      ITEL won the contract in 1992.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Nein
     </script>
     <english>
      No
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<comment class="subsection"> 9.2 Preceptive Attitudes: "See" with Bare Infinitive Complements </comment>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 9.2.1 Inferences we do not get </comment>

<problem
  id="340"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract sign[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Wenn Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnete, pochte sein Herz.
     </script>
     <morph>
      if Jones the[m,acc] contract signed[past,3.Sg], beat[past,3.Sg] his[n,acc] heart.
     </morph>
     <english>
      If Jones signed the contract, his heart was beating.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Sah Smith Jones' Herz pochen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      saw[past,3.Sg] Smith Jones'[gen] heart beat[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith see Jones' heart beat?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones' Herz pochen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones'[gen] heart beat[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones' heart beat.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<problem
  id="341"
  fracas_answer="unknown"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract sign[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Als Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnete, pochte sein Herz.
     </script>
     <morph>
      when Jones the[m,acc] contract signed[past,3.Sg], beat[past,3.Sg] his[n,acc] heart.
     </morph>
     <english>
      When Jones signed the contract, his heart was beating.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Sah Smith Jones' Herz pochen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      saw[past,3.Sg] Smith Jones'[gen] heart beat[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith see Jones' heart beat?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones' Herz pochen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones'[gen] heart beat[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones' heart beat.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Unbekannt
     </script>
     <english>
      Don't know
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 9.2.2 Veridicality </comment>

<comment> a saw \phi &lt; \phi </comment>

<problem
  id="342"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract sign[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                            
  <q>
     <script>
      Unterzeichnete Jones den Vertrag?
     </script>
     <morph>
      signed[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Jones sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Jones unterzeichnete den Vertrag.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] contract.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones signed the contract.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 9.2.3 Substitution </comment>

<comment> a saw \phi(b), b = c &lt; a saw \phi(c) </comment>

<problem
  id="343"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract sign[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Jones ist der Vorsitzende von ITEL.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Jones is[pres,3.Sg] the[m] chairman of ITEL.
     </morph>
     <english>
      Jones is the chairman of ITEL.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Sah Smith den Vorsitzenden von ITEL den Vertrag unterzeichnen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      saw[past,3.Sg] Smith the[m] chairman of ITEL the[m,acc] contract sign[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith see the chairman of ITEL sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith sah den Vorsitzenden von ITEL den Vertrag unterzeichnen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m] chairman of ITEL the[m,acc] contract sign[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw the chairman of ITEL sign the contract.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 9.2.4 Existential instantiation </comment>

<comment> a saw \phi(b) &lt; 9x a saw \phi(x) </comment>

<problem
  id="344"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Helen sah den Abteilungsleiter ans Telefon gehen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Helen saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] chairman-of-the-department to-the[n] phone go[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Helen saw the chairman of the department answer the phone.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>
  <p idx="2">
     <script>
      Der Abteilungsleiter ist eine Person.
     </script>
     <morph>
      the[m] chairman-of-the-department is[pres,3.Sg] a[f] person.
     </morph>
     <english>
      The chairman of the department is a person.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                               
  <q>
     <script>
      Gibt es jemanden, den Helen ans Telefon gehen sah?
     </script>
     <morph>
      exists[pres,3.Sg] it anyone, whom[m,acc] Helen to-the[n] phone go[inf] saw[past,3.Sg]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Is there anyone whom Helen saw answer the phone?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Es gibt jemanden, den Helen ans Telefon gehen sah.
     </script>
     <morph>
      it exists[pres,3.Sg] someone, whom[m,acc] Helen to-the[n] phone go[inf] saw[past,3.Sg].
     </morph>
     <english>
      There is someone whom Helen saw answer the phone.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 9.2.5 Conjunction distribution </comment>

<comment> a saw \phi and / &lt; a saw \phi and a saw / </comment>

<problem
  id="345"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnen und seine Sekretärin eine Kopie machen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract sign[inf] and his[f,acc] secretary a[f,acc] copy make[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones sign the contract and his secretary make a copy.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                            
  <q>
     <script>
      Sah Smith Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      saw[pres,3.Sg] Smith Jones the[m,acc] contract sign[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith see Jones sign the contract?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract sign[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>

<comment class="subsubsection"> 9.2.6 Disjunction distribution </comment>

<comment> A saw \phi or / &lt; A saw \phi or A saw / </comment>

<problem
  id="346"
  fracas_answer="yes"                                                               
  language="de">
  <p idx="1">
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones den Vertrag unterzeichnen oder die entscheidende Klausel durchstreichen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[past,3.Sg] Jones the[m,acc] contract sign[inf] or the[f,acc] crucial[f,acc] clause cross-out[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith saw Jones sign the contract or cross out the crucial clause.
     </english>                                                            
  </p>                                                            
  <q>
     <script>
      Sah Smith Jones entweder den Vertrag unterzeichnen oder die entscheidende Klausel durchstreichen?
     </script>
     <morph>
      saw[pres,3.Sg] Smith Jones either the[m,acc] contract sign[inf] or the[f,acc] crucial[f,acc] clause cross-out[inf]?
     </morph>
     <english>
      Did Smith either see Jones sign the contract or see Jones cross out the crucial clause?
     </english>
  </q>
  <h>
     <script>
      Smith sah Jones entweder den Vertrag unterzeichnen oder die entscheidende Klausel durchstreichen.
     </script>
     <morph>
      Smith saw[pres,3.Sg] Jones either the[m,acc] contract sign[inf] or the[f,acc] crucial[f,acc] clause cross-out[inf].
     </morph>
     <english>
      Smith either saw Jones sign the contract or saw Jones cross out the crucial clause.
     </english>                                                            
  </h>
  <a> 
     <script>
      Ja
     </script>
     <english>
      Yes
     </english>
</a>                                                               
</problem>
</fracas-problems>