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stdlib

Table of Contents

  1. Overview
  2. Module Description - What the module does and why it is useful
  3. Setup - The basics of getting started with stdlib
  4. Usage - Configuration options and additional functionality
  5. Reference - An under-the-hood peek at what the module is doing and how
  6. Limitations - OS compatibility, etc.
  7. Development - Guide for contributing to the module

Overview

Adds a standard library of resources for Puppet modules.

Module Description

This module provides a standard library of resources for the development of Puppet modules. Puppet modules make heavy use of this standard library. The stdlib module adds the following resources to Puppet:

  • Stages
  • Facts
  • Functions
  • Defined resource types
  • Data Types
  • Providers

Note: As of version 3.7, Puppet Enterprise no longer includes the stdlib module. If you're running Puppet Enterprise, you should install the most recent release of stdlib for compatibility with Puppet modules.

Setup

Installing the stdlib module adds the functions, facts, and resources of this standard library to Puppet.

Usage

After you've installed stdlib, all of its functions, facts, and resources are available for module use or development.

If you want to use a standardized set of run stages for Puppet, include stdlib in your manifest.

  • stdlib: Most of stdlib's features are automatically loaded by Puppet. To use standardized run stages in Puppet, declare this class in your manifest with include stdlib.

    When declared, stdlib declares all other classes in the module. The only other class currently included in the module is stdlib::stages.

The stdlib::stages class declares various run stages for deploying infrastructure, language runtimes, and application layers. The high level stages are (in order):

  • setup
  • main
  • runtime
  • setup_infra
  • deploy_infra
  • setup_app
  • deploy_app
  • deploy

Sample usage:

node default {
  include stdlib
  class { java: stage => 'runtime' }
}

Reference

Classes

Public Classes

The stdlib class has no parameters.

Private Classes

  • stdlib::stages: Manages a standard set of run stages for Puppet. It is managed by the stdlib class and should not be declared independently.

Resource Types

file_line

Ensures that a given line is contained within a file. The implementation matches the full line, including whitespace at the beginning and end. If the line is not contained in the given file, Puppet appends the line to the end of the file to ensure the desired state. Multiple resources can be declared to manage multiple lines in the same file.

Example:

file_line { 'sudo_rule':
  path => '/etc/sudoers',
  line => '%sudo ALL=(ALL) ALL',
}

file_line { 'sudo_rule_nopw':
  path => '/etc/sudoers',
  line => '%sudonopw ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL',
}

In this example, Puppet ensures that both of the specified lines are contained in the file /etc/sudoers.

Match Example:

file_line { 'bashrc_proxy':
  ensure => present,
  path   => '/etc/bashrc',
  line   => 'export HTTP_PROXY=http://squid.puppetlabs.vm:3128',
  match  => '^export\ HTTP_PROXY\=',
}

In this code example, match looks for a line beginning with export followed by HTTP_PROXY and replaces it with the value in line.

Match Example With ensure => absent:

file_line { 'bashrc_proxy':
  ensure            => absent,
  path              => '/etc/bashrc',
  line              => 'export HTTP_PROXY=http://squid.puppetlabs.vm:3128',
  match             => '^export\ HTTP_PROXY\=',
  match_for_absence => true,
}

In this code example, match looks for a line beginning with export followed by HTTP_PROXY and delete it. If multiple lines match, an error will be raised unless the multiple => true parameter is set.

Autorequires: If Puppet is managing the file that contains the line being managed, the file_line resource autorequires that file.

Parameters

All parameters are optional, unless otherwise noted.

  • after: Specifies the line after which Puppet adds any new lines using a regular expression. (Existing lines are added in place.) Valid options: String containing a regex. Default: Undefined.
  • ensure: Ensures whether the resource is present. Valid options: 'present', 'absent'. Default: 'present'.
  • line: Required. Sets the line to be added to the file located by the path parameter. Valid options: String. Default: Undefined.
  • match: Specifies a regular expression to run against existing lines in the file; if a match is found, it is replaced rather than adding a new line. A regex comparison is performed against the line value, and if it does not match, an exception is raised. Valid options: String containing a regex. Default: Undefined.
  • match_for_absence: An optional value to determine if match should be applied when ensure => absent. If set to true and match is set, the line that matches match will be deleted. If set to false (the default), match is ignored when ensure => absent and the value of line is used instead. Ignored when ensure => present. Default: false.
  • multiple: Determines if match and/or after can change multiple lines. If set to false, an exception will be raised if more than one line matches. Valid options: 'true', 'false'. Default: Undefined.
  • name: Sets the name to use as the identity of the resource. This is necessary if you want the resource namevar to differ from the supplied title of the resource. Valid options: String. Default: Undefined.
  • path: Required. Defines the file in which Puppet will ensure the line specified by line. Must be an absolute path to the file.
  • replace: Defines whether the resource will overwrite an existing line that matches the match parameter. If set to false and a line is found matching the match param, the line will not be placed in the file. Valid options: true, false, yes, no. Default: true

Data Types

Stdlib::Absolutepath

A strict absolute path type. Uses a Variant of Unixpath and Windowspath types.

Acceptable input examples: /var/log /usr2/username/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:. C:\WINDOWS\System32 Unacceptable input example: ../relative_path

Stdlib::Httpsurl

Matches https URLs.

Acceptable input example: https://hello.com Unacceptable input example: httds://notquiteright.org

Stdlib::Httpurl

Matches both https and http URLs.

Acceptable input example: https://hello.com http://hello.com Unacceptable input example: httds://notquiteright.org

Stdlib::Unixpath

Matches paths on Unix type Operating Systems.

Acceptable input example: /usr2/username/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:. /var/tmp Unacceptable input example: C:/whatever

Stdlib::Windowspath

Matches paths on Windows Operating systems.

Acceptable input example: C:\WINDOWS\System32 C:\ \\host\windows Unacceptable input example: /usr2/username/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:.

Functions

abs

Returns the absolute value of a number; for example, '-34.56' becomes '34.56'. Takes a single integer and float value as an argument. Type: rvalue.

any2array

Converts any object to an array containing that object. Empty argument lists are converted to an empty array. Arrays are left untouched. Hashes are converted to arrays of alternating keys and values. Type: rvalue.

base64

Converts a string to and from base64 encoding. Requires an action ('encode', 'decode') and either a plain or base64-encoded string, and an optional method ('default', 'strict', 'urlsafe')

For backward compatibility, method will be set as default if not specified.

Examples:

base64('encode', 'hello')
base64('encode', 'hello', 'default')
# return: "aGVsbG8=\n"

base64('encode', 'hello', 'strict')
# return: "aGVsbG8="

base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=')
base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=\n')
base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=', 'default')
base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=\n', 'default')
base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=', 'strict')
# return: "hello"

base64('encode', 'https://puppetlabs.com', 'urlsafe')
# return: "aHR0cHM6Ly9wdXBwZXRsYWJzLmNvbQ=="

base64('decode', 'aHR0cHM6Ly9wdXBwZXRsYWJzLmNvbQ==', 'urlsafe')
# return: "https://puppetlabs.com"

Type: rvalue.

basename

Returns the basename of a path (optionally stripping an extension). For example:

  • ('/path/to/a/file.ext') returns 'file.ext'
  • ('relative/path/file.ext') returns 'file.ext'
  • ('/path/to/a/file.ext', '.ext') returns 'file'

Type: rvalue.

bool2num

Converts a boolean to a number. Converts values:

  • 'false', 'f', '0', 'n', and 'no' to 0.
  • 'true', 't', '1', 'y', and 'yes' to 1. Requires a single boolean or string as an input. Type: rvalue.

bool2str

Converts a boolean to a string using optionally supplied arguments. The optional second and third arguments represent what true and false are converted to respectively. If only one argument is given, it is converted from a boolean to a string containing 'true' or 'false'.

Examples:

bool2str(true)                    => 'true'
bool2str(true, 'yes', 'no')       => 'yes'
bool2str(false, 't', 'f')         => 'f'

Requires a single boolean as input. Type: rvalue.

capitalize

Capitalizes the first character of a string or array of strings and lowercases the remaining characters of each string. Requires either a single string or an array as an input. Type: rvalue.

ceiling

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the argument. Takes a single numeric value as an argument. Type: rvalue.

chomp

Removes the record separator from the end of a string or an array of strings; for example, 'hello\n' becomes 'hello'. Requires a single string or array as an input. Type: rvalue.

chop

Returns a new string with the last character removed. If the string ends with '\r\n', both characters are removed. Applying chop to an empty string returns an empty string. If you want to merely remove record separators, then you should use the chomp function. Requires a string or an array of strings as input. Type: rvalue.

clamp

Keeps value within the range [Min, X, Max] by sort based on integer value (order of params doesn't matter). Takes strings, arrays or numerics. Strings are converted and compared numerically. Arrays of values are flattened into a list for further handling. For example:

  • clamp('24', [575, 187]) returns 187.
  • clamp(16, 88, 661) returns 88.
  • clamp([4, 3, '99']) returns 4. Type: rvalue.

concat

Appends the contents of multiple arrays onto the first array given. For example:

  • concat(['1','2','3'],'4') returns ['1','2','3','4'].
  • concat(['1','2','3'],'4',['5','6','7']) returns ['1','2','3','4','5','6','7']. Type: rvalue.

convert_base

Converts a given integer or base 10 string representing an integer to a specified base, as a string. For example:

  • convert_base(5, 2) results in: '101'
  • convert_base('254', '16') results in: 'fe'

count

If called with only an array, it counts the number of elements that are not nil/undef. If called with a second argument, counts the number of elements in an array that matches the second argument. Type: rvalue.

deep_merge

Recursively merges two or more hashes together and returns the resulting hash. $hash1 = {'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => { 'four' => 4 } } $hash2 = {'two' => 'dos', 'three' => { 'five' => 5 } } $merged_hash = deep_merge($hash1, $hash2)

The resulting hash is equivalent to: $merged_hash = { 'one' => 1, 'two' => 'dos', 'three' => { 'four' => 4, 'five' => 5 } }

When there is a duplicate key that is a hash, they are recursively merged. When there is a duplicate key that is not a hash, the key in the rightmost hash will "win.". Type: rvalue, rvalue.

defined_with_params

Takes a resource reference and an optional hash of attributes. Returns 'true' if a resource with the specified attributes has already been added to the catalog. Returns 'false' otherwise.

user { 'dan':
  ensure => present,
}

if ! defined_with_params(User[dan], {'ensure' => 'present' }) {
  user { 'dan': ensure => present, }
}

Type: rvalue.

delete

Deletes all instances of a given element from an array, substring from a string, or key from a hash.

For example, delete(['a','b','c','b'], 'b') returns ['a','c']; delete('abracadabra', 'bra') returns 'acada'. delete({'a' => 1,'b' => 2,'c' => 3},['b','c']) returns {'a'=> 1}, delete(['ab', 'b'], 'b') returns ['ab'].

Type: rvalue.

delete_at

Deletes a determined indexed value from an array. For example, delete_at(['a','b','c'], 1) returns ['a','c']. Type: rvalue.

delete_regex

Deletes all instances of a given element from an array or hash that match a provided regular expression. A string will be treated as a one-item array.

For example, delete_regex(['a','b','c','b'], 'b') returns ['a','c']; delete_regex({'a' => 1,'b' => 2,'c' => 3},['b','c']) returns {'a'=> 1}, delete_regex(['abf', 'ab', 'ac'], '^ab.*') returns ['ac']. delete_regex(['ab', 'b'], 'b') returns ['ab'].

Type: rvalue.

delete_values

Deletes all instances of a given value from a hash. For example, delete_values({'a'=>'A','b'=>'B','c'=>'C','B'=>'D'}, 'B') returns {'a'=>'A','c'=>'C','B'=>'D'} Type: rvalue.

delete_undef_values

Deletes all instances of the undef value from an array or hash. For example, $hash = delete_undef_values({a=>'A', b=>'', c=>undef, d => false}) returns {a => 'A', b => '', d => false}. Type: rvalue.

deprecation

Prints deprecation warnings and logs a warning once for a given key:

deprecation(key, message)
  • key: to keep the number of messages low, during the lifetime of a puppet process, only one message per key is logged.
  • message: the text to be logged.

The Puppet settings 'disable_warnings', 'max_deprecations', and 'strict' affect this function. Set 'strict' to error to fail immediately with the deprecation message, off to output emit no messages at all, or warning (default) to log all warnings.

Additionally you can set the environment variable STDLIB_LOG_DEPRECATIONS to decide whether or not to log deprecation warnings: if this environment variable is set to true, the functions log a warning, if it is set to false, no warnings are logged. If no value is set at all, Puppet 4 will emit warnings, while Puppet 3 will not. Using this setting is especially useful for automated tests to avoid flooding your logs before you are ready to migrate.

Type: String, String.

difference

Returns the difference between two arrays. The returned array is a copy of the original array, removing any items that also appear in the second array. For example, difference(["a","b","c"],["b","c","d"]) returns ["a"]. Type: rvalue.

dig

DEPRECATED: This function has been replaced in Puppet 4.5.0, use dig44() for backwards compatibility or use the new version.

Type: rvalue.

Retrieves a value within multiple layers of hashes and arrays via an array of keys containing a path. The function goes through the structure by each path component and tries to return the value at the end of the path.

In addition to the required path argument, the function accepts the default argument. It is returned if the path is not correct, if no value was found, or if any other error has occurred.

$data = {
  'a' => {
    'b' => [
      'b1',
      'b2',
      'b3',
    ]
  }
}

$value = dig($data, ['a', 'b', 2])
# $value = 'b3'

# with all possible options
$value = dig($data, ['a', 'b', 2], 'not_found')
# $value = 'b3'

# using the default value
$value = dig($data, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'not_found')
# $value = 'not_found'
  1. $data The data structure we are working with.
  2. ['a', 'b', 2] The path array.
  3. 'not_found' The default value. It will be returned if nothing is found. (optional, defaults to undef)

dig44

Type: rvalue.

Retrieves a value within multiple layers of hashes and arrays via an array of keys containing a path. The function goes through the structure by each path component and tries to return the value at the end of the path.

In addition to the required path argument, the function accepts the default argument. It is returned if the path is not correct, if no value was found, or if any other error has occurred.

$data = {
  'a' => {
    'b' => [
      'b1',
      'b2',
      'b3',
    ]
  }
}

$value = dig44($data, ['a', 'b', 2])
# $value = 'b3'

# with all possible options
$value = dig44($data, ['a', 'b', 2], 'not_found')
# $value = 'b3'

# using the default value
$value = dig44($data, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'not_found')
# $value = 'not_found'
  1. $data The data structure we are working with.
  2. ['a', 'b', 2] The path array.
  3. 'not_found' The default value. It will be returned if nothing is found. (optional, defaults to undef)

dirname

Returns the dirname of a path. For example, dirname('/path/to/a/file.ext') returns '/path/to/a'. Type: rvalue.

dos2unix

Returns the Unix version of the given string. Very useful when using a File resource with a cross-platform template. Type: rvalue.

file{$config_file:
  ensure  => file,
  content => dos2unix(template('my_module/settings.conf.erb')),
}

See also unix2dos.

downcase

Converts the case of a string or of all strings in an array to lowercase. Type: rvalue.

empty

Returns true if the argument is an array or hash that contains no elements, or an empty string. Returns false when the argument is a numerical value. Type: rvalue.

enclose_ipv6

Takes an array of ip addresses and encloses the ipv6 addresses with square brackets. Type: rvalue.

ensure_packages

Takes a list of packages array/hash and only installs them if they don't already exist. It optionally takes a hash as a second parameter to be passed as the third argument to the ensure_resource() or ensure_resources() function. Type: statement.

For Array:

ensure_packages(['ksh','openssl'], {'ensure' => 'present'})

For Hash:

ensure_packages({'ksh' => { ensure => '20120801-1' } ,  'mypackage' => { source => '/tmp/myrpm-1.0.0.x86_64.rpm', provider => "rpm" }}, {'ensure' => 'present'})

ensure_resource

Takes a resource type, title, and a hash of attributes that describe the resource(s).

user { 'dan':
  ensure => present,
}

This example only creates the resource if it does not already exist:

ensure_resource('user', 'dan', {'ensure' => 'present' })

If the resource already exists, but does not match the specified parameters, this function attempts to recreate the resource, leading to a duplicate resource definition error.

An array of resources can also be passed in, and each will be created with the type and parameters specified if it doesn't already exist.

ensure_resource('user', ['dan','alex'], {'ensure' => 'present'})

Type: statement.

ensure_resources

Takes a resource type, title (only hash), and a hash of attributes that describe the resource(s).

user { 'dan':
  gid => 'mygroup',
  ensure => present,
}

ensure_resources($user)

An hash of resources should be passed in and each will be created with the type and parameters specified if it doesn't already exist:

ensure_resources('user', {'dan' => { gid => 'mygroup', uid => '600' } ,  'alex' => { gid => 'mygroup' }}, {'ensure' => 'present'})

From Hiera Backend:

userlist:
  dan:
    gid: 'mygroup'
    uid: '600'
  alex:
    gid: 'mygroup'

ensure_resources('user', hiera_hash('userlist'), {'ensure' => 'present'})

flatten

Flattens deeply nested arrays and returns a single flat array as a result. For example, flatten(['a', ['b', ['c']]]) returns ['a','b','c']. Type: rvalue.

floor

Takes a single numeric value as an argument, and returns the largest integer less than or equal to the argument. Type: rvalue.

fqdn_rand_string

Generates a random alphanumeric string using an optionally-specified character set (default is alphanumeric), combining the $fqdn fact and an optional seed for repeatable randomness.

Usage:

fqdn_rand_string(LENGTH, [CHARSET], [SEED])

Examples:

fqdn_rand_string(10)
fqdn_rand_string(10, 'ABCDEF!@#$%^')
fqdn_rand_string(10, '', 'custom seed')

Type: rvalue.

fqdn_rotate

Rotates an array or string a random number of times, combining the $fqdn fact and an optional seed for repeatable randomness.

Usage:

fqdn_rotate(VALUE, [SEED])

Examples:

fqdn_rotate(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
fqdn_rotate('abcd')
fqdn_rotate([1, 2, 3], 'custom seed')

Type: rvalue.

get_module_path

Returns the absolute path of the specified module for the current environment.

$module_path = get_module_path('stdlib')

Type: rvalue.

getparam

Takes a resource reference and the name of the parameter, and returns the value of the resource's parameter.

For example, the following returns 'param_value':

define example_resource($param) {
}

example_resource { "example_resource_instance":
  param => "param_value"
}

getparam(Example_resource["example_resource_instance"], "param")

Type: rvalue.

getvar

Looks up a variable in a remote namespace.

For example:

$foo = getvar('site::data::foo')
# Equivalent to $foo = $site::data::foo

This is useful if the namespace itself is stored in a string:

$datalocation = 'site::data'
$bar = getvar("${datalocation}::bar")
# Equivalent to $bar = $site::data::bar

Type: rvalue.

grep

Searches through an array and returns any elements that match the provided regular expression. For example, grep(['aaa','bbb','ccc','aaaddd'], 'aaa') returns ['aaa','aaaddd']. Type: rvalue.

has_interface_with

Returns a boolean based on kind and value:

  • macaddress
  • netmask
  • ipaddress
  • network

Examples:

has_interface_with("macaddress", "x:x:x:x:x:x")
has_interface_with("ipaddress", "127.0.0.1")    => true

If no kind is given, then the presence of the interface is checked:

has_interface_with("lo")                        => true

Type: rvalue.

has_ip_address

Returns 'true' if the client has the requested IP address on some interface. This function iterates through the interfaces fact and checks the ipaddress_IFACE facts, performing a simple string comparison. Type: rvalue.

has_ip_network

Returns 'true' if the client has an IP address within the requested network. This function iterates through the interfaces fact and checks the network_IFACE facts, performing a simple string comparision. Type: rvalue.

has_key

Determines if a hash has a certain key value.

Example:

$my_hash = {'key_one' => 'value_one'}
if has_key($my_hash, 'key_two') {
  notice('we will not reach here')
}
if has_key($my_hash, 'key_one') {
  notice('this will be printed')
}

Type: rvalue.

hash

Converts an array into a hash. For example, hash(['a',1,'b',2,'c',3]) returns {'a'=>1,'b'=>2,'c'=>3}. Type: rvalue.

intersection

Returns an array an intersection of two. For example, intersection(["a","b","c"],["b","c","d"]) returns ["b","c"]. Type: rvalue.

is_a

Boolean check to determine whether a variable is of a given data type. This is equivalent to the =~ type checks. This function is available only in Puppet 4 or in Puppet 3 with the "future" parser.

foo = 3
$bar = [1,2,3]
$baz = 'A string!'

if $foo.is_a(Integer) {
  notify  { 'foo!': }
}
if $bar.is_a(Array) {
  notify { 'bar!': }
}
if $baz.is_a(String) {
  notify { 'baz!': }
}

See the the Puppet type system for more information about types. See the assert_type() function for flexible ways to assert the type of a value.

is_absolute_path

Returns 'true' if the given path is absolute. Type: rvalue.

is_array

Returns 'true' if the variable passed to this function is an array. Type: rvalue.

is_bool

Returns 'true' if the variable passed to this function is a boolean. Type: rvalue.

is_domain_name

Returns 'true' if the string passed to this function is a syntactically correct domain name. Type: rvalue.

is_float

Returns 'true' if the variable passed to this function is a float. Type: rvalue.

is_function_available

Accepts a string as an argument and determines whether the Puppet runtime has access to a function by that name. It returns 'true' if the function exists, 'false' if not. Type: rvalue.

is_hash

Returns 'true' if the variable passed to this function is a hash. Type: rvalue.

is_integer

Returns 'true' if the variable returned to this string is an integer. Type: rvalue.

is_ip_address

Returns 'true' if the string passed to this function is a valid IP address. Type: rvalue.

is_ipv6_address

Returns 'true' if the string passed to this function is a valid IPv6 address. Type: rvalue.

is_ipv4_address

Returns 'true' if the string passed to this function is a valid IPv4 address. Type: rvalue.

is_mac_address

Returns 'true' if the string passed to this function is a valid MAC address. Type: rvalue.

is_numeric

Returns 'true' if the variable passed to this function is a number. Type: rvalue.

is_string

Returns 'true' if the variable passed to this function is a string. Type: rvalue.

join

Joins an array into a string using a separator. For example, join(['a','b','c'], ",") results in: "a,b,c". Type: rvalue.

join_keys_to_values

Joins each key of a hash to that key's corresponding value with a separator. Keys are cast to strings. If values are arrays, multiple keys are added for each element. The return value is an array in which each element is one joined key/value pair. For example, join_keys_to_values({'a'=>1,'b'=>[2,3]}, " is ") results in ["a is 1","b is 2","b is 3"]. Type: rvalue.

keys

Returns the keys of a hash as an array. Type: rvalue.

loadyaml

Loads a YAML file containing an array, string, or hash, and returns the data in the corresponding native data type.

For example:

$myhash = loadyaml('/etc/puppet/data/myhash.yaml')

The second parameter will be returned if the file was not found or could not be parsed.

For example:

$myhash = loadyaml('no-file.yaml', {'default'=>'value'})

Type: rvalue.

loadjson

Loads a JSON file containing an array, string, or hash, and returns the data in the corresponding native data type.

For example:

$myhash = loadjson('/etc/puppet/data/myhash.json')

The second parameter will be returned if the file was not found or could not be parsed.

For example:

$myhash = loadjson('no-file.json', {'default'=>'value'})

Type: rvalue.

load_module_metadata

Loads the metadata.json of a target module. Can be used to determine module version and authorship for dynamic support of modules.

$metadata = load_module_metadata('archive')
notify { $metadata['author']: }

If you do not want to fail the catalog compilation when a module's metadata file is absent:

$metadata = load_module_metadata('mysql', true)
if empty($metadata) {
  notify { "This module does not have a metadata.json file.": }
}

Type: rvalue.

lstrip

Strips spaces to the left of a string. Type: rvalue.

max

Returns the highest value of all arguments. Requires at least one argument. Type: rvalue.

member

This function determines if a variable is a member of an array. The variable can be either a string, array, or fixnum. For example, member(['a','b'], 'b') and member(['a','b','c'], ['b','c']) return 'true', while member(['a','b'], 'c') and member(['a','b','c'], ['c','d']) return 'false'. Note: This function does not support nested arrays. If the first argument contains nested arrays, it will not recurse through them.

Type: rvalue.

merge

Merges two or more hashes together and returns the resulting hash.

Example:

$hash1 = {'one' => 1, 'two' => 2}
$hash2 = {'two' => 'dos', 'three' => 'tres'}
$merged_hash = merge($hash1, $hash2)
# The resulting hash is equivalent to:
# $merged_hash =  {'one' => 1, 'two' => 'dos', 'three' => 'tres'}

When there is a duplicate key, the key in the rightmost hash "wins." Type: rvalue.

min

Returns the lowest value of all arguments. Requires at least one argument. Type: rvalue.

num2bool

Converts a number or a string representation of a number into a true boolean. Zero or anything non-numeric becomes 'false'. Numbers greater than 0 become 'true'. Type: rvalue.

parsejson

Converts a string of JSON into the correct Puppet structure. Type: rvalue. The optional second argument is returned if the data was not correct.

parseyaml

Converts a string of YAML into the correct Puppet structure. Type: rvalue. The optional second argument is returned if the data was not correct.

pick

From a list of values, returns the first value that is not undefined or an empty string. Takes any number of arguments, and raises an error if all values are undefined or empty.

$real_jenkins_version = pick($::jenkins_version, '1.449')

Type: rvalue.

pick_default

Returns the first value in a list of values. Contrary to the pick() function, the pick_default() does not fail if all arguments are empty. This allows it to use an empty value as default. Type: rvalue.

prefix

Applies a prefix to all elements in an array, or to the keys in a hash. For example:

  • prefix(['a','b','c'], 'p') returns ['pa','pb','pc']
  • prefix({'a'=>'b','b'=>'c','c'=>'d'}, 'p') returns {'pa'=>'b','pb'=>'c','pc'=>'d'}.

Type: rvalue.

assert_private

Sets the current class or definition as private. Calling the class or definition from outside the current module will fail.

For example, assert_private() called in class foo::bar outputs the following message if class is called from outside module foo:

Class foo::bar is private

To specify the error message you want to use:

assert_private("You're not supposed to do that!")

Type: statement.

pw_hash

Hashes a password using the crypt function. Provides a hash usable on most POSIX systems.

The first argument to this function is the password to hash. If it is undef or an empty string, this function returns undef.

The second argument to this function is which type of hash to use. It will be converted into the appropriate crypt(3) hash specifier. Valid hash types are:

Hash type Specifier
MD5 1
SHA-256 5
SHA-512 (recommended) 6

The third argument to this function is the salt to use.

Type: rvalue.

Note: this uses the Puppet master's implementation of crypt(3). If your environment contains several different operating systems, ensure that they are compatible before using this function.

range

Extrapolates a range as an array when given in the form of '(start, stop)'. For example, range("0", "9") returns [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Zero-padded strings are converted to integers automatically, so range("00", "09") returns [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].

Non-integer strings are accepted; range("a", "c") returns ["a","b","c"], and range("host01", "host10") returns ["host01", "host02", ..., "host09", "host10"]. NB Be explicit in including trailing zeros. Otherwise the underlying ruby function will fail.

Passing a third argument will cause the generated range to step by that interval, e.g. range("0", "9", "2") returns ["0","2","4","6","8"].

Type: rvalue.

regexpescape

Regexp escape a string or array of strings. Requires either a single string or an array as an input. Type: rvalue.

reject

Searches through an array and rejects all elements that match the provided regular expression. For example, reject(['aaa','bbb','ccc','aaaddd'], 'aaa') returns ['bbb','ccc']. Type: rvalue.

reverse

Reverses the order of a string or array. Type: rvalue.

rstrip

Strips spaces to the right of the string. Type: rvalue.

seeded_rand

Takes an integer max value and a string seed value and returns a repeatable random integer smaller than max. Like fqdn_rand, but does not add node specific data to the seed. Type: rvalue.

shell_escape

Escapes a string so that it can be safely used in a Bourne shell command line. Note that the resulting string should be used unquoted and is not intended for use in double quotes nor in single quotes. This function behaves the same as ruby's Shellwords.shellescape() function, also see the ruby documentation.

Example:

shell_escape('foo b"ar') => 'foo\ b\"ar'

Type: rvalue.

shell_join

Builds a command line string from the given array of strings. Each array item is escaped for Bourne shell. All items are then joined together, with a single space in between. This function behaves the same as ruby's Shellwords.shelljoin() function, also see the ruby documentation.

Example:

shell_join(['foo bar', 'ba"z']) => 'foo\ bar ba\"z'

Type: rvalue.

shell_split

Splits a string into an array of tokens in the same way the Bourne shell does. This function behaves the same as ruby's Shellwords.shellsplit() function, also see the ruby documentation.

Example:

shell_split('foo\ bar ba\"z') => ['foo bar', 'ba"z']

Type: rvalue.

shuffle

Randomizes the order of a string or array elements. Type: rvalue.

size

Returns the number of elements in a string, an array or a hash. Type: rvalue.

sort

Sorts strings and arrays lexically. Type: rvalue.

squeeze

Returns a new string where runs of the same character that occur in this set are replaced by a single character. Type: rvalue.

str2bool

Converts certain strings to a boolean. This attempts to convert strings that contain the values '1', 't', 'y', or 'yes' to true. Strings that contain values '0', 'f', 'n', or 'no', or that are an empty string or undefined are converted to false. Any other value causes an error. Type: rvalue.

str2saltedsha512

Converts a string to a salted-SHA512 password hash, used for OS X versions >= 10.7. Given any string, this function returns a hex version of a salted-SHA512 password hash, which can be inserted into your Puppet manifests as a valid password attribute. Type: rvalue.

strftime

Returns formatted time. For example, strftime("%s") returns the time since Unix epoch, and strftime("%Y-%m-%d") returns the date. Type: rvalue.

Format:

* `%a`: The abbreviated weekday name ('Sun')
* `%A`: The full weekday name ('Sunday')
* `%b`: The abbreviated month name ('Jan')
* `%B`: The full month name ('January')
* `%c`: The preferred local date and time representation
* `%C`: Century (20 in 2009)
* `%d`: Day of the month (01..31)
* `%D`: Date (%m/%d/%y)
* `%e`: Day of the month, blank-padded ( 1..31)
* `%F`: Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d (the ISO 8601 date format)
* `%h`: Equivalent to %b
* `%H`: Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (00..23)
* `%I`: Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (01..12)
* `%j`: Day of the year (001..366)
* `%k`: Hour, 24-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..23)
* `%l`: Hour, 12-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..12)
* `%L`: Millisecond of the second (000..999)
* `%m`: Month of the year (01..12)
* `%M`: Minute of the hour (00..59)
* `%n`: Newline (\n)
* `%N`: Fractional seconds digits, default is 9 digits (nanosecond)
  * `%3N`: Millisecond (3 digits)
  * `%6N`: Microsecond (6 digits)
  * `%9N`: Nanosecond (9 digits)
* `%p`: Meridian indicator ('AM' or 'PM')
* `%P`: Meridian indicator ('am' or 'pm')
* `%r`: Time, 12-hour (same as %I:%M:%S %p)
* `%R`: Time, 24-hour (%H:%M)
* `%s`: Number of seconds since the Unix epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.
* `%S`: Second of the minute (00..60)
* `%t`: Tab character (	)
* `%T`: Time, 24-hour (%H:%M:%S)
* `%u`: Day of the week as a decimal, Monday being 1. (1..7)
* `%U`: Week number of the current year, starting with the first Sunday as the first day of the first week (00..53)
* `%v`: VMS date (%e-%b-%Y)
* `%V`: Week number of year according to ISO 8601 (01..53)
* `%W`: Week number of the current year, starting with the first Monday as the first day of the first week (00..53)
* `%w`: Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0..6)
* `%x`: Preferred representation for the date alone, no time
* `%X`: Preferred representation for the time alone, no date
* `%y`: Year without a century (00..99)
* `%Y`: Year with century
* `%z`: Time zone as hour offset from UTC (e.g. +0900)
* `%Z`: Time zone name
* `%%`: Literal '%' character

strip

Removes leading and trailing whitespace from a string or from every string inside an array. For example, strip(" aaa ") results in "aaa". Type: rvalue.

suffix

Applies a suffix to all elements in an array, or to the keys in a hash. For example:

  • suffix(['a','b','c'], 'p') returns ['ap','bp','cp']
  • suffix({'a'=>'b','b'=>'c','c'=>'d'}, 'p') returns {'ap'=>'b','bp'=>'c','cp'=>'d'}.

Type: rvalue.

swapcase

Swaps the existing case of a string. For example, swapcase("aBcD") results in "AbCd". Type: rvalue.

time

Returns the current Unix epoch time as an integer. For example, time() returns something like '1311972653'. Type: rvalue.

to_bytes

Converts the argument into bytes, for example "4 kB" becomes "4096". Takes a single string value as an argument. Type: rvalue.

try_get_value

Type: rvalue.

DEPRECATED: replaced by dig().

Retrieves a value within multiple layers of hashes and arrays via a string containing a path. The path is a string of hash keys or array indexes starting with zero, separated by the path separator character (default "/"). The function goes through the structure by each path component and tries to return the value at the end of the path.

In addition to the required path argument, the function accepts the default argument. It is returned if the path is not correct, if no value was found, or if any other error has occurred. The last argument can set the path separator character.

$data = {
  'a' => {
    'b' => [
      'b1',
      'b2',
      'b3',
    ]
  }
}

$value = try_get_value($data, 'a/b/2')
# $value = 'b3'

# with all possible options
$value = try_get_value($data, 'a/b/2', 'not_found', '/')
# $value = 'b3'

# using the default value
$value = try_get_value($data, 'a/b/c/d', 'not_found')
# $value = 'not_found'

# using custom separator
$value = try_get_value($data, 'a|b', [], '|')
# $value = ['b1','b2','b3']
  1. $data The data structure we are working with.
  2. 'a/b/2' The path string.
  3. 'not_found' The default value. It will be returned if nothing is found. (optional, defaults to undef)
  4. '/' The path separator character. (optional, defaults to '/')

type3x

Returns a string description of the type when passed a value. Type can be a string, array, hash, float, integer, or boolean. This function will be removed when Puppet 3 support is dropped and the new type system can be used. Type: rvalue.

type_of

Returns the literal type when passed a value. Requires the new parser. Useful for comparison of types with <= such as in if type_of($some_value) <= Array[String] { ... } (which is equivalent to if $some_value =~ Array[String] { ... }) Type: rvalue.

union

Returns a union of two or more arrays, without duplicates. For example, union(["a","b","c"],["b","c","d"]) returns ["a","b","c","d"]. Type: rvalue.

unique

Removes duplicates from strings and arrays. For example, unique("aabbcc") returns 'abc', and unique(["a","a","b","b","c","c"]) returns ["a","b","c"]. Type: rvalue.

unix2dos

Returns the DOS version of the given string. Very useful when using a File resource with a cross-platform template. Type: rvalue.

file{$config_file:
  ensure  => file,
  content => unix2dos(template('my_module/settings.conf.erb')),
}

See also dos2unix.

upcase

Converts an object, array or hash of objects that respond to upcase to uppercase. For example, upcase('abcd') returns 'ABCD'. Type: rvalue.

uriescape

URLEncodes a string or array of strings. Requires either a single string or an array as an input. Type: rvalue.

validate_absolute_path

Validates that a given string represents an absolute path in the filesystem. Works for Windows and Unix style paths.

The following values pass:

$my_path = 'C:/Program Files (x86)/Puppet Labs/Puppet'
validate_absolute_path($my_path)
$my_path2 = '/var/lib/puppet'
validate_absolute_path($my_path2)
$my_path3 = ['C:/Program Files (x86)/Puppet Labs/Puppet','C:/Program Files/Puppet Labs/Puppet']
validate_absolute_path($my_path3)
$my_path4 = ['/var/lib/puppet','/usr/share/puppet']
validate_absolute_path($my_path4)

The following values fail, causing compilation to abort:

validate_absolute_path(true)
validate_absolute_path('../var/lib/puppet')
validate_absolute_path('var/lib/puppet')
validate_absolute_path([ 'var/lib/puppet', '/var/foo' ])
validate_absolute_path([ '/var/lib/puppet', 'var/foo' ])
$undefined = undef
validate_absolute_path($undefined)

Type: statement.

validate_array

Validates that all passed values are array data structures. Aborts catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values pass:

$my_array = [ 'one', 'two' ]
validate_array($my_array)

The following values fail, causing compilation to abort:

validate_array(true)
validate_array('some_string')
$undefined = undef
validate_array($undefined)

Type: statement.

validate_augeas

Performs validation of a string using an Augeas lens. The first argument of this function should be the string to test, and the second argument should be the name of the Augeas lens to use. If Augeas fails to parse the string with the lens, the compilation aborts with a parse error.

A third optional argument lists paths which should not be found in the file. The $file variable points to the location of the temporary file being tested in the Augeas tree.

For example, to make sure your $passwdcontent never contains user foo:

validate_augeas($passwdcontent, 'Passwd.lns', ['$file/foo'])

To ensure that no users use the '/bin/barsh' shell:

validate_augeas($passwdcontent, 'Passwd.lns', ['$file/*[shell="/bin/barsh"]']

You can pass a fourth argument as the error message raised and shown to the user:

validate_augeas($sudoerscontent, 'Sudoers.lns', [], 'Failed to validate sudoers content with Augeas')

Type: statement.

validate_bool

Validates that all passed values are either true or false. Aborts catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values will pass:

$iamtrue = true
validate_bool(true)
validate_bool(true, true, false, $iamtrue)

The following values will fail, causing compilation to abort:

$some_array = [ true ]
validate_bool("false")
validate_bool("true")
validate_bool($some_array)

Type: statement.

validate_cmd

Performs validation of a string with an external command. The first argument of this function should be a string to test, and the second argument should be a path to a test command taking a % as a placeholder for the file path (will default to the end of the command if no % placeholder given). If the command is launched against a tempfile containing the passed string, or returns a non-null value, compilation will abort with a parse error.

If a third argument is specified, this will be the error message raised and seen by the user.

# Defaults to end of path
validate_cmd($sudoerscontent, '/usr/sbin/visudo -c -f', 'Visudo failed to validate sudoers content')

# % as file location
validate_cmd($haproxycontent, '/usr/sbin/haproxy -f % -c', 'Haproxy failed to validate config content')

Type: statement.

validate_hash

Validates that all passed values are hash data structures. Aborts catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values will pass:

$my_hash = { 'one' => 'two' }
validate_hash($my_hash)

The following values will fail, causing compilation to abort:

validate_hash(true)
validate_hash('some_string')
$undefined = undef
validate_hash($undefined)

Type: statement.

validate_integer

Validates that the first argument is an integer (or an array of integers). Aborts catalog compilation if any of the checks fail.

The second argument is optional and passes a maximum. (All elements of) the first argument has to be less or equal to this max.

The third argument is optional and passes a minimum. (All elements of) the first argument has to be greater or equal to this min. If, and only if, a minimum is given, the second argument may be an empty string or undef, which will be handled to just check if (all elements of) the first argument are greater or equal to the given minimum.

It will fail if the first argument is not an integer or array of integers, and if arg 2 and arg 3 are not convertable to an integer.

The following values will pass:

validate_integer(1)
validate_integer(1, 2)
validate_integer(1, 1)
validate_integer(1, 2, 0)
validate_integer(2, 2, 2)
validate_integer(2, '', 0)
validate_integer(2, undef, 0)
$foo = undef
validate_integer(2, $foo, 0)
validate_integer([1,2,3,4,5], 6)
validate_integer([1,2,3,4,5], 6, 0)
  • Plus all of the above, but any combination of values passed as strings ('1' or "1").
  • Plus all of the above, but with (correct) combinations of negative integer values.

The following values will fail, causing compilation to abort:

validate_integer(true)
validate_integer(false)
validate_integer(7.0)
validate_integer({ 1 => 2 })
$foo = undef
validate_integer($foo)
validate_integer($foobaridontexist)

validate_integer(1, 0)
validate_integer(1, true)
validate_integer(1, '')
validate_integer(1, undef)
validate_integer(1, , 0)
validate_integer(1, 2, 3)
validate_integer(1, 3, 2)
validate_integer(1, 3, true)
  • Plus all of the above, but any combination of values passed as strings ('false' or "false").
  • Plus all of the above, but with incorrect combinations of negative integer values.
  • Plus all of the above, but with non-integer items in arrays or maximum / minimum argument.

Type: statement.

validate_ip_address

Validates that the argument is an IP address, regardless of it is an IPv4 or an IPv6 address. It also validates IP address with netmask. The argument must be given as a string.

The following values will pass:

validate_ip_address('0.0.0.0')
validate_ip_address('8.8.8.8')
validate_ip_address('127.0.0.1')
validate_ip_address('194.232.104.150')
validate_ip_address('3ffe:0505:0002::')
validate_ip_address('::1/64')
validate_ip_address('fe80::a00:27ff:fe94:44d6/64')
validate_ip_address('8.8.8.8/32')

The following values will fail, causing compilation to abort:

validate_ip_address(1)
validate_ip_address(true)
validate_ip_address(0.0.0.256)
validate_ip_address('::1', {})
validate_ip_address('0.0.0.0.0')
validate_ip_address('3.3.3')
validate_ip_address('23.43.9.22/64')
validate_ip_address('260.2.32.43')

validate_legacy

Validates a value against both a specified type and a deprecated validation function. Silently passes if both pass, errors if only one validation passes, and fails if both validations return false.

Accepts arguments for:

  • the type to check the value against,
  • the full name of the previous validation function,
  • the value to be checked,
  • an unspecified number of arguments needed for the previous validation function.

Example:

validate_legacy("Optional[String]", "validate_re", "Value to be validated", ["."])

This function supports updating modules from Puppet 3 style argument validation (using the stdlib validate_* functions) to Puppet 4 data types, without breaking functionality for those depending on Puppet 3 style validation.

Note: This function relies on internal APIs from Puppet 4.4.0 (PE 2016.1) onwards, and doesn't work on earlier versions.

For module users

If you are running Puppet 4 and receiving deprecation warnings about validate_* functions, the validate_legacy function can help you find and resolve the deprecated code.

In Puppet 3, the validate_* functions were the only way to easily check the types of class and defined type arguments. Some of the functions provided additional helpers like validate_numeric, which unintentionally allowed not only numbers, but also arrays of numbers. Puppet 4 allows much better defined type checking using data types, without such unintentional effects. The validate_legacy function makes these differences visible and makes it easier to move to the clearer Puppet 4 syntax.

Depending on the current state of development of the modules you use and the data you feed those modules, you'll encounter different messages:

  • Notice: Accepting previously invalid value for target type '<type>': This message is informational only. You're using values that are allowed by the new type, but would have been invalid by the old validation function.
  • Warning: This method is deprecated, please use the stdlib validate_legacy function: The module has not yet upgraded to validate_legacy. Use the deprecation options to silence warnings for now, or submit a fix with the module's developer. See the information for module developers below for how to fix the issue.
  • Warning: validate_legacy(<function>) expected <type> value, got <actual type>_: Your code passes a value that was accepted by the Puppet 3 style validation, but will not be accepted by the next version of the module. Most often, you can fix this by removing quotes from numbers or booleans.
  • Error: Evaluation Error: Error while evaluating a Resource Statement, Evaluation Error: Error while evaluating a Function Call, validate_legacy(<function>) expected <type> value, got <actual type>: Your code passes a value that is not acceptable to either the new or the old style validation.
For module developers

Many validate_* functions have surprising holes in their validation. For example, validate_numeric allows not only numbers, but also arrays of numbers or strings that look like numbers, without giving you any control over the specifics. In contrast, Puppet 4 data types allows you to choose between Numeric, Array[Numeric], or Optional[Numeric]. The validate_legacy function helps you move from Puppet 3 style validation to Puppet 4 validation without breaking functionality your module's users depend on.

For each parameter of your classes and defined types, choose a new Puppet 4 data type to use. In most cases, the new data type allows a different set of values than the original validate_* function. The situation then looks like this:

validate_ pass validate_ fail
matches type pass pass, notice
fails type pass, deprecated fail

The code after the validation still has to handle all possible values for now, but users of your code can change their manifests to pass only values that match the new type.

For each validate_* function in stdlib, there is a matching Stdlib::Compat::* type that allows the appropriate set of values. See the documentation in the types/ directory in the stdlib source code for caveats.

For example, given a class that should accept only numbers, like this:

class example($value) {
  validate_numeric($value)

the resulting validation code looks like this:

class example(
  Variant[Stdlib::Compat::Numeric, Numeric] $value
) {
  validate_legacy(Numeric, 'validate_numeric', $value)

Here, the type of $value is defined as Variant[Stdlib::Compat::Numeric, Numeric], which allows any Numeric (the new type), as well as all values previously accepted by validate_numeric (through Stdlib::Compat::Numeric).

The call to validate_legacy takes care of triggering the correct log or fail message for you. It requires the new type, the previous validation function name, and all arguments to that function.

If your module still supported Puppet 3, this is a breaking change. Update your metadata.json requirements section to indicate that your module no longer supports Puppet 3, and bump the major version of your module. With this change, all existing tests for your module should still pass. Create additional tests for the new possible values.

As a breaking change, this is also a good time to call deprecation for any parameters you want to get rid of, or to add additional constraints on your parameters.

After releasing this version, you can release another breaking change release where you remove all compat types and all calls to validate_legacy. At that time, you can also go through your code and remove any leftovers dealing with the previously possible values.

Always note such changes in your CHANGELOG and README.

validate_numeric

Validates that the first argument is a numeric value (or an array or string of numeric values). Aborts catalog compilation if any of the checks fail.

The second argument is optional and passes a maximum. (All elements of) the first argument has to be less or equal to this max.

The third argument is optional and passes a minimum. (All elements of) the first argument has to be greater or equal to this min. If, and only if, a minimum is given, the second argument may be an empty string or undef, which will be handled to just check if (all elements of) the first argument are greater or equal to the given minimum.

It will fail if the first argument is not a numeric (Integer or Float) or array of numerics, and if arg 2 and arg 3 are not convertable to a numeric.

For passing and failing usage, see validate_integer(). It is all the same for validate_numeric, yet now floating point values are allowed, too.

Type: statement.

validate_re

Performs simple validation of a string against one or more regular expressions. The first argument of this function should be the string to test, and the second argument should be a stringified regular expression (without the // delimiters) or an array of regular expressions. If none of the regular expressions match the string passed in, compilation aborts with a parse error.

You can pass a third argument as the error message raised and shown to the user.

The following strings validate against the regular expressions:

validate_re('one', '^one$')
validate_re('one', [ '^one', '^two' ])

The following string fails to validate, causing compilation to abort:

validate_re('one', [ '^two', '^three' ])

To set the error message:

validate_re($::puppetversion, '^2.7', 'The $puppetversion fact value does not match 2.7')

Note: Compilation terminates if the first argument is not a string. Always use quotes to force stringification:

validate_re("${::operatingsystemmajrelease}", '^[57]$')

Type: statement.

validate_slength

Validates that the first argument is a string (or an array of strings), and is less than or equal to the length of the second argument. It fails if the first argument is not a string or array of strings, or if the second argument is not convertable to a number. Optionally, a minimum string length can be given as the third argument.

The following values pass:

validate_slength("discombobulate",17)
validate_slength(["discombobulate","moo"],17)
validate_slength(["discombobulate","moo"],17,3)

The following values fail:

validate_slength("discombobulate",1)
validate_slength(["discombobulate","thermometer"],5)
validate_slength(["discombobulate","moo"],17,10)

Type: statement.

validate_string

Validates that all passed values are string data structures. Aborts catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values pass:

$my_string = "one two"
validate_string($my_string, 'three')

The following values fail, causing compilation to abort:

validate_string(true)
validate_string([ 'some', 'array' ])

Note: validate_string(undef) will not fail in this version of the functions API (incl. current and future parser).

Instead, use:

if $var == undef {
  fail('...')
}

Type: statement.

validate_x509_rsa_key_pair

Validates a PEM-formatted X.509 certificate and private key using OpenSSL. Verifies that the certficate's signature was created from the supplied key.

Fails catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

Takes two arguments, the first argument must be a X.509 certificate and the second must be an RSA private key:

validate_x509_rsa_key_pair($cert, $key)

Type: statement.

values

Returns the values of a given hash. For example, given $hash = {'a'=1, 'b'=2, 'c'=3} values($hash) returns [1,2,3].

Type: rvalue.

values_at

Finds values inside an array based on location. The first argument is the array you want to analyze, and the second argument can be a combination of:

  • A single numeric index
  • A range in the form of 'start-stop' (eg. 4-9)
  • An array combining the above

For example, values_at(['a','b','c'], 2) returns ['c']; values_at(['a','b','c'], ["0-1"]) returns ['a','b']; and values_at(['a','b','c','d','e'], [0, "2-3"]) returns ['a','c','d'].

Type: rvalue.

zip

Takes one element from first array given and merges corresponding elements from second array given. This generates a sequence of n-element arrays, where n is one more than the count of arguments. For example, zip(['1','2','3'],['4','5','6']) results in ["1", "4"], ["2", "5"], ["3", "6"]. Type: rvalue.

Limitations

As of Puppet Enterprise 3.7, the stdlib module is no longer included in PE. PE users should install the most recent release of stdlib for compatibility with Puppet modules.

###Version Compatibility

Versions Puppet 2.6 Puppet 2.7 Puppet 3.x Puppet 4.x
stdlib 2.x yes yes no no
stdlib 3.x no yes yes no
stdlib 4.x no yes yes no
stdlib 4.6+ no yes yes yes
stdlib 5.x no no yes yes

stdlib 5.x: When released, stdlib 5.x will drop support for Puppet 2.7.x. Please see this discussion.

Development

Puppet Labs modules on the Puppet Forge are open projects, and community contributions are essential for keeping them great. We can’t access the huge number of platforms and myriad hardware, software, and deployment configurations that Puppet is intended to serve. We want to keep it as easy as possible to contribute changes so that our modules work in your environment. There are a few guidelines that we need contributors to follow so that we can have a chance of keeping on top of things. For more information, see our module contribution guide.

To report or research a bug with any part of this module, please go to http://tickets.puppetlabs.com/browse/MODULES.

Contributors

The list of contributors can be found at: https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-stdlib/graphs/contributors.