ScoreRater1.0

Introducing the Score Rater Program

The Score Rater program comments on a player’s score using an if statement.

Understanding Truth

Truth is black and white, at least as far as C++ is concerned. You can represent true and false with their corresponding keywords, true and false. You can store such a Boolean value with a bool variable, as you saw in Chapter 1. Here’s a quick refresher:

bool fact = true, fiction = false;

This code creates two bool variables, fact and fiction. fact is true and fiction is false. Although the keywords true and false are handy, any expression or value can be interpreted as true or false, too. Any non-zero value can be interpreted as true, while 0 can be interpreted as false.

A common kind of expression interpreted as true or false involves comparing things. Comparisons are often made by using built-in relational operators. Table 2.1 lists the operators and a few sample expressions.

Table 2.1 - Relational Operators

Operator	Meaning	Sample Expression	Evaluates To
==	equal to	5 == 5 5 == 8	true false
!=	not equal to	5 != 8 5 != 5	true false
>	greater than	8 > 5 5 > 8	true false
<	less than	5 < 8 8 < 5	true false
>=	greater than or equal to	8 >= 5 5 >= 8	true false
<=	less than or equal to	5 <= 8 8 <= 8	true false

Using the if Statement

Okay, it’s time to put the concepts of true and false to work. You can use an if statement to test an expression for truth and execute some code based on it. Here’s a simple form of the if statement:

if (expression) 
    statement;

If expression is true, then statement is executed. Otherwise, statement is skipped and the program branches to the statement after the if suite.

Hint

Whenever you see a generic statement like in the preceding code example, you can replace it with a single statement or a block of statements because a block is treated as a single unit.

Testing true and false

In the first if statement I test true. Because true is, well, true, the program displays the message, “This is always displayed.”

if (true) {
    cout << "This is always displayed.\n\n"; 
}

In the next if statement I test false. Because false isn’t true, the program doesn’t display the message, “This is never displayed.”

if (false) {
    cout << "This is always displayed.\n\n"; 
}

Trap

Notice that you don’t use a semicolon after the closing parenthesis of the expression you test in an if statement. If you were to do this, you’d create an empty statement that would be paired with the if statement, essentially rendering the if statement useless. Here’s an example:

if (false); {
    cout << "This is never displayed.\n\n"; 
}

By adding the semicolon after (false), I create an empty statement that’s associated with the if statement. The preceding code is equivalent to:

if (false); 
// an empty statement, which does nothing
{
    cout << "This is never displayed.\n\n";
}

All I’ve done is play with the whitespace, which doesn’t change the meaning of the code. Now the problem should be clear. The if statement sees the false value and skips the next statement (the empty statement). Then the program goes on its merry way to the statement after the if statement, which displays the message, “This is never displayed.” Be on guard for this error. It’s an easy one to make and because it’s not illegal, it won’t produce a compile error.

Interpreting a Value as true or false

You can interpret any value as true or false. Any non-zero value can be interpreted as true, while 0 can be interpreted as false. I put this to the test in the next if statement:

if (score) 
{
    cout << "At least you didn’t score zero.\n\n"; 
}

score is 1000, so it’s non-zero and interpreted as true. As a result, the message, “Okay, at least you didn’t score zero,” is displayed.

Using Relational Operators

Probably the most common expression you’ll use with if statements involves comparing values using the relational operators. That’s just what I’ll demon- strate next. I test to see whether the score is greater than or equal to 250.

if (score >= 250)
{
    cout << "You scored 250 or more. Decent.\n\n"; 
}

Because score is 1000, the block is executed, displaying the message that the player earned a decent score. If score had been less than 1000, the block would have been skipped and the program would have continued with the statement following the block.

Trap

The equal to relational operator is == (two equal signs in a row). Don’t confuse it with = (one equal sign), which is the assignment operator. While it’s not illegal to use the assignment operator instead of the equal to relational operator, the results might not be what you expect. Take a look at this code:

int score = 500;
if (score = 1000)
{
    cout << " You scored 1000 or more. Impressive!\n"; 
}

As a result of this code, score is set to 1000 and the message, “You scored 1000 or more. Impressive!” is displayed. Here’s what happens: Although score is 500 before the if statement, that changes. When the expression of the if statement, (score = 1000), is evaluated, score is assigned 1000. The assignment statement evaluates to 1000, and because that’s a non-zero value, the expression is interpreted as true. As a result, the string is displayed. Be on guard for this type of mistake. It’s easy to make and in some cases (like this one), it won’t cause a compile error.

Nesting if Statements

An if statement can cause a program to execute a statement or block of statements, including other if statements. When you write one if statement inside another, it’s called nesting. In the following code, the if statement that begins if (score >= 1000) is nested inside the if statement that begins if (score > 500).

if (score >= 500)
{
    cout << "You scored 500 or more. Nice.\n\n";

    if (score >= 1000) 
    {
        cout << "You scored 1000 or more. Impressive!\n";
    }
}

Because score is greater than 500, the program enters the statement block and displays the message, “You scored 500 or more. Nice.” Then, in the inner if statement, the program compares score to 1000. Because score is greater than or equal to 1000, the program displays the message, “You scored 1000 or more. Impressive!”

Hint

You can nest as many levels as you want. However, if you nest code too deeply, it gets hard to read. In general, you should try to limit your nesting to a few levels at most.

Using the else Clause

You can add an else clause to an if statement to provide code that will only be executed if the tested expression is false. Here’s the form of an if statement that includes an else clause:

if (expression) 
    statement1;
else 
    statement2;

If expression is true, statement1 is executed. Then the program skips statement2 and executes the statement following the if suite. If expression is false, statement1 is skipped and statement2 is executed. After statement2 completes, the program executes the statement following the if suite.

Code

// Score Rater
// Demonstrates the if statement

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

	int score = 1000;

	if (true) {
		cout << "This is always displayed.\n\n";
	}

	if (false) {
		cout << "This is never displayed.\n\n";
	}

	if (score) {
		cout << "At least you didn't score zero.\n\n";
	}

	if (score >= 250) {
		cout << "You score 250 or more. Decent. \n\n";
	}

	if (score >= 500) {
		cout << "You scored 500 or more. Nice. \n\n";

		if (score >= 1000) {
			cout << "You scored 1000 or more. Impressive!\n";
		}
	} 

	return 0;
}

Output

This is always displayed.

At least you didn't score zero.

You score 250 or more. Decent.

You scored 500 or more. Nice.

You scored 1000 or more. Impressive!