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<a href="/2016/05/23/Way-of-Learning-English/" title="" itemprop="url"></a>
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<p class="article-author">By
<a href="/about" title="DeGeneres(大川)" target="_blank" itemprop="author">DeGeneres(大川)</a>
<p class="article-time">
<time datetime="2016-05-23T07:48:21.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"> 发表于 2016-05-23</time>
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<p>Recently there are some friends and colleagues asked me how to learn English fast and efficiently. This reminded me that I had not summarize how I can learn English effectively and efficiently. Especially considering that I do not practice speaking and writing English adequately, I need to refine my methodology and keep on practicing my daily English.</p>
<pre><code>1. Reading
</code></pre><p>I do not spend a lot of time on practicing reading English, as my last job is a software engineer working in Microsoft. I need to read many email written in English and read a lot of technique document written in English. This save me a lot of time to practice my reading English. Currently I work in a domestic company, I do not have as many opportunities to read English emails as before. However as a software engineer, I still need to read a lot of technique document on-line. Therefore the capability of reading English article does not drop.</p>
<pre><code>2. Listening
</code></pre><p>I still can not forget the first day when I work in Microsoft. I attended a presentation and all the speakers spoke in English. To be honest, I did not understand a lot. It really frustrated me deeply. After about one month, I had to listen and understand some technique introductions given by some Indian colleagues. I cannot understand one percent of the content. As I have to sit IELTS, I need to improve my listening skills.</p>
<pre><code>Dictation is one of the best way to improve your listening skills.
</code></pre><p>After hearing one sentence, pause the audio and write down what you have heard. If you cannot write the entire sentence, you can replay the sentence. At first you use some material with low speed. Then you can choose some with high speed. This can improve your listening skills and you can catch up with the speed finally.</p>
<pre><code>Choose some hard materials
</code></pre><p>Another solution is try to listen some audio spoken by Indian. If you can understand these audio, then you can understand a lot of audios spoken by native speakers.</p>
<pre><code>Practice a lot
</code></pre><p>You can choose any resources to practicing you listening skills. This can increase the input of English to your brain and improve your response when you hear some English resources.</p>
<pre><code>3. Writing
</code></pre><p>In summarize, you really need to attend a training course given by Gu Jiabei. His course is really useful and effective. There are some steps to follow, if you want to improve Writing. First, you need to write sentence with correct grammar. This means you need to read some grammar books without too much content. Second, you need to write a sentence which looks normal from native speakers’ views. If you want to do it, you can try to translate Chinese sentences to English and compare with the original English sentences and correct you mistakes. Third, you need to know how to layout your article. This can be learned from Gu’s course. Finally, if you want to write articles with a wide range of topics, you need to learn a lot of collocations and read a wide range of different resources.</p>
<pre><code>4. Speaking
Translating
</code></pre><p>If you want to improve your Speaking English, there are several ways. First you can also use translation ways. As Speaking and writing are related, the way you want to improve your Writing English can be used to improve your speaking English.</p>
<pre><code>Find a language partner
</code></pre><p>If you have a language partner, it is fantastic. He or She can help you to correct your grammar, pronunciation, and tell you how to express something like native speakers.</p>
<pre><code>Learning Speaking English one topic by another
</code></pre><p>You can watch some videos all belongs to one topic. When you are familiar with this topic and can talk about this topic freely, then you can watch videos belong to another topic. When listening these material, try to repeat what the video talks about using your own way. If you cannot express it, try to want that period of the program again.</p>
<pre><code>Marathon
</code></pre><p>Find a friend with you, then you choose a topic and talk with each other. You can argue about this topic. Each time you try to speak as long as possible, then it is your friend turn. He or She need to talk longer. If he or she cannot, he or she fails.</p>
<pre><code>Conclusion
</code></pre><p>Anki collection<br>Speak 10 min<br>Write 10 min<br>Learn a new expression try to use it in different ways.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>语法错误</p>
<ul>
<li>第三人称单数</li>
<li>时态</li>
<li>She|He</li>
<li>单复数</li>
<li>介词</li>
<li>虚拟语气强调句</li>
<li>冠词</li>
<li>Solution<ul>
<li>Record&Replay</li>
<li>平时说的东西涵盖这些语法</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>How to get band score 9 in the IELTS</p>
</li>
<li><p>Love English</p>
</li>
<li>Awareness on topic and topic trend which means pay attention to materials related with IELTS</li>
<li><p>Routines&rituals</p>
<ul>
<li>2 hours active listening every day sixty days</li>
<li>1 hours passive listening ever day sixty days</li>
<li>1 hour active speaking</li>
<li>1 hour active reading</li>
<li>coached writing</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Listening</p>
<ul>
<li>Listen actively<ul>
<li>take notes on speech and language flow</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>train for accents</li>
<li>listen to conversations<ul>
<li>Movie audio – your favorite movie – using headphone – English movies</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>testing strategies<ul>
<li>underline keywords</li>
<li>use review time to preview next section</li>
<li>check little errors at the end of the exam</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>engage practice tests until you consistently get your mark</li>
<li>get into it - acquire fun from the listening examination</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Writing<ul>
<li>Focus on quality before focusing on speed</li>
<li>Learn essay structure</li>
<li>Read lots of example essays<ul>
<li>grammar</li>
<li>lexical resources</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Get your writing assessed to ensure you know how to improve</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Speaking<ul>
<li>coherence trumps all</li>
<li>stay on topic</li>
<li>use colloquialisms appropriately</li>
<li>keep the conversation portions sounding like conversations</li>
<li>practice speaking for longer than 2 minutes<ul>
<li>marathon (1,3,5,7)<ul>
<li>modify</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>examples</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>you can score 9 with an accent</li>
<li>living in an English speaking country makes a difference</li>
<li>Test strategies<ul>
<li>answer directly and summarise</li>
<li>use transitions when needed; over use can sound robotic</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>specific to part2<ul>
<li>keywords</li>
<li>make up something if you do not know</li>
<li>just write keywords</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Imitate interview</li>
<li>Think an entire sentence before speaking</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Preparing Strategy</p>
<ul>
<li><p>写作</p>
<ul>
<li>针对不熟悉的topic<ul>
<li>整理句式</li>
<li>整理ABC</li>
<li>整理词伙</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>能用在哪个topic</li>
<li>能用在哪个ABC</li>
<li>整理例子</li>
<li>能用在哪个topic</li>
<li>能用在哪个ABC</li>
<li>控制字数</li>
<li>速度写作8分钟一段</li>
<li>确保每句话都没有错误</li>
<li>注意记忆规律</li>
<li>小作文</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>口语</p>
</li>
<li>语音练习<ul>
<li>Part1<ul>
<li>One direct answer with some details</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Part2<ul>
<li>One paraphrase</li>
<li>direct answer to detail questions with some details</li>
<li>conclusion</li>
<li>skills<ul>
<li>imagination</li>
<li>story——interesting——学习如何有趣</li>
<li>ABC|词伙|例子</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Part3——结合词伙<ul>
<li>structure</li>
<li>ABC|词伙|例子</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>问题</p>
<ul>
<li>时态</li>
<li>重复同一个词</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>方法</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Marathon</p>
<ul>
<li>Record&Replay</li>
<li>Write&Expand</li>
<li>focus on mistakes on Grammar</li>
<li>focus on pronunciation</li>
<li>linking expression</li>
<li>find hesitation</li>
<li>word you always repeat</li>
<li>where you speak slow</li>
<li>Expand your monologue</li>
<li>If you can not express yourself, try to write them down</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Translating</p>
</li>
<li>pay attention to your pace</li>
<li>grammatical mistakes</li>
<li>interesting</li>
<li>pronunciation</li>
<li>Imitate interview – then learn how to use the one minute</li>
<li>Think an entire sentence before speaking</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Materials</p>
<ul>
<li>simon</li>
<li>ielts-yasi</li>
<li><a href="http://www.englishonlineaustralia.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.englishonlineaustralia.com.au/</a></li>
<li>Cambridge English Idiom in Use</li>
<li>Cambridge Grammar for IELTS</li>
<li>Cambridge vocabulary for IELTS</li>
<li>cambridge english collocation in use</li>
<li>simon-ielts.com上的那本《Ideas for IELTS Topics》</li>
<li>《手把手》</li>
<li>雅思哥</li>
<li>钱多多</li>
<li>多加了一本cambridge english collocation in use,以及顾家北的《手把手》,开始积累collocation。</li>
<li>simon-ielts.com上的那本《Ideas for IELTS Topics》</li>
<li>这次的时候基本上算是把《手把手》和《Ideas for IELTS Topics》上的词伙都过了一遍,也跟着simon的网站学了些更fancy的语法,比如…,with … ing …。口语这次从一本书里发现了一个新的不错的资料<a href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/2042034922。感觉这哥们的很多用法都还是很好的,就跟着读,学着用。考口语的时候考官不停的用why打断回答。" target="_blank" rel="external">http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/2042034922。感觉这哥们的很多用法都还是很好的,就跟着读,学着用。考口语的时候考官不停的用why打断回答。</a></li>
<li>所以这段时间一直在每天坚持说topic。一遍一遍改进,争取把学过的词伙、习语和高级语法尽可能用进去。另外,找到了另一个非常好的网站<a href="http://ielts-yasi.englishlab.net/,觉得里面的current" target="_blank" rel="external">http://ielts-yasi.englishlab.net/,觉得里面的current</a> topic比雅思哥的靠谱,而且作者总结了非常多的资料,很值得一看。</li>
<li>so.baiduyun.me</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Review Service</p>
<ul>
<li>IELTS-BLOG</li>
<li><a href="http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?spm=a1z10.1.w4023-5659073183.4.le5Cz2&id=39338737130" target="_blank" rel="external">http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?spm=a1z10.1.w4023-5659073183.4.le5Cz2&id=39338737130</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ieltspodcast.com" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.ieltspodcast.com</a></li>
<li>italki </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<a href="/2016/05/10/Fight-with-Anxiety/" title="如何应对焦虑——读人性的优点" itemprop="url">如何应对焦虑——读人性的优点</a>
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<a href="/about" title="DeGeneres(大川)" target="_blank" itemprop="author">DeGeneres(大川)</a>
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<time datetime="2016-05-10T12:03:47.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"> 发表于 2016-05-10</time>
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<p>——对我们来说,最重要的就是不要去看远方模糊的事情,而是做手边清楚的事</p>
<pre><code>焦虑的害处
</code></pre><p>有时候当我们被焦虑困扰的不能睡觉时,或者担忧未来将会有些不幸的事情发生时。我们便进入了同焦虑恶魔战斗的境地。焦虑是一个欺软怕硬的家伙。对于那些大心脏的人,焦虑敬而远之,而对于那些天生忧虑的人,焦虑缠住他们不肯放手。</p>
<p>这个家伙的可怕之处在于能够彻底的打破人的原有平衡,从破坏人的内分泌入手。而当人们因为焦虑而失眠的时候,就中了它的圈套,你会变的更加焦虑。在这个恶化的过程中,身体的钙质会更快速的流失。肌肉会变的脆弱,而人也更容易变的苍老。</p>
<pre><code>为什么会焦虑
</code></pre><p>焦虑是因为我们的多度思考,并且由于这些思考带来了身体上不好的变化。担忧近期或者未来可能发生的不好的事情,这些事情会破坏我们原有的节奏。如果我们放弃想那些引发焦虑的事情,转而去采取行动,勇敢面对,焦虑便会逃之夭夭</p>
<pre><code>具体要如何应对焦虑
</code></pre><p>焦虑分为原发性焦虑和事件性焦虑。原发性焦虑并不是由于某些未来发生的事件而引发的焦虑,而是自身会不由自主的去想各种事情。试图用不断的思考分散自己的注意力,从而忽略掉身体的不适。而事件性焦虑是由于我们对具体事件的担忧或过度思考而引发的焦虑。</p>
<pre><code> 原发性焦虑
认知疗法
原发性焦虑是很难通过简单的认知疗法来治疗,因为没有什么需要自己担心。但是有很容易通过认知疗法治疗,因为没有什么可担心。而我就是通过分散自己的注意力,通过引入新的关注的东西来克制原发性焦虑。把它想象成一个时刻准备偷自己钱的小丑,每当自己分神焦虑的时候,自己的钱——健康,就会被它偷走。而自己全神贯注的时候就是揍它的时候。通过这种方法我很好的避免了胡思乱想,因为时刻都需要同它战斗。
GTD
另一种治疗原发性焦虑的方法就是让自己开心。当所有发展的事情都在自己掌控之中的时候,就是自己感到放心和安心的时候。如果事情发展的超乎自己想象的顺利,也就带给自己成就感和幸福感。因此良好的GTD,时间管理也是战胜原发性焦虑的好方法。注重提升自己的做事效率和做事方法,是成就GTD的基石。
自信力
通过各种方式提升自己的自信力,可以让自己感到开心,并且可以超常发挥自己的水平。如何提升自己的自信力?良好的GTD,健身,以及水滴效应和Sucess都是提升自己自信力的方法。如果自信任何事情都在掌控之中就自然没有必要感到焦虑。
事件性焦虑
以下是从卡耐基《人性的优点》中学到的经验和观点:
1.不要为小事儿担忧|衡量事情的价值再决定是否要浪费精力再上面
2.未来担忧的事儿可能不会发生
3.未来的事儿无法避免,那就想好对策
4.不要再以前发生的事儿上浪费过多精力
如何休息
工作
- 让自己感到开心心情放松
- 工作时采取身体放松的姿势
- 自己工作时要合适的分配自己的能力
- 晚上睡觉前安排好第二天的工作
放松
- 随时放松身体-平躺->收紧再放松->注意呼吸->舒展皱纹->和自己对话
- 不要过多操心别人的缺点
- 对和你相处的人要友善
反思
- 每天反思自己是否感到疲倦和分析疲倦的原因
Sprint
- 高强度工作->放松|思考->放松
</code></pre>
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<a href="/2016/05/04/Strength-of-Mental/" title="如何提升智力体力" itemprop="url">如何提升智力体力</a>
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<p class="article-author">By
<a href="/about" title="DeGeneres(大川)" target="_blank" itemprop="author">DeGeneres(大川)</a>
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<time datetime="2016-05-04T01:59:52.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"> 发表于 2016-05-04</time>
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<p>智力体力的重要性已经在前面的文章中谈论过,本文着重于论述如何有效的提升自己的智力体力。</p>
<p>智力体力时衡量一个人专注用脑的能力,因此必然与个人的身体条件和脑力条件相关。但本文并不深入探讨如何有效提升个人身体条件,只是简略的将影响因素划分为:睡眠,心情,冥想,饮食,锻炼五大要素。此外专注的程度和时间必然同环境因素有紧密的联系。一个嘈杂的环境会迫使我们将更多的能量花在控制自己不走神上。而对于本身专注力较弱的人,不断弹出的Email和微信提醒,会将思绪从原有的路线中带离。这就像进程上下文类似。当我们从处理即时消息脱身后,将不得不用掉额外开销将自己重新进入原有状态。</p>
<p>从个人经验角度能有效提升个人智力体力的方法包括:<br>1.在开始工作之前关闭邮件,微信,设置勿扰模式<br>2.最好使用苹果的全屏工作模式,避免一切可能产生的干扰<br>3.选择一个合适的工作时长。工作时间太久,例如几个小时,虽然可以减少上下文切换的开销,并且可以保持自己的状态,但是长久看有害自己的身体健康,是非常不可取的。工作时间太短,又导致自己不断从工作状态调入跳出,花费太多时间找到原有的工作状态。以我个人条件看50分钟应该是一个比较合理的时长(虽然《幸福课》的老师推荐30分钟)</p>
<p>那么下文将着重从脑力和认知的角度探讨智力体力:</p>
<p>首先分析自己智力体力方面的主要问题</p>
<p>1.焦虑</p>
<p>当自己阅读一本书或者学习一门知识的时候,总是幻想能够立刻将一本书读完。首先受这个影响,自己就无法很专心阅读。并且由于过于看重进度,导致理解不深刻并且没有经过练习,自己只是到了表层记忆的阶段,实际效果并不好,过了几天之后,之前看的东西基本就记不得了</p>
<pre><code>1.1解法
</code></pre><p>–需要自己改变认识,变换思维。把KPI由看的快变为看的快且好。表现为输出博客的数目。通过写高质量的博客,强迫自己深入思考,融会贯通。<br>–通过把练习变成游戏,增加自己做练习的兴趣,从而提升自己的精读。<br>–变换思维,把读书快和学习新知识,变成验证自己的学习方法,这样学习也有动力了,而且也从追求速度变成追求质量<br>–带着KPI(问题|任务)读书,要求自己在完成之后能够完成某个小项目。这样读书的时候就有意识的做练习</p>
<p>2.头脑不够用</p>
<p>有时经常发现自己在钻研一段时间之后就感觉疲劳,没有办法专注,这是因为自己的智力肌肉缺乏锻炼,需要不断增强。</p>
<pre><code>2.1解法
</code></pre><p>如何提升自己的智力肌肉。需要像练习肌肉一样,不断强化。<br>–做算法可以让自己专注于一个事情上,并且可以强迫自己去调度已有知识。是锻炼和验证自己智力肌肉和专注度的好方法<br>–通过锻炼身体和在与人沟通中提升自己的思维速度。将锻炼思维游戏化</p>
<p>3.无法专注的解法</p>
<pre><code>1.冥想
2.Mindless
3.关闭干扰源
4.分块时间
</code></pre><p>时间所限,目前只写到这里了…</p>
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<a href="/2016/04/29/Strength-of-Brain/" title="论智力体力" itemprop="url">论智力体力</a>
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<a href="/about" title="DeGeneres(大川)" target="_blank" itemprop="author">DeGeneres(大川)</a>
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<time datetime="2016-04-29T10:31:20.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"> 发表于 2016-04-29</time>
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<p>论智力体力</p>
<p>第一次看到智力体力这个词是在刘未鹏的著作《暗时间》上,大体讲的是长时间专注的运用智力的能力。通俗的讲对比于身体的体力,智力体力就是头脑的体力。</p>
<p>那么智力体力有何重要呢?根据自己在工作和学习中的体会,其决定了一个人从事一个领域或钻研一个问题的深入度和效率。但凡解决一个复杂的问题,必然需要长时间的深入思考。很有可能几个小时的思考和研究只取得了分毫进展。此时,对一个没有足够智力体力的人,可能变得沮丧并且再也很难专注,并将之前所做的事情长时间搁置。等到休息足了再着手原来的问题,可能发现长时间的搁置导致自己无法记起已经做的工作,而不得不从头再来。其个人效率必然不高,而这也会影响其个人成就。</p>
<p>如何能够提升自己的智力体力?这包含外因和内因。外因往往是比较容易改善的。例如,让自己又一个不被打扰的时间段,关闭手机和email。又如科学的利用时间,合理的使用自己的精力。内因包括,锻炼身体,充足的睡眠。这两方面都有相应的治疗深入探讨,例如时间管理(Get Thing Done)和身体管理(Full of Energy)。</p>
<p>这里着重探讨提升智力体力的训练方法:做算法题。对于程序员来说,这应该是最好的方式。本来我头脑中第一反应是学习下围棋。但是,考虑到对于没有这个爱好的我,时间开销有些大。而做算法题和下围棋有类似的用途,都需要专注,需要全力调动自己的思维去解决问题。并且还可以培养解决问题的能力和动手能力。每周抽出一定时间做算法题应该是程序员必须的个人修养。</p>
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<a href="/2016/04/15/Learning-R-and-Python-1/" title="R|Python语言学习笔记(2)——创建数据集" itemprop="url">R|Python语言学习笔记(2)——创建数据集</a>
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<a href="/about" title="DeGeneres(大川)" target="_blank" itemprop="author">DeGeneres(大川)</a>
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<time datetime="2016-04-15T01:18:51.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"> 发表于 2016-04-15</time>
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<ul>
<li>选择一种数据结构来存储数据</li>
<li><p>讲数据输入或导入到这个数据结构中</p>
</li>
<li><p>R</p>
</li>
<li><p>R支持的数据类型</p>
<ul>
<li><p>数值型</p>
</li>
<li><p>布尔型</p>
</li>
<li><p>字符串</p>
</li>
<li><p>字节串</p>
</li>
<li><p>复数型</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>R支持的数据集合</p>
<ul>
<li><p>向量</p>
</li>
<li><p>矩阵</p>
</li>
<li><p>数组</p>
</li>
<li><p>数据框</p>
</li>
<li><p>列表</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>向量</p>
<ul>
<li>c(1,2,3)</li>
<li>1:3</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>矩阵</p>
<ul>
<li><p>mymatrix <- matrix(vector, nrow=number_of_rows, ncol=number_of_columns, byrow=logical_value, dimnames=list(char_vector_rownames, char_vector_colnames))</p>
</li>
<li><p>切片操作</p>
<ul>
<li>mx1[1,]</li>
<li>mx1[1,2]</li>
<li>mx1[,1]</li>
<li>mx1[,1:3]</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>数组<ul>
<li>myarray <- array(vector,dimensions,dimnames)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>数据框<ul>
<li>data.frame(vectors)</li>
<li>data.frame(cbind(vectors))</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>列关联表table(patientdata$age,patientdata$name)</p>
<ul>
<li><p>引入数据框</p>
<ul>
<li>attach()</li>
<li>detach()</li>
<li>with(dataframe,{操作})块 <- | <<-</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>实例标识</p>
<ul>
<li>patientdata<-data.frame(patientID,names,ages,row.names=patientID)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>取数据</p>
<ul>
<li>patientdata$name</li>
<li>patientdata[‘name’]</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>feature</p>
<ul>
<li><p>名义型:只是一个名字比如person name</p>
</li>
<li><p>有序型:有一定逻辑顺序关系,例如:young,old,elder</p>
</li>
<li><p>连续型:连续数字</p>
</li>
<li><p>因子</p>
<ul>
<li><p>数据统计考虑,需要把名义型和有序型转化为数值表达——通过factor()</p>
</li>
<li><p>名义型</p>
</li>
<li><p>有序型</p>
</li>
<li>factor()</li>
<li><p>status <- factor(patientdata, order=TRUE, levels=c(“Poor”,”Improved”,”Excellent”))</p>
</li>
<li><p>如果默认情况对于字符型feature会转化为有序型数据,当时顺序是按照字母顺序,因此为了避免和实际问题不符合,需要通过设定参数,order=TRUE, levels=c(…)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>列表</p>
<ul>
<li><p>用途</p>
<ul>
<li><p>可以作为不同类型和结构的数据的集合</p>
</li>
<li><p>许多函数的返回结果为列表类型</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>不同类型对象的有序结合</p>
</li>
<li><p>If a column has a name, you can retrieve the data in this column by its name, or else you can retrieve it by index like l1[[2]]</p>
</li>
<li><p>取值</p>
<ul>
<li>c1<-1:10</li>
<li>c2<-1:10</li>
<li>l1<-list(c1=c1,c2=c2)</li>
<li>l2<-list(l1=l1,c1,c2)</li>
<li>l2[1]取到的是整个l1</li>
<li>l2[[1]] get the value of l1</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>数据输入</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The source of data: 键盘|文本|统计软件|数据库</p>
</li>
<li><p>键盘</p>
<ul>
<li><p>先定义一个dataframe结构</p>
</li>
<li><p>通过edit()函数来通过键盘输入数据</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>读入分隔符文件</p>
<ul>
<li>mydataframe <- read.table(file, header=logical_value(bool), sep=‘delimiter’,row.names=“name”)</li>
<li>header布尔值,表明第一行是不是列名</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>字符型变量自动转换为因子</p>
<ul>
<li>stringsAsFactors=FALSE</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Excel<ul>
<li>RODBC</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>数据集标注</p>
<ul>
<li><p>用途</p>
<ul>
<li><p>为变量名添加描述标签</p>
</li>
<li><p>类别型变量的值标签</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>变量标签</p>
<ul>
<li>It is used to comment the name of the column to give it more information. However there is no effective way to do this</li>
<li>names(patientsdata)[2]<-“The first age to enter the hospital.” — This will override the original name — ‘age’ of that column</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>值标签</p>
<ul>
<li>不是很理解</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Python</p>
</li>
<li><p>向量|数组|矩阵——都是array()</p>
<ul>
<li>mx=np.arange(1:10).reshape(2,5)</li>
<li><p>数据切片</p>
<ul>
<li>mx[1,]==mx[1,:]</li>
<li>mx[:,1] — n*1</li>
<li>mx[,1] — wrong!</li>
<li>mx[,[1]] — 1*n</li>
<li>mx[,0:2]</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>逻辑操作</p>
<ul>
<li>dropna()</li>
<li>fillna()</li>
<li>notnull()</li>
<li>np.where(condition,a,b)</li>
<li>np.take()</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>数据框</p>
<ul>
<li>from pandas import DataFrame</li>
<li>DataFrame</li>
<li>class pandas.DataFrame(data=None, index=None, columns=None, dtype=None, copy=False)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>- data: ndarray | dataframe | dict
- index: get column from data
- columns: list or tuple of column names
</code></pre><ul>
<li>Python如何把有序型变量转化为因子,类比R的factor</li>
<li>Python中有没有对应R列表的数据结构</li>
<li><p>Python数据读入</p>
<ul>
<li>loadtxt(filesource,delimiter=‘,’,usecols=(1,2,3),unpack=True)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>小技巧——Python</p>
<ul>
<li>import os | os.getcwd() os.chdir(’newpath’)</li>
<li>import json | json.loads</li>
<li>from collections import defaultdict</li>
<li>from collections import Counter</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>小技巧——R</p>
<ul>
<li>table(f)</li>
<li>table(f$age)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<a href="/2016/04/15/Learning-R-and-Python/" title="R|Python语言学习笔记(1)——语言介绍" itemprop="url">R|Python语言学习笔记(1)——语言介绍</a>
</h1>
<p class="article-author">By
<a href="/about" title="DeGeneres(大川)" target="_blank" itemprop="author">DeGeneres(大川)</a>
<p class="article-time">
<time datetime="2016-04-15T00:14:08.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"> 发表于 2016-04-15</time>
</p>
</header>
<div class="article-content">
<ul>
<li><p>数据科学家</p>
<ul>
<li>数据处理流程<ul>
<li>获取数据</li>
<li>输入数据<ul>
<li>数据清理 — caret<ul>
<li>移除和转换不确定的数据 — na.omit(dt)</li>
<li>移除异常值 — caret::nearZeroVar()</li>
<li>确定并移除相关因子 — caret::findCorrelation()</li>
<li>识别并去除线性相关性 — caret::findLinearCombos()</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>数据转换和预处理<ul>
<li>标准化</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>输出数据</li>
<li>feature的评估和选择<ul>
<li>过滤</li>
<li>封装</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>业务流程<ul>
<li>获取数据</li>
<li>数据整理</li>
<li>数据注释</li>
<li>数据分析+可视化</li>
<li>数据建模</li>
<li>输出分析结果</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>R</p>
<ul>
<li>source——执行R脚本</li>
<li>sink——设定输出<ul>
<li>参数<ul>
<li>append</li>
<li>split</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>保存图形结果</p>
<ul>
<li>pdf</li>
<li>jpeg</li>
<li>png</li>
<li>bmp</li>
<li>postscript</li>
<li>win.metafile</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>dev.off() — clear the settings</p>
</li>
<li>packages<ul>
<li>library() — show all the libraries</li>
<li>search() — show all the libraries which have been loaded</li>
<li>install.packages(’name’)</li>
<li>update.packages(’name’)</li>
<li>library(‘name’)</li>
<li>help(package=‘vcd’)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>终端执行R脚本:R CMD BATCH options infile outfile</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Python数学工具</p>
<ul>
<li>Numpy<ul>
<li>ndarray</li>
<li>基础工具</li>
<li>基本操作函数</li>
<li>提供数据容器</li>
</ul>
</li>