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Explaining normalize.css

HTML5 display definitions

article, ...section {}

• display: block : Corrects block display not defined for these elements in IE6/7/8/9 & FF3.

audio, canvas, video {}

• display: inline-block : Corrects inline-block display not defined in Firefox < 3.5.

• *display: inline; *zoom: 1 : Corrects inline-block display not defined in IE7/8/9.

audio:not([controls]) {}

• display: none : Modern browsers with support for audio will not display audio elements that do not have controls. Because the previous rule displays audio elements, this rule is needed to ensure that Firefox 3/4/5, Safari 4, and Opera will hide audio elements that do not have controls. Chrome, Safari 5, and IE9 will never display audio elements that lack the controls attribute.

[hidden] {}

• display: none : Addresses styling not present in FF3, S4/5, IE7/8/9. No effect on IE6. This rule is separate from the previous one because otherwise IE8 (or any browser that doesn't understand one of the selectors) will drop the entire rule.

Base

html {}

• font-size: 100% : Corrects text resizing oddly in IE6/7 when body font-size is set using em units.

• overflow-y: scroll : Forces the display of a vertical scrollbar even on pages which are smaller than the viewport height. IE displays a vertical scrollbar irrespective of viewport height and this ensures that it also appears in non-IE. Doing this prevents what appears to be a horizontal shift of page content when a scrollbar appears on longer pages.

• -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100% : Prevents iOS text size adjust after orientation change, without disabling user zoom.

• -ms-text-size-adjust: 100% :

body {}

• margin: 0 : Removes margin in all browsers and addresses margins handled incorrectly in IE6/7.

body, button, input, select, textarea {}

• font-family: sans-serif : Setting the font-family on body and various form elements ensures font-family consistency between body copy, textarea, and other form elements. Using the sans-serif value will most likely mean Helvetica as the default font for Mac and Arial for Windows.

Links

a {}

• color: #00e : Apply modern default link color to IE6/7.

a:visited {}

• color: #551a8b : Apply modern default visited link color to IE6/7.

a:focus {}

• outline: thin dotted : WebKit on OSX uses a focus halo of a fixed color (usually blue). Chrome on Windows uses an orange outline. Neither of these outlines change with link or background color and people frequently look to remove it with :focus {outline:0;}. They are also different from the focus outline used by other browsers on Windows or OSX. To improve consistency and avoid either having: a fixed focus style that can clash quite badly or be nearly invisible in certain designs; or removing an important accessibility aide, the outline is normalized to thin and dotted with no fixed color.

a:hover, a:active {}

• outline: 0 : Improves readability in all browsers when a link gains keyboard focus and it is hovered over with the mouse. The outline is shown only if the link gains keyboard focus. Source

Typography

abbr[title] {}

• border-bottom: 1px dotted : Addresses styling not present in IE7/8/9, S5, Chrome. By not specifying a border color it defaults to the text color it inherits.

b, strong {}

• font-weight: bold : Addresses style set to 'bolder' in FF3/4, S4/5, Chrome.

blockquote {}

• margin: 1em 40px : Normalize blockquote margins, which differ between modern browsers and IE6/7.

dfn {}

• font-style: italic : Addresses styling not present in S5, Chrome.

mark {}

• background: #ff0; color: #000 : Addresses styling not present in IE6/7/8/9.

pre, code, kbd, samp {}

• font-family: monospace, serif : Allows proper font-size control. Source

• _font-family: 'courier new', serif : Improves poor text-rendering of monospace in IE6.

• font-size: 1em : Set font-size to be equal to ancestor's font-size.

pre {}

• white-space: pre : This value makes the element behave as a pre: all line breaks, tabs and other oddities of the source code are literally followed.

• white-space: pre-wrap : This value behaves as the pre value, except that it adds extra line breaks to prevent the text breaking out of the element's box. But it is not supported by IE6/7, so...

• word-wrap: break-word : ...this property allows long words to be broken and wrap onto the next line in IE6/7.

q {}

• quotes: none : Remove CSS quotes as they are not supported in IE6/7.

q:before, q:after {}

• content: "" : Replace pseudo-element content with an empty string. This is needed because Safari 4 does not support the quotes property, or a none value for the content property, and will otherwise display quotes as generated content in pseudo-elements.

• content: none : Display no pseudo-element content if the browser supports the none value.

small {}

• font-size: 75% :

sub, sup {}

Prevents sub and sup affecting line-height in all browsers. Source

• font-size: 75% : Specified in % so that the sup/sup is the right size relative to the surrounding text.

• line-height: 0 : Zero out the line-height so that it doesn't interfere with the positioning that follows.

• position: relative : Make all browsers position the sup/sup relative to the surrounding text.

• vertical-align: baseline : Set the vertical alignment from the baseline.

sup {}

• top: -0.5em : Move the superscripted text up.

sub {}

• bottom: -0.25em : Move the subscripted text down, but only half as far down as the superscript moved up.

Lists

ul, ol {}

• margin: 1em 0 :

• padding: 0 0 0 40px :

dd {}

• margin: 0 0 0 40px :

nav ul, nav ol {}

• list-style: none :
• list-style-image: none : A fix for an IE7 bug. Using list-style:none alone will not remove list images that are set on ul.

Embedded content

img {}

• border: 0 : Removes border when inside 'a' element in IE6/7/8/9.

• -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic : Improves image quality when scaled in IE7. It is on by default in IE8 and is not implemented in IE6. More info

svg:not(:root) {}

• overflow: hidden : Corrects overflow not being hidden in IE9. Earlier versions of IE don't support SVG, so we can safely use the :not() and :root selectors that modern browsers use in the default UA stylesheets to apply this style. SVG Mailing List discussion

Figures

figure {}

• margin: 0 : Addresses margin not present in IE6/7/8/9, S5, O11.

Forms

form {}

• margin: 0 : Corrects margin displayed oddly in IE6/7.

fieldset {}

• margin: 0 2px :

• padding: 0.35em 0.625em 0.75em :

legend {}

• border: 0 : Corrects color not being inherited in IE6/7/8/9.

• *margin-left: -7px : Corrects alignment displayed oddly in IE6/7.

button, input, select, textarea {}

• font-size: 100% : Corrects font size not being inherited in all browsers.

• margin: 0 : Addresses margins set differently in IE6/7, F3/4, S5, Chrome.

• vertical-align: baseline : Produces best looking alignment in modern browsers.

• *vertical-align: middle : Improves appearance in IE6/7 to more closely match baseline value position in other browsers.

button, input {}

• line-height: normal : Addresses FF3/4 setting line-height using !important in the UA stylesheet.

• *overflow: visible : Corrects inner spacing displayed oddly in IE6/7 (but causes IE6/7 problems for input in table. Corrected by the following rule).

table button, table input {}

• *overflow: auto : IE6/7 has issues with the *overflow: visible fix when the elements are inside a table. The input elements other than those with type of reset, button, and submit will not be completely contained by table cells. This is the only solution that doesn't introduce other significant layout problems or inconsistencies with other browsers. However, it involves reverting back to displaying excess inner padding for these elements in IE6/7 when they are within table.

button, input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"] {}

• cursor: pointer : Improves usability by indicating that an action will be performed. Type image already has pointer cursor, so this also improves consistency between related input types.

• -webkit-appearance: button : Corrects inability to style clickable 'input' types in iOS.

input[type="checkbox"], input[type="radio"] {}

• box-sizing: border-box : Normalizes the box sizing, which is set to content-box in IE8/9 but border-box in all other browsers.
• padding: 0 : Corrects excess space around these inputs in IE8/9 and matches Firefox's UA style sheet setting of padding: 0 !important. However, this does not effect the excess space in IE6/7.

input[type="search"] {}

• -webkit-appearance: textfield : Addresses appearance set to searchfield in Safari 5 and Chrome, without removing the benefits of search inputs (e.g. showing past searches).

  If the -webkit-appearance property value is not changed from searchfield:

  ...in WebKit on OSX/iOS you can't control font, padding, border, and background.

  ...in WebKit on Windows you can't control border properly. It will apply border-width but will only show a border color (which cannot be controlled) for the outer 1px of that border.

• -webkit-box-sizing: content-box : Normalizes the box sizing, which is set to border-box in Safari 5 and Chrome but content-box in all other browsers.

• -moz-box-sizing: content-box : Future-proofing.

• box-sizing: content-box : Future-proofing.

input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {}

• -webkit-appearance: none : Remove excess inner padding that appears in Safari 5 and Chrome on OSX once the search input appearance has been changed to textfield.

button::-moz-focus-inner, input::-moz-focus-inner {}

• border: 0; padding: 0 : Removes inner padding and border from FF3/4.

textarea {}

• overflow: auto : Removes default vertical scrollbar on empty textarea in IE6/7/8/9.

• vertical-align: top : Improves readability and alignment in all browsers when accompanied by label text.

Tables

table {}

• border-collapse: collapse :

• border-spacing: 0 :