|
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| - Linux kernel release 2.6.xx <http://kernel.org/> |
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| - |
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| -These are the release notes for Linux version 2.6. Read them carefully, |
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| -as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the |
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| -kernel, and what to do if something goes wrong. |
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| - |
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| -WHAT IS LINUX? |
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| - |
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| - Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by |
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| - Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across |
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| - the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance. |
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| - |
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| - It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, |
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| - including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand |
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| - loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, |
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| - and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6. |
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| - |
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| - It is distributed under the GNU General Public License - see the |
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| - accompanying COPYING file for more details. |
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| - |
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| -ON WHAT HARDWARE DOES IT RUN? |
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| - |
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| - Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher), |
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| - today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and |
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| - UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, Cell, |
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| - IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64, AXIS CRIS, |
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| - Xtensa, AVR32 and Renesas M32R architectures. |
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| - |
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| - Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures |
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| - as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the |
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| - GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has |
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| - also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although |
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| - functionality is then obviously somewhat limited. |
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| - Linux has also been ported to itself. You can now run the kernel as a |
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| - userspace application - this is called UserMode Linux (UML). |
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| - |
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| -DOCUMENTATION: |
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| - |
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| - - There is a lot of documentation available both in electronic form on |
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| - the Internet and in books, both Linux-specific and pertaining to |
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| - general UNIX questions. I'd recommend looking into the documentation |
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| - subdirectories on any Linux FTP site for the LDP (Linux Documentation |
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| - Project) books. This README is not meant to be documentation on the |
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| - system: there are much better sources available. |
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| - |
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| - - There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory: |
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| - these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some |
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| - drivers for example. See Documentation/00-INDEX for a list of what |
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| - is contained in each file. Please read the Changes file, as it |
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| - contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading |
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| - your kernel. |
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| - |
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| - - The Documentation/DocBook/ subdirectory contains several guides for |
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| - kernel developers and users. These guides can be rendered in a |
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| - number of formats: PostScript (.ps), PDF, HTML, & man-pages, among others. |
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| - After installation, "make psdocs", "make pdfdocs", "make htmldocs", |
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| - or "make mandocs" will render the documentation in the requested format. |
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| - |
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| -INSTALLING the kernel source: |
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| - |
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| - - If you install the full sources, put the kernel tarball in a |
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| - directory where you have permissions (eg. your home directory) and |
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| - unpack it: |
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| - |
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| - gzip -cd linux-2.6.XX.tar.gz | tar xvf - |
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| - |
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| - or |
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| - bzip2 -dc linux-2.6.XX.tar.bz2 | tar xvf - |
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| - |
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| - |
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| - Replace "XX" with the version number of the latest kernel. |
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| - |
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| - Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually |
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| - incomplete) set of kernel headers that are used by the library header |
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| - files. They should match the library, and not get messed up by |
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| - whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be. |
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| - |
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| - - You can also upgrade between 2.6.xx releases by patching. Patches are |
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| - distributed in the traditional gzip and the newer bzip2 format. To |
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| - install by patching, get all the newer patch files, enter the |
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| - top level directory of the kernel source (linux-2.6.xx) and execute: |
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| - |
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| - gzip -cd ../patch-2.6.xx.gz | patch -p1 |
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| - |
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| - or |
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| - bzip2 -dc ../patch-2.6.xx.bz2 | patch -p1 |
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| - |
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| - (repeat xx for all versions bigger than the version of your current |
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| - source tree, _in_order_) and you should be ok. You may want to remove |
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| - the backup files (xxx~ or xxx.orig), and make sure that there are no |
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| - failed patches (xxx# or xxx.rej). If there are, either you or me has |
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| - made a mistake. |
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| - |
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| - Unlike patches for the 2.6.x kernels, patches for the 2.6.x.y kernels |
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| - (also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply |
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| - directly to the base 2.6.x kernel. Please read |
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| - Documentation/applying-patches.txt for more information. |
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| - |
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| - Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this |
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| - process. It determines the current kernel version and applies any |
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| - patches found. |
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| - |
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| - linux/scripts/patch-kernel linux |
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| - |
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| - The first argument in the command above is the location of the |
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| - kernel source. Patches are applied from the current directory, but |
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| - an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument. |
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| - |
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| - - If you are upgrading between releases using the stable series patches |
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| - (for example, patch-2.6.xx.y), note that these "dot-releases" are |
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| - not incremental and must be applied to the 2.6.xx base tree. For |
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| - example, if your base kernel is 2.6.12 and you want to apply the |
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| - 2.6.12.3 patch, you do not and indeed must not first apply the |
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| - 2.6.12.1 and 2.6.12.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel |
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| - version 2.6.12.2 and want to jump to 2.6.12.3, you must first |
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| - reverse the 2.6.12.2 patch (that is, patch -R) _before_ applying |
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| - the 2.6.12.3 patch. |
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| - You can read more on this in Documentation/applying-patches.txt |
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| - |
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| - - Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around: |
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| - |
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| - cd linux |
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| - make mrproper |
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| - |
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| - You should now have the sources correctly installed. |
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| - |
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| -SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS |
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| - |
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| - Compiling and running the 2.6.xx kernels requires up-to-date |
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| - versions of various software packages. Consult |
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| - Documentation/Changes for the minimum version numbers required |
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| - and how to get updates for these packages. Beware that using |
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| - excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect |
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| - errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that |
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| - you can just update packages when obvious problems arise during |
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| - build or operation. |
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| - |
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| -BUILD directory for the kernel: |
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| - |
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| - When compiling the kernel all output files will per default be |
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| - stored together with the kernel source code. |
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| - Using the option "make O=output/dir" allow you to specify an alternate |
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| - place for the output files (including .config). |
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| - Example: |
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| - kernel source code: /usr/src/linux-2.6.N |
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| - build directory: /home/name/build/kernel |
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| - |
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| - To configure and build the kernel use: |
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| - cd /usr/src/linux-2.6.N |
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| - make O=/home/name/build/kernel menuconfig |
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| - make O=/home/name/build/kernel |
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| - sudo make O=/home/name/build/kernel modules_install install |
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| - |
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| - Please note: If the 'O=output/dir' option is used then it must be |
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| - used for all invocations of make. |
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| - |
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| -CONFIGURING the kernel: |
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| - |
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| - Do not skip this step even if you are only upgrading one minor |
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| - version. New configuration options are added in each release, and |
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| - odd problems will turn up if the configuration files are not set up |
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| - as expected. If you want to carry your existing configuration to a |
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| - new version with minimal work, use "make oldconfig", which will |
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| - only ask you for the answers to new questions. |
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| - |
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| - - Alternate configuration commands are: |
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| - "make config" Plain text interface. |
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| - "make menuconfig" Text based color menus, radiolists & dialogs. |
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| - "make xconfig" X windows (Qt) based configuration tool. |
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| - "make gconfig" X windows (Gtk) based configuration tool. |
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| - "make oldconfig" Default all questions based on the contents of |
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| - your existing ./.config file and asking about |
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| - new config symbols. |
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| - "make silentoldconfig" |
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| - Like above, but avoids cluttering the screen |
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| - with questions already answered. |
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| - "make defconfig" Create a ./.config file by using the default |
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| - symbol values from arch/$ARCH/defconfig. |
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| - "make allyesconfig" |
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| - Create a ./.config file by setting symbol |
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| - values to 'y' as much as possible. |
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| - "make allmodconfig" |
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| - Create a ./.config file by setting symbol |
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| - values to 'm' as much as possible. |
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| - "make allnoconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol |
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| - values to 'n' as much as possible. |
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| - "make randconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol |
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| - values to random values. |
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| - |
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| - You can find more information on using the Linux kernel config tools |
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| - in Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.txt. |
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| - |
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| - NOTES on "make config": |
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| - - having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can |
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| - under some circumstances lead to problems: probing for a |
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| - nonexistent controller card may confuse your other controllers |
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| - - compiling the kernel with "Processor type" set higher than 386 |
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| - will result in a kernel that does NOT work on a 386. The |
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| - kernel will detect this on bootup, and give up. |
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| - - A kernel with math-emulation compiled in will still use the |
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| - coprocessor if one is present: the math emulation will just |
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| - never get used in that case. The kernel will be slightly larger, |
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| - but will work on different machines regardless of whether they |
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| - have a math coprocessor or not. |
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| - - the "kernel hacking" configuration details usually result in a |
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| - bigger or slower kernel (or both), and can even make the kernel |
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| - less stable by configuring some routines to actively try to |
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| - break bad code to find kernel problems (kmalloc()). Thus you |
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| - should probably answer 'n' to the questions for |
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| - "development", "experimental", or "debugging" features. |
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| - |
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| -COMPILING the kernel: |
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| - |
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| - - Make sure you have at least gcc 3.2 available. |
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| - For more information, refer to Documentation/Changes. |
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| - |
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| - Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel. |
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| - |
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| - - Do a "make" to create a compressed kernel image. It is also |
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| - possible to do "make install" if you have lilo installed to suit the |
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| - kernel makefiles, but you may want to check your particular lilo setup first. |
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| - |
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| - To do the actual install you have to be root, but none of the normal |
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| - build should require that. Don't take the name of root in vain. |
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| - |
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| - - If you configured any of the parts of the kernel as `modules', you |
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| - will also have to do "make modules_install". |
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| - |
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| - - Verbose kernel compile/build output: |
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| - |
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| - Normally the kernel build system runs in a fairly quiet mode (but not |
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| - totally silent). However, sometimes you or other kernel developers need |
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| - to see compile, link, or other commands exactly as they are executed. |
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| - For this, use "verbose" build mode. This is done by inserting |
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| - "V=1" in the "make" command. E.g.: |
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| - |
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| - make V=1 all |
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| - |
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| - To have the build system also tell the reason for the rebuild of each |
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| - target, use "V=2". The default is "V=0". |
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| - |
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| - - Keep a backup kernel handy in case something goes wrong. This is |
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| - especially true for the development releases, since each new release |
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| - contains new code which has not been debugged. Make sure you keep a |
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| - backup of the modules corresponding to that kernel, as well. If you |
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| - are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your |
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| - working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you |
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| - do a "make modules_install". |
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| - Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option |
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| - "LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version. |
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| - LOCALVERSION can be set in the "General Setup" menu. |
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| - |
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| - - In order to boot your new kernel, you'll need to copy the kernel |
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| - image (e.g. .../linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage after compilation) |
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| - to the place where your regular bootable kernel is found. |
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| - |
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| - - Booting a kernel directly from a floppy without the assistance of a |
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| - bootloader such as LILO, is no longer supported. |
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| - |
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| - If you boot Linux from the hard drive, chances are you use LILO which |
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| - uses the kernel image as specified in the file /etc/lilo.conf. The |
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| - kernel image file is usually /vmlinuz, /boot/vmlinuz, /bzImage or |
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| - /boot/bzImage. To use the new kernel, save a copy of the old image |
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| - and copy the new image over the old one. Then, you MUST RERUN LILO |
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| - to update the loading map!! If you don't, you won't be able to boot |
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| - the new kernel image. |
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| - |
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| - Reinstalling LILO is usually a matter of running /sbin/lilo. |
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| - You may wish to edit /etc/lilo.conf to specify an entry for your |
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| - old kernel image (say, /vmlinux.old) in case the new one does not |
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| - work. See the LILO docs for more information. |
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| - |
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| - After reinstalling LILO, you should be all set. Shutdown the system, |
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| - reboot, and enjoy! |
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| - |
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| - If you ever need to change the default root device, video mode, |
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| - ramdisk size, etc. in the kernel image, use the 'rdev' program (or |
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| - alternatively the LILO boot options when appropriate). No need to |
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| - recompile the kernel to change these parameters. |
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| - |
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| - - Reboot with the new kernel and enjoy. |
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| - |
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| -IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG: |
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| - |
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| - - If you have problems that seem to be due to kernel bugs, please check |
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| - the file MAINTAINERS to see if there is a particular person associated |
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| - with the part of the kernel that you are having trouble with. If there |
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| - isn't anyone listed there, then the second best thing is to mail |
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| - them to me ( [email protected]), and possibly to any other |
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| - relevant mailing-list or to the newsgroup. |
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| - |
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| - - In all bug-reports, *please* tell what kernel you are talking about, |
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| - how to duplicate the problem, and what your setup is (use your common |
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| - sense). If the problem is new, tell me so, and if the problem is |
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| - old, please try to tell me when you first noticed it. |
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| - |
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| - - If the bug results in a message like |
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| - |
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| - unable to handle kernel paging request at address C0000010 |
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| - Oops: 0002 |
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| - EIP: 0010:XXXXXXXX |
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| - eax: xxxxxxxx ebx: xxxxxxxx ecx: xxxxxxxx edx: xxxxxxxx |
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| - esi: xxxxxxxx edi: xxxxxxxx ebp: xxxxxxxx |
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| - ds: xxxx es: xxxx fs: xxxx gs: xxxx |
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| - Pid: xx, process nr: xx |
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| - xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx |
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| - |
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| - or similar kernel debugging information on your screen or in your |
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| - system log, please duplicate it *exactly*. The dump may look |
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| - incomprehensible to you, but it does contain information that may |
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| - help debugging the problem. The text above the dump is also |
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| - important: it tells something about why the kernel dumped code (in |
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| - the above example it's due to a bad kernel pointer). More information |
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| - on making sense of the dump is in Documentation/oops-tracing.txt |
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| - |
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| - - If you compiled the kernel with CONFIG_KALLSYMS you can send the dump |
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| - as is, otherwise you will have to use the "ksymoops" program to make |
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| - sense of the dump (but compiling with CONFIG_KALLSYMS is usually preferred). |
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| - This utility can be downloaded from |
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| - ftp://ftp.<country>.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/ . |
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| - Alternately you can do the dump lookup by hand: |
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| - |
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| - - In debugging dumps like the above, it helps enormously if you can |
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| - look up what the EIP value means. The hex value as such doesn't help |
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| - me or anybody else very much: it will depend on your particular |
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| - kernel setup. What you should do is take the hex value from the EIP |
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| - line (ignore the "0010:"), and look it up in the kernel namelist to |
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| - see which kernel function contains the offending address. |
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| - |
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| - To find out the kernel function name, you'll need to find the system |
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| - binary associated with the kernel that exhibited the symptom. This is |
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| - the file 'linux/vmlinux'. To extract the namelist and match it against |
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| - the EIP from the kernel crash, do: |
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| - |
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| - nm vmlinux | sort | less |
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| - |
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| - This will give you a list of kernel addresses sorted in ascending |
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| - order, from which it is simple to find the function that contains the |
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| - offending address. Note that the address given by the kernel |
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| - debugging messages will not necessarily match exactly with the |
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| - function addresses (in fact, that is very unlikely), so you can't |
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| - just 'grep' the list: the list will, however, give you the starting |
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| - point of each kernel function, so by looking for the function that |
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| - has a starting address lower than the one you are searching for but |
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| - is followed by a function with a higher address you will find the one |
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| - you want. In fact, it may be a good idea to include a bit of |
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| - "context" in your problem report, giving a few lines around the |
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| - interesting one. |
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| - |
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| - If you for some reason cannot do the above (you have a pre-compiled |
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| - kernel image or similar), telling me as much about your setup as |
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| - possible will help. Please read the REPORTING-BUGS document for details. |
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| - |
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| - - Alternately, you can use gdb on a running kernel. (read-only; i.e. you |
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| - cannot change values or set break points.) To do this, first compile the |
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| - kernel with -g; edit arch/i386/Makefile appropriately, then do a "make |
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| - clean". You'll also need to enable CONFIG_PROC_FS (via "make config"). |
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| - |
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| - After you've rebooted with the new kernel, do "gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore". |
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| - You can now use all the usual gdb commands. The command to look up the |
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| - point where your system crashed is "l *0xXXXXXXXX". (Replace the XXXes |
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| - with the EIP value.) |
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| - |
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| - gdb'ing a non-running kernel currently fails because gdb (wrongly) |
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| - disregards the starting offset for which the kernel is compiled. |
| 1 | +Компиляция: |
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| 3 | +make -j3 ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=/путь до ndk/build/prebuilt/linux-x86/arm-eabi-4.4.0/bin/arm-eabi- |
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