SUMMARY.md

title	layout
Chemistry	page

1. {: .preface} Preface

2. {: .chapter} Essential Ideas

   1. Chemistry in Context
   2. Phases and Classification of Matter
   3. Physical and Chemical Properties
   4. Measurements
   5. Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
   6. Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results

3. {: .chapter} Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

   1. Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
   2. Evolution of Atomic Theory
   3. Atomic Structure and Symbolism
   4. Chemical Formulas
   5. The Periodic Table
   6. Molecular and Ionic Compounds
   7. Chemical Nomenclature

4. {: .chapter} Composition of Substances and Solutions

   1. Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
   2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
   3. Molarity
   4. Other Units for Solution Concentrations

5. {: .chapter} Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions

   1. Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
   2. Classifying Chemical Reactions
   3. Reaction Stoichiometry
   4. Reaction Yields
   5. Quantitative Chemical Analysis

6. {: .chapter} Thermochemistry

   1. Energy Basics
   2. Calorimetry
   3. Enthalpy

7. {: .chapter} Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements

   1. Electromagnetic Energy
   2. The Bohr Model
   3. Development of Quantum Theory
   4. Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
   5. Periodic Variations in Element Properties

8. {: .chapter} Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry

   1. Ionic Bonding
   2. Covalent Bonding
   3. Lewis Symbols and Structures
   4. Formal Charges and Resonance
   5. Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
   6. Molecular Structure and Polarity

9. {: .chapter} Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding

   1. Valence Bond Theory
   2. Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
   3. Multiple Bonds
   4. Molecular Orbital Theory

10. {: .chapter} Gases

    1. Gas Pressure
    2. Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
    3. Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
    4. Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
    5. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
    6. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior

11. {: .chapter} Liquids and Solids

    1. Intermolecular Forces
    2. Properties of Liquids
    3. Phase Transitions
    4. Phase Diagrams
    5. The Solid State of Matter
    6. Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids

12. {: .chapter} Solutions and Colloids

    1. The Dissolution Process
    2. Electrolytes
    3. Solubility
    4. Colligative Properties
    5. Colloids

13. {: .chapter} Kinetics

    1. Chemical Reaction Rates
    2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    3. Rate Laws
    4. Integrated Rate Laws
    5. Collision Theory
    6. Reaction Mechanisms
    7. Catalysis

14. {: .chapter} Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts

    1. Opener
    2. Chemical Equilibria
    3. Equilibrium Constants
    4. Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
    5. Equilibrium Calculations

15. {: .chapter} Acid-Base Equilibria

    1. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
    2. pH and pOH
    3. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
    4. Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
    5. Polyprotic Acids
    6. Buffers
    7. Acid-Base Titrations

16. {: .chapter} Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes

    1. Precipitation and Dissolution
    2. Lewis Acids and Bases
    3. Multiple Equilibria

17. {: .chapter} Thermodynamics

    1. Spontaneity
    2. Entropy
    3. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
    4. Free Energy

18. {: .chapter} Electrochemistry

    1. Opener
    2. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    3. Galvanic Cells
    4. Standard Reduction Potentials
    5. The Nernst Equation
    6. Batteries and Fuel Cells
    7. Corrosion
    8. Electrolysis

19. {: .chapter} Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals

    1. Periodicity
    2. Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
    3. Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
    4. Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
    5. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
    6. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
    7. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
    8. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
    9. Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
    10. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
    11. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
    12. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases

20. {: .chapter} Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry

    1. Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
    2. Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
    3. Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds

21. {: .chapter} Organic Chemistry

    1. Hydrocarbons
    2. Alcohols and Ethers
    3. Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
    4. Amines and Amides

22. {: .chapter} Nuclear Chemistry

    1. Nuclear Structure and Stability
    2. Nuclear Equations
    3. Radioactive Decay
    4. Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
    5. Uses of Radioisotopes
    6. Biological Effects of Radiation

23. {: .appendix} The Periodic Table

24. {: .appendix} Essential Mathematics

25. {: .appendix} Units and Conversion Factors

26. {: .appendix} Fundamental Physical Constants

27. {: .appendix} Water Properties

28. {: .appendix} Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases

29. {: .appendix} Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

30. {: .appendix} Ionization Constants of Weak Acids

31. {: .appendix} Ionization Constants of Weak Bases

32. {: .appendix} Solubility Products

33. {: .appendix} Formation Constants for Complex Ions

34. {: .appendix} Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials

35. {: .appendix} Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes