podman_compose.py

#! /usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/#service-configuration-reference
# https://docs.docker.com/samples/
# https://docs.docker.com/compose/gettingstarted/
# https://docs.docker.com/compose/django/
# https://docs.docker.com/compose/wordpress/


import sys
import os
import getpass
import argparse
import subprocess
import time
import re
import hashlib
import random
import json
import glob

from threading import Thread

import shlex

try:
    from shlex import quote as cmd_quote
except ImportError:
    from pipes import quote as cmd_quote

# import fnmatch
# fnmatch.fnmatchcase(env, "*_HOST")

import yaml
from dotenv import dotenv_values

__version__ = "1.0.4"

script = os.path.realpath(sys.argv[0])

# helper functions
is_str = lambda s: isinstance(s, str)
is_dict = lambda d: isinstance(d, dict)
is_list = lambda l: not is_str(l) and not is_dict(l) and hasattr(l, "__iter__")
# identity filter
filteri = lambda a: filter(lambda i: i, a)


def try_int(i, fallback=None):
    try:
        return int(i)
    except ValueError:
        pass
    except TypeError:
        pass
    return fallback


def try_float(i, fallback=None):
    try:
        return float(i)
    except ValueError:
        pass
    except TypeError:
        pass
    return fallback


def log(*msgs, sep=" ", end="\n"):
    line = (sep.join([str(msg) for msg in msgs])) + end
    sys.stderr.write(line)
    sys.stderr.flush()


dir_re = re.compile(r"^[~/\.]")
propagation_re = re.compile(
    "^(?:z|Z|O|U|r?shared|r?slave|r?private|r?unbindable|r?bind|(?:no)?(?:exec|dev|suid))$"
)
norm_re = re.compile("[^-_a-z0-9]")
num_split_re = re.compile(r"(\d+|\D+)")

PODMAN_CMDS = (
    "pull",
    "push",
    "build",
    "inspect",
    "run",
    "start",
    "stop",
    "rm",
    "volume",
)


def ver_as_list(a):
    return [try_int(i, i) for i in num_split_re.findall(a)]


def strverscmp_lt(a, b):
    a_ls = ver_as_list(a or "")
    b_ls = ver_as_list(b or "")
    return a_ls < b_ls


def parse_short_mount(mount_str, basedir):
    mount_a = mount_str.split(":")
    mount_opt_dict = {}
    mount_opt = None
    if len(mount_a) == 1:
        # Anonymous: Just specify a path and let the engine creates the volume
        # - /var/lib/mysql
        mount_src, mount_dst = None, mount_str
    elif len(mount_a) == 2:
        mount_src, mount_dst = mount_a
        # dest must start with / like /foo:/var/lib/mysql
        # otherwise it's option like /var/lib/mysql:rw
        if not mount_dst.startswith("/"):
            mount_dst, mount_opt = mount_a
            mount_src = None
    elif len(mount_a) == 3:
        mount_src, mount_dst, mount_opt = mount_a
    else:
        raise ValueError("could not parse mount " + mount_str)
    if mount_src and dir_re.match(mount_src):
        # Specify an absolute path mapping
        # - /opt/data:/var/lib/mysql
        # Path on the host, relative to the Compose file
        # - ./cache:/tmp/cache
        # User-relative path
        # - ~/configs:/etc/configs/:ro
        mount_type = "bind"
        mount_src = os.path.realpath(
            os.path.join(basedir, os.path.expanduser(mount_src))
        )
    else:
        # Named volume
        # - datavolume:/var/lib/mysql
        mount_type = "volume"
    mount_opts = filteri((mount_opt or "").split(","))
    propagation_opts = []
    for opt in mount_opts:
        if opt == "ro":
            mount_opt_dict["read_only"] = True
        elif opt == "rw":
            mount_opt_dict["read_only"] = False
        elif opt in ("consistent", "delegated", "cached"):
            mount_opt_dict["consistency"] = opt
        elif propagation_re.match(opt):
            propagation_opts.append(opt)
        else:
            # TODO: ignore
            raise ValueError("unknown mount option " + opt)
    mount_opt_dict["bind"] = dict(propagation=",".join(propagation_opts))
    return dict(type=mount_type, source=mount_src, target=mount_dst, **mount_opt_dict)


# NOTE: if a named volume is used but not defined it
# gives ERROR: Named volume "abc" is used in service "xyz"
#   but no declaration was found in the volumes section.
# unless it's anonymous-volume


def fix_mount_dict(compose, mount_dict, proj_name, srv_name):
    """
    in-place fix mount dictionary to:
    - define _vol to be the corresponding top-level volume
    - if name is missing it would be source prefixed with project
    - if no source it would be generated
    """
    # if already applied nothing todo
    if "_vol" in mount_dict:
        return mount_dict
    if mount_dict["type"] == "volume":
        vols = compose.vols
        source = mount_dict.get("source", None)
        vol = (vols.get(source, None) or {}) if source else {}
        name = vol.get("name", None)
        mount_dict["_vol"] = vol
        # handle anonymouse or implied volume
        if not source:
            # missing source
            vol["name"] = "_".join(
                [
                    proj_name,
                    srv_name,
                    hashlib.sha256(mount_dict["target"].encode("utf-8")).hexdigest(),
                ]
            )
        elif not name:
            external = vol.get("external", None)
            ext_name = (
                external.get("name", None) if isinstance(external, dict) else None
            )
            vol["name"] = ext_name if ext_name else f"{proj_name}_{source}"
    return mount_dict


# docker and docker-compose support subset of bash variable substitution
# https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/#variable-substitution
# https://docs.docker.com/compose/env-file/
# https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Shell-Parameter-Expansion.html
# $VARIABLE
# ${VARIABLE}
# ${VARIABLE:-default} default if not set or empty
# ${VARIABLE-default} default if not set
# ${VARIABLE:?err} raise error if not set or empty
# ${VARIABLE?err} raise error if not set
# $$ means $

var_re = re.compile(
    r"""
    \$(?:
        (?P<escaped>\$) |
        (?P<named>[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*) |
        (?:{
            (?P<braced>[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*)
            (?:(?P<empty>:)?(?:
                (?:-(?P<default>[^}]*)) |
                (?:\?(?P<err>[^}]*))
            ))?
        })
    )
""",
    re.VERBOSE,
)


def rec_subs(value, subs_dict):
    """
    do bash-like substitution in value and if list of dictionary do that recursively
    """
    if is_dict(value):
        value = {k: rec_subs(v, subs_dict) for k, v in value.items()}
    elif is_str(value):

        def convert(m):
            if m.group("escaped") is not None:
                return "$"
            name = m.group("named") or m.group("braced")
            value = subs_dict.get(name)
            if value == "" and m.group("empty"):
                value = None
            if value is not None:
                return str(value)
            if m.group("err") is not None:
                raise RuntimeError(m.group("err"))
            return m.group("default") or ""

        value = var_re.sub(convert, value)
    elif hasattr(value, "__iter__"):
        value = [rec_subs(i, subs_dict) for i in value]
    return value


def norm_as_list(src):
    """
    given a dictionary {key1:value1, key2: None} or list
    return a list of ["key1=value1", "key2"]
    """
    if src is None:
        dst = []
    elif is_dict(src):
        dst = [(f"{k}={v}" if v is not None else k) for k, v in src.items()]
    elif is_list(src):
        dst = list(src)
    else:
        dst = [src]
    return dst


def norm_as_dict(src):
    """
    given a list ["key1=value1", "key2"]
    return a dictionary {key1:value1, key2: None}
    """
    if src is None:
        dst = {}
    elif is_dict(src):
        dst = dict(src)
    elif is_list(src):
        dst = [i.split("=", 1) for i in src if i]
        dst = [(a if len(a) == 2 else (a[0], None)) for a in dst]
        dst = dict(dst)
    elif is_str(src):
        key, value = src.split("=", 1) if "=" in src else (src, None)
        dst = {key: value}
    else:
        raise ValueError("dictionary or iterable is expected")
    return dst


def norm_ulimit(inner_value):
    if is_dict(inner_value):
        if not inner_value.keys() & {"soft", "hard"}:
            raise ValueError("expected at least one soft or hard limit")
        soft = inner_value.get("soft", inner_value.get("hard", None))
        hard = inner_value.get("hard", inner_value.get("soft", None))
        return f"{soft}:{hard}"
    if is_list(inner_value):
        return norm_ulimit(norm_as_dict(inner_value))
    # if int or string return as is
    return inner_value


# def tr_identity(project_name, given_containers):
#    pod_name = f'pod_{project_name}'
#    pod = dict(name=pod_name)
#    containers = []
#    for cnt in given_containers:
#        containers.append(dict(cnt, pod=pod_name))
#    return [pod], containers


def transform(args, project_name, given_containers):
    if args.no_pod:
        pod_name = None
        pods = []
    else:
        pod_name = f"pod_{project_name}"
        pod = dict(name=pod_name)
        pods = [pod]
    containers = []
    for cnt in given_containers:
        containers.append(dict(cnt, pod=pod_name))
    return pods, containers


def assert_volume(compose, mount_dict):
    """
    inspect volume to get directory
    create volume if needed
    """
    vol = mount_dict.get("_vol", None)
    if mount_dict["type"] == "bind":
        basedir = os.path.realpath(compose.dirname)
        mount_src = mount_dict["source"]
        mount_src = os.path.realpath(
            os.path.join(basedir, os.path.expanduser(mount_src))
        )
        if not os.path.exists(mount_src):
            try:
                os.makedirs(mount_src, exist_ok=True)
            except OSError:
                pass
        return
    if (
        mount_dict["type"] != "volume"
        or not vol
        or vol.get("external", None)
        or not vol.get("name", None)
    ):
        return
    proj_name = compose.project_name
    vol_name = vol["name"]
    log(f"podman volume inspect {vol_name} || podman volume create {vol_name}")
    # TODO: might move to using "volume list"
    # podman volume list --format '{{.Name}}\t{{.MountPoint}}' -f 'label=io.podman.compose.project=HERE'
    try:
        _ = compose.podman.output([], "volume", ["inspect", vol_name]).decode("utf-8")
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
        labels = vol.get("labels", None) or []
        args = [
            "create",
            "--label",
            f"io.podman.compose.project={proj_name}",
            "--label",
            f"com.docker.compose.project={proj_name}",
        ]
        for item in norm_as_list(labels):
            args.extend(["--label", item])
        driver = vol.get("driver", None)
        if driver:
            args.extend(["--driver", driver])
        driver_opts = vol.get("driver_opts", None) or {}
        for opt, value in driver_opts.items():
            args.extend(["--opt", f"{opt}={value}"])
        args.append(vol_name)
        compose.podman.output([], "volume", args)
        _ = compose.podman.output([], "volume", ["inspect", vol_name]).decode("utf-8")


def mount_desc_to_mount_args(
    compose, mount_desc, srv_name, cnt_name
):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    mount_type = mount_desc.get("type", None)
    vol = mount_desc.get("_vol", None) if mount_type == "volume" else None
    source = vol["name"] if vol else mount_desc.get("source", None)
    target = mount_desc["target"]
    opts = []
    if mount_desc.get(mount_type, None):
        # TODO: we might need to add mount_dict[mount_type]["propagation"] = "z"
        mount_prop = mount_desc.get(mount_type, {}).get("propagation", None)
        if mount_prop:
            opts.append(f"{mount_type}-propagation={mount_prop}")
    if mount_desc.get("read_only", False):
        opts.append("ro")
    if mount_type == "tmpfs":
        tmpfs_opts = mount_desc.get("tmpfs", {})
        tmpfs_size = tmpfs_opts.get("size", None)
        if tmpfs_size:
            opts.append(f"tmpfs-size={tmpfs_size}")
        tmpfs_mode = tmpfs_opts.get("mode", None)
        if tmpfs_mode:
            opts.append(f"tmpfs-mode={tmpfs_mode}")
    opts = ",".join(opts)
    if mount_type == "bind":
        return f"type=bind,source={source},destination={target},{opts}".rstrip(",")
    if mount_type == "volume":
        return f"type=volume,source={source},destination={target},{opts}".rstrip(",")
    if mount_type == "tmpfs":
        return f"type=tmpfs,destination={target},{opts}".rstrip(",")
    raise ValueError("unknown mount type:" + mount_type)


def container_to_ulimit_args(cnt, podman_args):
    ulimit = cnt.get("ulimits", [])
    if ulimit is not None:
        # ulimit can be a single value, i.e. ulimit: host
        if is_str(ulimit):
            podman_args.extend(["--ulimit", ulimit])
        # or a dictionary or list:
        else:
            ulimit = norm_as_dict(ulimit)
            ulimit = [
                "{}={}".format(ulimit_key, norm_ulimit(inner_value))
                for ulimit_key, inner_value in ulimit.items()
            ]
            for i in ulimit:
                podman_args.extend(["--ulimit", i])


def mount_desc_to_volume_args(
    compose, mount_desc, srv_name, cnt_name
):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    mount_type = mount_desc["type"]
    if mount_type not in ("bind", "volume"):
        raise ValueError("unknown mount type:" + mount_type)
    vol = mount_desc.get("_vol", None) if mount_type == "volume" else None
    source = vol["name"] if vol else mount_desc.get("source", None)
    if not source:
        raise ValueError(f"missing mount source for {mount_type} on {srv_name}")
    target = mount_desc["target"]
    opts = []

    propagations = set(
        filteri(mount_desc.get(mount_type, {}).get("propagation", "").split(","))
    )
    if mount_type != "bind":
        propagations.update(
            filteri(mount_desc.get("bind", {}).get("propagation", "").split(","))
        )
    opts.extend(propagations)
    # --volume, -v[=[[SOURCE-VOLUME|HOST-DIR:]CONTAINER-DIR[:OPTIONS]]]
    # [rw|ro]
    # [z|Z]
    # [[r]shared|[r]slave|[r]private]|[r]unbindable
    # [[r]bind]
    # [noexec|exec]
    # [nodev|dev]
    # [nosuid|suid]
    # [O]
    # [U]
    read_only = mount_desc.get("read_only", None)
    if read_only is not None:
        opts.append("ro" if read_only else "rw")
    args = f"{source}:{target}"
    if opts:
        args += ":" + ",".join(opts)
    return args


def get_mnt_dict(compose, cnt, volume):
    proj_name = compose.project_name
    srv_name = cnt["_service"]
    basedir = compose.dirname
    if is_str(volume):
        volume = parse_short_mount(volume, basedir)
    return fix_mount_dict(compose, volume, proj_name, srv_name)


def get_mount_args(compose, cnt, volume):
    volume = get_mnt_dict(compose, cnt, volume)
    # proj_name = compose.project_name
    srv_name = cnt["_service"]
    mount_type = volume["type"]
    assert_volume(compose, volume)
    if compose.prefer_volume_over_mount:
        if mount_type == "tmpfs":
            # TODO: --tmpfs /tmp:rw,size=787448k,mode=1777
            args = volume["target"]
            tmpfs_opts = volume.get("tmpfs", {})
            opts = []
            size = tmpfs_opts.get("size", None)
            if size:
                opts.append(f"size={size}")
            mode = tmpfs_opts.get("mode", None)
            if mode:
                opts.append(f"mode={mode}")
            if opts:
                args += ":" + ",".join(opts)
            return ["--tmpfs", args]
        args = mount_desc_to_volume_args(compose, volume, srv_name, cnt["name"])
        return ["-v", args]
    args = mount_desc_to_mount_args(compose, volume, srv_name, cnt["name"])
    return ["--mount", args]


def get_secret_args(compose, cnt, secret):
    secret_name = secret if is_str(secret) else secret.get("source", None)
    if not secret_name or secret_name not in compose.declared_secrets.keys():
        raise ValueError(
            f'ERROR: undeclared secret: "{secret}", service: {cnt["_service"]}'
        )
    declared_secret = compose.declared_secrets[secret_name]

    source_file = declared_secret.get("file", None)
    dest_file = ""
    secret_opts = ""

    target = None if is_str(secret) else secret.get("target", None)
    uid = None if is_str(secret) else secret.get("uid", None)
    gid = None if is_str(secret) else secret.get("gid", None)
    mode = None if is_str(secret) else secret.get("mode", None)

    if source_file:
        if not target:
            dest_file = f"/run/secrets/{secret_name}"
        elif not target.startswith("/"):
            sec = target if target else secret_name
            dest_file = f"/run/secrets/{sec}"
        else:
            dest_file = target
        basedir = compose.dirname
        source_file = os.path.realpath(
            os.path.join(basedir, os.path.expanduser(source_file))
        )
        volume_ref = ["--volume", f"{source_file}:{dest_file}:ro,rprivate,rbind"]
        if uid or gid or mode:
            sec = target if target else secret_name
            log(
                f'WARNING: Service {cnt["_service"]} uses secret "{sec}" with uid, gid, or mode.'
                + " These fields are not supported by this implementation of the Compose file"
            )
        return volume_ref
    # v3.5 and up added external flag, earlier the spec
    # only required a name to be specified.
    # docker-compose does not support external secrets outside of swarm mode.
    # However accessing these via podman is trivial
    # since these commands are directly translated to
    # podman-create commands, albiet we can only support a 1:1 mapping
    # at the moment
    if declared_secret.get("external", False) or declared_secret.get("name", None):
        secret_opts += f",uid={uid}" if uid else ""
        secret_opts += f",gid={gid}" if gid else ""
        secret_opts += f",mode={mode}" if mode else ""
        # The target option is only valid for type=env,
        # which in an ideal world would work
        # for type=mount as well.
        # having a custom name for the external secret
        # has the same problem as well
        ext_name = declared_secret.get("name", None)
        err_str = 'ERROR: Custom name/target reference "{}" for mounted external secret "{}" is not supported'
        if ext_name and ext_name != secret_name:
            raise ValueError(err_str.format(secret_name, ext_name))
        if target and target != secret_name:
            raise ValueError(err_str.format(target, secret_name))
        if target:
            log(
                'WARNING: Service "{}" uses target: "{}" for secret: "{}".'.format(
                    cnt["_service"], target, secret_name
                )
                + " That is un-supported and a no-op and is ignored."
            )
        return ["--secret", "{}{}".format(secret_name, secret_opts)]

    raise ValueError(
        'ERROR: unparseable secret: "{}", service: "{}"'.format(
            secret_name, cnt["_service"]
        )
    )


def container_to_res_args(cnt, podman_args):
    # v2: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/compose-file-v2/#cpu-and-other-resources
    # cpus, cpu_shares, mem_limit, mem_reservation
    cpus_limit_v2 = try_float(cnt.get("cpus", None), None)
    cpu_shares_v2 = try_int(cnt.get("cpu_shares", None), None)
    mem_limit_v2 = cnt.get("mem_limit", None)
    mem_res_v2 = cnt.get("mem_reservation", None)
    # v3: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/compose-file-v3/#resources
    # spec: https://github.com/compose-spec/compose-spec/blob/master/deploy.md#resources
    # deploy.resources.{limits,reservations}.{cpus, memory}
    deploy = cnt.get("deploy", None) or {}
    res = deploy.get("resources", None) or {}
    limits = res.get("limits", None) or {}
    cpus_limit_v3 = try_float(limits.get("cpus", None), None)
    mem_limit_v3 = limits.get("memory", None)
    reservations = res.get("reservations", None) or {}
    # cpus_res_v3 = try_float(reservations.get('cpus', None), None)
    mem_res_v3 = reservations.get("memory", None)
    # add args
    cpus = cpus_limit_v3 or cpus_limit_v2
    if cpus:
        podman_args.extend(
            (
                "--cpus",
                str(cpus),
            )
        )
    if cpu_shares_v2:
        podman_args.extend(
            (
                "--cpu-shares",
                str(cpu_shares_v2),
            )
        )
    mem = mem_limit_v3 or mem_limit_v2
    if mem:
        podman_args.extend(
            (
                "-m",
                str(mem).lower(),
            )
        )
    mem_res = mem_res_v3 or mem_res_v2
    if mem_res:
        podman_args.extend(
            (
                "--memory-reservation",
                str(mem_res).lower(),
            )
        )


def port_dict_to_str(port_desc):
    # NOTE: `mode: host|ingress` is ignored
    cnt_port = port_desc.get("target", None)
    published = port_desc.get("published", None) or ""
    host_ip = port_desc.get("host_ip", None)
    protocol = port_desc.get("protocol", None) or "tcp"
    if not cnt_port:
        raise ValueError("target container port must be specified")
    if host_ip:
        ret = f"{host_ip}:{published}:{cnt_port}"
    else:
        ret = f"{published}:{cnt_port}" if published else f"{cnt_port}"
    if protocol != "tcp":
        ret += f"/{protocol}"
    return ret


def norm_ports(ports_in):
    if not ports_in:
        ports_in = []
    if isinstance(ports_in, str):
        ports_in = [ports_in]
    ports_out = []
    for port in ports_in:
        if isinstance(port, dict):
            port = port_dict_to_str(port)
        elif isinstance(port, int):
            port = str(port)
        elif not isinstance(port, str):
            raise TypeError("port should be either string or dict")
        ports_out.append(port)
    return ports_out


def assert_cnt_nets(compose, cnt):
    """
    create missing networks
    """
    net = cnt.get("network_mode", None)
    if net and not net.startswith("bridge"):
        return
    proj_name = compose.project_name
    nets = compose.networks
    default_net = compose.default_net
    cnt_nets = cnt.get("networks", None)
    if cnt_nets and is_dict(cnt_nets):
        cnt_nets = list(cnt_nets.keys())
    cnt_nets = norm_as_list(cnt_nets or default_net)
    for net in cnt_nets:
        net_desc = nets[net] or {}
        is_ext = net_desc.get("external", None)
        ext_desc = is_ext if is_dict(is_ext) else {}
        default_net_name = net if is_ext else f"{proj_name}_{net}"
        net_name = (
            ext_desc.get("name", None) or net_desc.get("name", None) or default_net_name
        )
        try:
            compose.podman.output([], "network", ["exists", net_name])
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
            if is_ext:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    f"External network [{net_name}] does not exists"
                ) from e
            args = [
                "create",
                "--label",
                f"io.podman.compose.project={proj_name}",
                "--label",
                f"com.docker.compose.project={proj_name}",
            ]
            # TODO: add more options here, like driver, internal, ..etc
            labels = net_desc.get("labels", None) or []
            for item in norm_as_list(labels):
                args.extend(["--label", item])
            if net_desc.get("internal", None):
                args.append("--internal")
            driver = net_desc.get("driver", None)
            if driver:
                args.extend(("--driver", driver))
            ipam_config_ls = (net_desc.get("ipam", None) or {}).get(
                "config", None
            ) or []
            if is_dict(ipam_config_ls):
                ipam_config_ls = [ipam_config_ls]
            for ipam in ipam_config_ls:
                subnet = ipam.get("subnet", None)
                ip_range = ipam.get("ip_range", None)
                gateway = ipam.get("gateway", None)
                if subnet:
                    args.extend(("--subnet", subnet))
                if ip_range:
                    args.extend(("--ip-range", ip_range))
                if gateway:
                    args.extend(("--gateway", gateway))
            args.append(net_name)
            compose.podman.output([], "network", args)
            compose.podman.output([], "network", ["exists", net_name])


def get_net_args(compose, cnt):
    service_name = cnt["service_name"]
    net = cnt.get("network_mode", None)
    if net:
        if net == "host":
            return ["--network", net]
        if net.startswith("slirp4netns:"):
            return ["--network", net]
        if net.startswith("service:"):
            other_srv = net.split(":", 1)[1].strip()
            other_cnt = compose.container_names_by_service[other_srv][0]
            return ["--network", f"container:{other_cnt}"]
        if net.startswith("container:"):
            other_cnt = net.split(":", 1)[1].strip()
            return ["--network", f"container:{other_cnt}"]
    proj_name = compose.project_name
    default_net = compose.default_net
    nets = compose.networks
    cnt_nets = cnt.get("networks", None)
    aliases = [service_name]
    # NOTE: from podman manpage:
    # NOTE: A container will only have access to aliases on the first network that it joins. This is a limitation that will be removed in a later release.
    ip = None
    if cnt_nets and is_dict(cnt_nets):
        # cnt_nets is {net_key: net_value, ...}
        for net_value in cnt_nets.values():
            aliases.extend(norm_as_list(net_value.get("aliases", None)))
            if ip:
                continue
            ip = net_value.get("ipv4_address", None)
        cnt_nets = list(cnt_nets.keys())
    cnt_nets = norm_as_list(cnt_nets or default_net)
    net_names = set()
    for net in cnt_nets:
        net_desc = nets[net] or {}
        is_ext = net_desc.get("external", None)
        ext_desc = is_ext if is_dict(is_ext) else {}
        default_net_name = net if is_ext else f"{proj_name}_{net}"
        net_name = (
            ext_desc.get("name", None) or net_desc.get("name", None) or default_net_name
        )
        net_names.add(net_name)
    net_names_str = ",".join(net_names)
    net_args = ["--net", net_names_str, "--network-alias", ",".join(aliases)]
    if ip:
        net_args.append(f"--ip={ip}")
    return net_args


def container_to_args(compose, cnt, detached=True):
    # TODO: double check -e , --add-host, -v, --read-only
    dirname = compose.dirname
    pod = cnt.get("pod", None) or ""
    name = cnt["name"]
    podman_args = [f"--name={name}"]

    if detached:
        podman_args.append("-d")

    if pod:
        podman_args.append(f"--pod={pod}")
    deps = []
    for dep_srv in cnt.get("_deps", None) or []:
        deps.extend(compose.container_names_by_service.get(dep_srv, None) or [])
    if deps:
        deps_csv = ",".join(deps)
        podman_args.append(f"--requires={deps_csv}")
    sec = norm_as_list(cnt.get("security_opt", None))
    for sec_item in sec:
        podman_args.extend(["--security-opt", sec_item])
    ann = norm_as_list(cnt.get("annotations", None))
    for a in ann:
        podman_args.extend(["--annotation", a])
    if cnt.get("read_only", None):
        podman_args.append("--read-only")
    for i in cnt.get("labels", []):
        podman_args.extend(["--label", i])
    for c in cnt.get("cap_add", []):
        podman_args.extend(["--cap-add", c])
    for c in cnt.get("cap_drop", []):
        podman_args.extend(["--cap-drop", c])
    for item in cnt.get("devices", []):
        podman_args.extend(["--device", item])
    for item in norm_as_list(cnt.get("dns", None)):
        podman_args.extend(["--dns", item])
    for item in norm_as_list(cnt.get("dns_opt", None)):
        podman_args.extend(["--dns-opt", item])
    for item in norm_as_list(cnt.get("dns_search", None)):
        podman_args.extend(["--dns-search", item])
    env_file = cnt.get("env_file", [])
    if is_str(env_file):
        env_file = [env_file]
    for i in env_file:
        i = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(dirname, i))
        podman_args.extend(["--env-file", i])
    env = norm_as_list(cnt.get("environment", {}))
    for e in env:
        podman_args.extend(["-e", e])
    tmpfs_ls = cnt.get("tmpfs", [])
    if is_str(tmpfs_ls):
        tmpfs_ls = [tmpfs_ls]
    for i in tmpfs_ls:
        podman_args.extend(["--tmpfs", i])
    for volume in cnt.get("volumes", []):
        podman_args.extend(get_mount_args(compose, cnt, volume))

    assert_cnt_nets(compose, cnt)
    podman_args.extend(get_net_args(compose, cnt))

    logging = cnt.get("logging", None)
    if logging is not None:
        podman_args.append(f'--log-driver={logging.get("driver", "k8s-file")}')
        log_opts = logging.get("options") or {}
        podman_args += [f"--log-opt={name}={value}" for name, value in log_opts.items()]
    for secret in cnt.get("secrets", []):
        podman_args.extend(get_secret_args(compose, cnt, secret))
    for i in cnt.get("extra_hosts", []):
        podman_args.extend(["--add-host", i])
    for i in cnt.get("expose", []):
        podman_args.extend(["--expose", i])
    if cnt.get("publishall", None):
        podman_args.append("-P")
    ports = cnt.get("ports", None) or []
    if isinstance(ports, str):
        ports = [ports]
    for port in ports:
        if isinstance(port, dict):
            port = port_dict_to_str(port)
        elif not isinstance(port, str):
            raise TypeError("port should be either string or dict")
        podman_args.extend(["-p", port])

    userns_mode = cnt.get("userns_mode", None)
    if userns_mode is not None:
        podman_args.extend(["--userns", userns_mode])

    user = cnt.get("user", None)
    if user is not None:
        podman_args.extend(["-u", user])
    if cnt.get("working_dir", None) is not None:
        podman_args.extend(["-w", cnt["working_dir"]])
    if cnt.get("hostname", None):
        podman_args.extend(["--hostname", cnt["hostname"]])
    if cnt.get("shm_size", None):
        podman_args.extend(["--shm-size", str(cnt["shm_size"])])
    if cnt.get("stdin_open", None):
        podman_args.append("-i")
    if cnt.get("stop_signal", None):
        podman_args.extend(["--stop-signal", cnt["stop_signal"]])
    for i in cnt.get("sysctls", []):
        podman_args.extend(["--sysctl", i])
    if cnt.get("tty", None):
        podman_args.append("--tty")
    if cnt.get("privileged", None):
        podman_args.append("--privileged")
    pull_policy = cnt.get("pull_policy", None)
    if pull_policy is not None and pull_policy != "build":
        podman_args.extend(["--pull", pull_policy])
    if cnt.get("restart", None) is not None:
        podman_args.extend(["--restart", cnt["restart"]])
    container_to_ulimit_args(cnt, podman_args)
    container_to_res_args(cnt, podman_args)
    # currently podman shipped by fedora does not package this
    if cnt.get("init", None):
        podman_args.append("--init")
    if cnt.get("init-path", None):
        podman_args.extend(["--init-path", cnt["init-path"]])
    entrypoint = cnt.get("entrypoint", None)
    if entrypoint is not None:
        if is_str(entrypoint):
            entrypoint = shlex.split(entrypoint)
        podman_args.extend(["--entrypoint", json.dumps(entrypoint)])
    platform = cnt.get("platform", None)
    if platform is not None:
        podman_args.extend(["--platform", platform])

    # WIP: healthchecks are still work in progress
    healthcheck = cnt.get("healthcheck", None) or {}
    if not is_dict(healthcheck):
        raise ValueError("'healthcheck' must be an key-value mapping")
    healthcheck_test = healthcheck.get("test", None)
    if healthcheck_test:
        # If it's a string, it's equivalent to specifying CMD-SHELL
        if is_str(healthcheck_test):
            # podman does not add shell to handle command with whitespace
            podman_args.extend(
                ["--healthcheck-command", "/bin/sh -c " + cmd_quote(healthcheck_test)]
            )
        elif is_list(healthcheck_test):
            healthcheck_test = healthcheck_test.copy()
            # If it's a list, first item is either NONE, CMD or CMD-SHELL.
            healthcheck_type = healthcheck_test.pop(0)
            if healthcheck_type == "NONE":
                podman_args.append("--no-healthcheck")
            elif healthcheck_type == "CMD":
                cmd_q = "' '".join([cmd_quote(i) for i in healthcheck_test])
                podman_args.extend(["--healthcheck-command", "/bin/sh -c " + cmd_q])
            elif healthcheck_type == "CMD-SHELL":
                if len(healthcheck_test) != 1:
                    raise ValueError("'CMD_SHELL' takes a single string after it")
                cmd_q = cmd_quote(healthcheck_test[0])
                podman_args.extend(["--healthcheck-command", "/bin/sh -c " + cmd_q])
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"unknown healthcheck test type [{healthcheck_type}],\
                     expecting NONE, CMD or CMD-SHELL."
                )
        else:
            raise ValueError("'healthcheck.test' either a string or a list")

    # interval, timeout and start_period are specified as durations.
    if "interval" in healthcheck:
        podman_args.extend(["--healthcheck-interval", healthcheck["interval"]])
    if "timeout" in healthcheck:
        podman_args.extend(["--healthcheck-timeout", healthcheck["timeout"]])
    if "start_period" in healthcheck:
        podman_args.extend(["--healthcheck-start-period", healthcheck["start_period"]])

    # convert other parameters to string
    if "retries" in healthcheck:
        podman_args.extend(["--healthcheck-retries", str(healthcheck["retries"])])

    podman_args.append(cnt["image"])  # command, ..etc.
    command = cnt.get("command", None)
    if command is not None:
        if is_str(command):
            podman_args.extend(shlex.split(command))
        else:
            podman_args.extend([str(i) for i in command])
    return podman_args


def rec_deps(services, service_name, start_point=None):
    """
    return all dependencies of service_name recursively
    """
    if not start_point:
        start_point = service_name
    deps = services[service_name]["_deps"]
    for dep_name in deps.copy():
        # avoid A depens on A
        if dep_name == service_name:
            continue
        dep_srv = services.get(dep_name, None)
        if not dep_srv:
            continue
        # NOTE: avoid creating loops, A->B->A
        if start_point and start_point in dep_srv["_deps"]:
            continue
        new_deps = rec_deps(services, dep_name, start_point)
        deps.update(new_deps)
    return deps


def flat_deps(services, with_extends=False):
    """
    create dependencies "_deps" or update it recursively for all services
    """
    for name, srv in services.items():
        deps = set()
        srv["_deps"] = deps
        if with_extends:
            ext = srv.get("extends", {}).get("service", None)
            if ext:
                if ext != name:
                    deps.add(ext)
                continue
        deps_ls = srv.get("depends_on", None) or []
        if is_str(deps_ls):
            deps_ls = [deps_ls]
        elif is_dict(deps_ls):
            deps_ls = list(deps_ls.keys())
        deps.update(deps_ls)
        # parse link to get service name and remove alias
        links_ls = srv.get("links", None) or []
        if not is_list(links_ls):
            links_ls = [links_ls]
        deps.update([(c.split(":")[0] if ":" in c else c) for c in links_ls])
    for name, srv in services.items():
        rec_deps(services, name)


###################
# podman and compose classes
###################


class Podman:
    def __init__(self, compose, podman_path="podman", dry_run=False):
        self.compose = compose
        self.podman_path = podman_path
        self.dry_run = dry_run

    def output(self, podman_args, cmd="", cmd_args=None):
        cmd_args = cmd_args or []
        xargs = self.compose.get_podman_args(cmd) if cmd else []
        cmd_ls = [self.podman_path, *podman_args, cmd] + xargs + cmd_args
        log(cmd_ls)
        return subprocess.check_output(cmd_ls)

    def exec(
        self,
        podman_args,
        cmd="",
        cmd_args=None,
    ):
        cmd_args = list(map(str, cmd_args or []))
        xargs = self.compose.get_podman_args(cmd) if cmd else []
        cmd_ls = [self.podman_path, *podman_args, cmd] + xargs + cmd_args
        log(" ".join([str(i) for i in cmd_ls]))
        os.execlp(self.podman_path, *cmd_ls)

    def run(
        self,
        podman_args,
        cmd="",
        cmd_args=None,
        wait=True,
        sleep=1,
        obj=None,
        log_formatter=None,
    ):
        if obj is not None:
            obj.exit_code = None
        cmd_args = list(map(str, cmd_args or []))
        xargs = self.compose.get_podman_args(cmd) if cmd else []
        cmd_ls = [self.podman_path, *podman_args, cmd] + xargs + cmd_args
        log(" ".join([str(i) for i in cmd_ls]))
        if self.dry_run:
            return None
        # subprocess.Popen(args, bufsize = 0, executable = None, stdin = None, stdout = None, stderr = None, preexec_fn = None, close_fds = False, shell = False, cwd = None, env = None, universal_newlines = False, startupinfo = None, creationflags = 0)
        if log_formatter is not None:
            # Pipe podman process output through log_formatter (which can add colored prefix)
            p = subprocess.Popen(
                cmd_ls, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
            )  # pylint: disable=consider-using-with
            _ = subprocess.Popen(
                log_formatter, stdin=p.stdout
            )  # pylint: disable=consider-using-with
            p.stdout.close()  # Allow p_process to receive a SIGPIPE if logging process exits.
        else:
            p = subprocess.Popen(cmd_ls)  # pylint: disable=consider-using-with

        if wait:
            exit_code = p.wait()
            log("exit code:", exit_code)
            if obj is not None:
                obj.exit_code = exit_code

        if sleep:
            time.sleep(sleep)
        return p

    def volume_ls(self, proj=None):
        if not proj:
            proj = self.compose.project_name
        output = self.output(
            [],
            "volume",
            [
                "ls",
                "--noheading",
                "--filter",
                f"label=io.podman.compose.project={proj}",
                "--format",
                "{{.Name}}",
            ],
        ).decode("utf-8")
        volumes = output.splitlines()
        return volumes


def normalize_service(service, sub_dir=""):
    # make `build.context` relative to sub_dir
    # TODO: should we make volume and secret relative too?
    if sub_dir and "build" in service:
        build = service["build"]
        context = build if is_str(build) else build.get("context", None)
        context = context or ""
        if context or sub_dir:
            if context.startswith("./"):
                context = context[2:]
            if sub_dir:
                context = os.path.join(sub_dir, context)
            context = context.rstrip("/")
            if not context:
                context = "."
            if is_str(build):
                service["build"] = context
            else:
                service["build"]["context"] = context
    for key in ("env_file", "security_opt", "volumes"):
        if key not in service:
            continue
        if is_str(service[key]):
            service[key] = [service[key]]
    if "security_opt" in service:
        sec_ls = service["security_opt"]
        for ix, item in enumerate(sec_ls):
            if item in ("seccomp:unconfined", "apparmor:unconfined"):
                sec_ls[ix] = item.replace(":", "=")
    for key in ("environment", "labels"):
        if key not in service:
            continue
        service[key] = norm_as_dict(service[key])
    if "extends" in service:
        extends = service["extends"]
        if is_str(extends):
            extends = {"service": extends}
            service["extends"] = extends
    return service


def normalize(compose):
    """
    convert compose dict of some keys from string or dicts into arrays
    """
    services = compose.get("services", None) or {}
    for service in services.values():
        normalize_service(service)
    return compose


def clone(value):
    return value.copy() if is_list(value) or is_dict(value) else value


def rec_merge_one(target, source):
    """
    update target from source recursively
    """
    done = set()
    for key, value in source.items():
        if key in target:
            continue
        target[key] = clone(value)
        done.add(key)
    for key, value in target.items():
        if key in done:
            continue
        if key not in source:
            continue
        value2 = source[key]
        if key == "command":
            target[key] = clone(value2)
            continue
        if not isinstance(value2, type(value)):
            value_type = type(value)
            value2_type = type(value2)
            raise ValueError(
                f"can't merge value of {key} of type {value_type} and {value2_type}"
            )
        if is_list(value2):
            if key == "volumes":
                # clean duplicate mount targets
                pts = {v.split(":", 1)[1] for v in value2 if ":" in v}
                del_ls = [
                    ix
                    for (ix, v) in enumerate(value)
                    if ":" in v and v.split(":", 1)[1] in pts
                ]
                for ix in reversed(del_ls):
                    del value[ix]
                value.extend(value2)
            else:
                value.extend(value2)
        elif is_dict(value2):
            rec_merge_one(value, value2)
        else:
            target[key] = value2
    return target


def rec_merge(target, *sources):
    """
    update target recursively from sources
    """
    for source in sources:
        ret = rec_merge_one(target, source)
    return ret


def resolve_extends(services, service_names, environ):
    for name in service_names:
        service = services[name]
        ext = service.get("extends", {})
        if is_str(ext):
            ext = {"service": ext}
        from_service_name = ext.get("service", None)
        if not from_service_name:
            continue
        filename = ext.get("file", None)
        if filename:
            if filename.startswith("./"):
                filename = filename[2:]
            with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                content = yaml.safe_load(f) or {}
            if "services" in content:
                content = content["services"]
            subdirectory = os.path.dirname(filename)
            content = rec_subs(content, environ)
            from_service = content.get(from_service_name, {})
            normalize_service(from_service, subdirectory)
        else:
            from_service = services.get(from_service_name, {}).copy()
            del from_service["_deps"]
            try:
                del from_service["extends"]
            except KeyError:
                pass
        new_service = rec_merge({}, from_service, service)
        services[name] = new_service


def dotenv_to_dict(dotenv_path):
    if not os.path.isfile(dotenv_path):
        return {}
    return dotenv_values(dotenv_path)


COMPOSE_DEFAULT_LS = [
    "compose.yaml",
    "compose.yml",
    "compose.override.yaml",
    "compose.override.yml",
    "podman-compose.yaml",
    "podman-compose.yml",
    "docker-compose.yml",
    "docker-compose.yaml",
    "docker-compose.override.yml",
    "docker-compose.override.yaml",
    "container-compose.yml",
    "container-compose.yaml",
    "container-compose.override.yml",
    "container-compose.override.yaml",
]


class PodmanCompose:
    def __init__(self):
        self.podman = None
        self.podman_version = None
        self.environ = {}
        self.exit_code = None
        self.commands = {}
        self.global_args = None
        self.project_name = None
        self.dirname = None
        self.pods = None
        self.containers = None
        self.vols = None
        self.networks = {}
        self.default_net = "default"
        self.declared_secrets = None
        self.container_names_by_service = None
        self.container_by_name = None
        self.services = None
        self.all_services = set()
        self.prefer_volume_over_mount = True
        self.merged_yaml = None
        self.yaml_hash = ""
        self.console_colors = [
            "\x1B[1;32m",
            "\x1B[1;33m",
            "\x1B[1;34m",
            "\x1B[1;35m",
            "\x1B[1;36m",
        ]

    def assert_services(self, services):
        if is_str(services):
            services = [services]
        given = set(services or [])
        missing = given - self.all_services
        if missing:
            missing_csv = ",".join(missing)
            log(f"missing services [{missing_csv}]")
            sys.exit(1)

    def get_podman_args(self, cmd):
        xargs = []
        for args in self.global_args.podman_args:
            xargs.extend(shlex.split(args))
        cmd_norm = cmd if cmd != "create" else "run"
        cmd_args = self.global_args.__dict__.get(f"podman_{cmd_norm}_args", None) or []
        for args in cmd_args:
            xargs.extend(shlex.split(args))
        return xargs

    def run(self):
        log("podman-compose version: " + __version__)
        args = self._parse_args()
        podman_path = args.podman_path
        if podman_path != "podman":
            if os.path.isfile(podman_path) and os.access(podman_path, os.X_OK):
                podman_path = os.path.realpath(podman_path)
            else:
                # this also works if podman hasn't been installed now
                if args.dry_run is False:
                    log(f"Binary {podman_path} has not been found.")
                    sys.exit(1)
        self.podman = Podman(self, podman_path, args.dry_run)
        if not args.dry_run:
            # just to make sure podman is running
            try:
                self.podman_version = (
                    self.podman.output(["--version"], "", []).decode("utf-8").strip()
                    or ""
                )
                self.podman_version = (self.podman_version.split() or [""])[-1]
            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
                self.podman_version = None
            if not self.podman_version:
                log("it seems that you do not have `podman` installed")
                sys.exit(1)
            log("using podman version: " + self.podman_version)
        cmd_name = args.command
        compose_required = cmd_name != "version" and (
            cmd_name != "systemd" or args.action != "create-unit"
        )
        if compose_required:
            self._parse_compose_file()
        cmd = self.commands[cmd_name]
        cmd(self, args)

    def _parse_compose_file(self):
        args = self.global_args
        # cmd = args.command
        dirname = os.environ.get("COMPOSE_PROJECT_DIR", None)
        if dirname and os.path.isdir(dirname):
            os.chdir(dirname)
        pathsep = os.environ.get("COMPOSE_PATH_SEPARATOR", None) or os.pathsep
        if not args.file:
            default_str = os.environ.get("COMPOSE_FILE", None)
            if default_str:
                default_ls = default_str.split(pathsep)
            else:
                default_ls = COMPOSE_DEFAULT_LS
            args.file = list(filter(os.path.exists, default_ls))
        files = args.file
        if not files:
            log(
                "no compose.yaml, docker-compose.yml or container-compose.yml file found, pass files with -f"
            )
            sys.exit(-1)
        ex = map(os.path.exists, files)
        missing = [fn0 for ex0, fn0 in zip(ex, files) if not ex0]
        if missing:
            log("missing files: ", missing)
            sys.exit(1)
        # make absolute
        relative_files = files
        files = list(map(os.path.realpath, files))
        filename = files[0]
        project_name = args.project_name
        # no_ansi = args.no_ansi
        # no_cleanup = args.no_cleanup
        # dry_run = args.dry_run
        # host_env = None
        dirname = os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(filename))
        dir_basename = os.path.basename(dirname)
        self.dirname = dirname
        # TODO: remove next line
        os.chdir(dirname)

        if not project_name:
            # More strict then actually needed for simplicity: podman requires [a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]*
            project_name = (
                os.environ.get("COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME", None) or dir_basename.lower()
            )
            project_name = norm_re.sub("", project_name)
            if not project_name:
                raise RuntimeError(f"Project name [{dir_basename}] normalized to empty")

        self.project_name = project_name

        dotenv_path = os.path.join(dirname, args.env_file)
        dotenv_dict = dotenv_to_dict(dotenv_path)
        os.environ.update(
            {
                key: value
                for key, value in dotenv_dict.items()
                if key.startswith("PODMAN_")
            }
        )
        self.environ = dict(os.environ)
        self.environ.update(dotenv_dict)
        # see: https://docs.docker.com/compose/reference/envvars/
        # see: https://docs.docker.com/compose/env-file/
        self.environ.update(
            {
                "COMPOSE_PROJECT_DIR": dirname,
                "COMPOSE_FILE": pathsep.join(relative_files),
                "COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME": self.project_name,
                "COMPOSE_PATH_SEPARATOR": pathsep,
            }
        )
        compose = {}
        for filename in files:
            with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                content = yaml.safe_load(f)
                # log(filename, json.dumps(content, indent = 2))
                if not isinstance(content, dict):
                    sys.stderr.write(
                        "Compose file does not contain a top level object: %s\n"
                        % filename
                    )
                    sys.exit(1)
                content = normalize(content)
                # log(filename, json.dumps(content, indent = 2))
                content = rec_subs(content, self.environ)
                rec_merge(compose, content)
        self.merged_yaml = yaml.safe_dump(compose)
        merged_json_b = json.dumps(compose, separators=(",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
        self.yaml_hash = hashlib.sha256(merged_json_b).hexdigest()
        compose["_dirname"] = dirname
        # debug mode
        if len(files) > 1:
            log(" ** merged:\n", json.dumps(compose, indent=2))
        # ver = compose.get('version', None)
        services = compose.get("services", None)
        if services is None:
            services = {}
            log("WARNING: No services defined")

        # NOTE: maybe add "extends.service" to _deps at this stage
        flat_deps(services, with_extends=True)
        service_names = sorted(
            [(len(srv["_deps"]), name) for name, srv in services.items()]
        )
        service_names = [name for _, name in service_names]
        resolve_extends(services, service_names, self.environ)
        flat_deps(services)
        service_names = sorted(
            [(len(srv["_deps"]), name) for name, srv in services.items()]
        )
        service_names = [name for _, name in service_names]
        nets = compose.get("networks", None) or {}
        if not nets:
            nets["default"] = None
        self.networks = nets
        if len(self.networks) == 1:
            self.default_net = list(nets.keys())[0]
        elif "default" in nets:
            self.default_net = "default"
        else:
            self.default_net = None
        default_net = self.default_net
        allnets = set()
        for name, srv in services.items():
            srv_nets = srv.get("networks", None) or default_net
            srv_nets = (
                list(srv_nets.keys()) if is_dict(srv_nets) else norm_as_list(srv_nets)
            )
            allnets.update(srv_nets)
        given_nets = set(nets.keys())
        missing_nets = allnets - given_nets
        unused_nets = given_nets - allnets - set(["default"])
        if len(unused_nets):
            unused_nets_str = ",".join(unused_nets)
            log(f"WARNING: unused networks: {unused_nets_str}")
        if len(missing_nets):
            missing_nets_str = ",".join(missing_nets)
            raise RuntimeError(f"missing networks: {missing_nets_str}")
        # volumes: [...]
        self.vols = compose.get("volumes", {})
        podman_compose_labels = [
            "io.podman.compose.config-hash=" + self.yaml_hash,
            "io.podman.compose.project=" + project_name,
            "io.podman.compose.version=" + __version__,
            "com.docker.compose.project=" + project_name,
            "com.docker.compose.project.working_dir=" + dirname,
            "com.docker.compose.project.config_files=" + ",".join(relative_files),
        ]
        # other top-levels:
        # networks: {driver: ...}
        # configs: {...}
        self.declared_secrets = compose.get("secrets", {})
        given_containers = []
        container_names_by_service = {}
        self.services = services
        for service_name, service_desc in services.items():
            replicas = try_int(service_desc.get("deploy", {}).get("replicas", "1"))
            container_names_by_service[service_name] = []
            for num in range(1, replicas + 1):
                name0 = f"{project_name}_{service_name}_{num}"
                if num == 1:
                    name = service_desc.get("container_name", name0)
                else:
                    name = name0
                container_names_by_service[service_name].append(name)
                # log(service_name,service_desc)
                cnt = dict(
                    name=name, num=num, service_name=service_name, **service_desc
                )
                if "image" not in cnt:
                    cnt["image"] = f"{project_name}_{service_name}"
                labels = norm_as_list(cnt.get("labels", None))
                cnt["ports"] = norm_ports(cnt.get("ports", None))
                labels.extend(podman_compose_labels)
                labels.extend(
                    [
                        f"com.docker.compose.container-number={num}",
                        "com.docker.compose.service=" + service_name,
                    ]
                )
                cnt["labels"] = labels
                cnt["_service"] = service_name
                cnt["_project"] = project_name
                given_containers.append(cnt)
                volumes = cnt.get("volumes", None) or []
                for volume in volumes:
                    mnt_dict = get_mnt_dict(self, cnt, volume)
                    if (
                        mnt_dict.get("type", None) == "volume"
                        and mnt_dict["source"]
                        and mnt_dict["source"] not in self.vols
                    ):
                        vol_name = mnt_dict["source"]
                        raise RuntimeError(
                            f"volume [{vol_name}] not defined in top level"
                        )
        self.container_names_by_service = container_names_by_service
        self.all_services = set(container_names_by_service.keys())
        container_by_name = {c["name"]: c for c in given_containers}
        # log("deps:", [(c["name"], c["_deps"]) for c in given_containers])
        given_containers = list(container_by_name.values())
        given_containers.sort(key=lambda c: len(c.get("_deps", None) or []))
        # log("sorted:", [c["name"] for c in given_containers])
        pods, containers = transform(args, project_name, given_containers)
        self.pods = pods
        self.containers = containers
        self.container_by_name = {c["name"]: c for c in containers}

    def _parse_args(self):
        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(formatter_class=argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter)
        self._init_global_parser(parser)
        subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title="command", dest="command")
        subparser = subparsers.add_parser("help", help="show help")
        for cmd_name, cmd in self.commands.items():
            subparser = subparsers.add_parser(
                cmd_name, help=cmd.desc
            )  # pylint: disable=protected-access
            for cmd_parser in cmd._parse_args:  # pylint: disable=protected-access
                cmd_parser(subparser)
        self.global_args = parser.parse_args()
        if self.global_args.version:
            self.global_args.command = "version"
        if not self.global_args.command or self.global_args.command == "help":
            parser.print_help()
            sys.exit(-1)
        return self.global_args

    @staticmethod
    def _init_global_parser(parser):
        parser.add_argument("-v", "--version", help="show version", action="store_true")
        parser.add_argument(
            "--no-pod",
            help="disable pod creation",
            action="store_true",
            default=False,
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--pod-args",
            help="custom arguments to be passed to `podman pod`",
            metavar="pod_args",
            type=str,
            default="--infra=false --share=",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--env-file",
            help="Specify an alternate environment file",
            metavar="env_file",
            type=str,
            default=".env",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-f",
            "--file",
            help="Specify an alternate compose file (default: docker-compose.yml)",
            metavar="file",
            action="append",
            default=[],
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "-p",
            "--project-name",
            help="Specify an alternate project name (default: directory name)",
            type=str,
            default=None,
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--podman-path",
            help="Specify an alternate path to podman (default: use location in $PATH variable)",
            type=str,
            default="podman",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--podman-args",
            help="custom global arguments to be passed to `podman`",
            metavar="args",
            action="append",
            default=[],
        )
        for podman_cmd in PODMAN_CMDS:
            parser.add_argument(
                f"--podman-{podman_cmd}-args",
                help=f"custom arguments to be passed to `podman {podman_cmd}`",
                metavar="args",
                action="append",
                default=[],
            )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--no-ansi",
            help="Do not print ANSI control characters",
            action="store_true",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--no-cleanup",
            help="Do not stop and remove existing pod & containers",
            action="store_true",
        )
        parser.add_argument(
            "--dry-run",
            help="No action; perform a simulation of commands",
            action="store_true",
        )


podman_compose = PodmanCompose()

###################
# decorators to add commands and parse options
###################


class cmd_run:  # pylint: disable=invalid-name,too-few-public-methods
    def __init__(self, compose, cmd_name, cmd_desc=None):
        self.compose = compose
        self.cmd_name = cmd_name
        self.cmd_desc = cmd_desc

    def __call__(self, func):
        def wrapped(*args, **kw):
            return func(*args, **kw)

        wrapped._compose = self.compose
        wrapped.desc = self.cmd_desc or func.__doc__
        wrapped._parse_args = []
        self.compose.commands[self.cmd_name] = wrapped
        return wrapped


class cmd_parse:  # pylint: disable=invalid-name,too-few-public-methods
    def __init__(self, compose, cmd_names):
        self.compose = compose
        self.cmd_names = cmd_names if is_list(cmd_names) else [cmd_names]

    def __call__(self, func):
        def wrapped(*args, **kw):
            return func(*args, **kw)

        for cmd_name in self.cmd_names:
            self.compose.commands[cmd_name]._parse_args.append(wrapped)
        return wrapped


###################
# actual commands
###################


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "version", "show version")
def compose_version(compose, args):
    if getattr(args, "short", False):
        print(__version__)
        return
    if getattr(args, "format", "pretty") == "json":
        res = {"version": __version__}
        print(json.dumps(res))
        return
    print("podman-composer version", __version__)
    compose.podman.run(["--version"], "", [], sleep=0)


def is_local(container: dict) -> bool:
    """Test if a container is local, i.e. if it is
    * prefixed with localhost/
    * has a build section and is not prefixed
    """
    return (
        not "/" in container["image"]
        if "build" in container
        else container["image"].startswith("localhost/")
    )


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "wait", "wait running containers to stop")
def compose_wait(compose, args):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    containers = [cnt["name"] for cnt in compose.containers]
    cmd_args = ["--"]
    cmd_args.extend(containers)
    compose.podman.exec([], "wait", cmd_args)


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "systemd")
def compose_systemd(compose, args):
    """
    create systemd unit file and register its compose stacks

    When first installed type `podman-compose -a create-unit`
    later you can add a compose stack by running `podman-compose -a register`
    then you can start/stop your stack with `systemctl --user start podman-compose@<PROJ>`
    """
    config_home = os.environ.get("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", "~/.config")
    config_home = os.path.expanduser(config_home)
    stacks_dir = "containers/compose/projects"
    if args.action == "register":
        proj_name = compose.project_name
        fn = f"{config_home}/{stacks_dir}/{proj_name}.env"
        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(fn), exist_ok=True)
        print(f"writing [{fn}]: ...")
        with open(fn, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            for k, v in compose.environ.items():
                if k.startswith("COMPOSE_") or k.startswith("PODMAN_"):
                    f.write(f"{k}={v}\n")
        print(f"writing [{fn}]: done.")
        print("\n\ncreating the pod without starting it: ...\n\n")
        process = subprocess.run([script, "up", "--no-start"], check=False)
        print("\nfinal exit code is ", process.returncode)
        username = getpass.getuser()
        print(
            f"""
you can use systemd commands like enable, start, stop, status, cat
all without `sudo` like this:

\t\tsystemctl --user enable --now 'podman-compose@{proj_name}'
\t\tsystemctl --user status 'podman-compose@{proj_name}'
\t\tjournalctl --user -xeu 'podman-compose@{proj_name}'

and for that to work outside a session
you might need to run the following command *once*

\t\tsudo loginctl enable-linger '{username}'

you can use podman commands like:

\t\tpodman pod ps
\t\tpodman pod stats 'pod_{proj_name}'
\t\tpodman pod logs --tail=10 -f 'pod_{proj_name}'
"""
        )
    elif args.action in ("list", "ls"):
        ls = glob.glob(f"{config_home}/{stacks_dir}/*.env")
        for i in ls:
            print(os.path.basename(i[:-4]))
    elif args.action == "create-unit":
        fn = f"{config_home}/systemd/user/podman-compose@.service"
        out = f"""\
# {fn}

[Unit]
Description=%i rootless pod (podman-compose)

[Service]
Type=simple
EnvironmentFile=%E/{stacks_dir}/%i.env
ExecStartPre=-{script} up --no-start
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/podman pod start pod_%i
ExecStart={script} wait
ExecStop=/usr/bin/podman pod stop pod_%i

[Install]
WantedBy=default.target
"""
        if os.access(os.path.dirname(fn), os.W_OK):
            print(f"writing [{fn}]: ...")
            with open(fn, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                f.write(out)
            print(f"writing [{fn}]: done.")
            print(
                """
while in your project type `podman-compose systemd -a register`
"""
            )
        else:
            print(out)
            log(f"Could not write to [{fn}]")


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "pull", "pull stack images")
def compose_pull(compose, args):
    img_containers = [cnt for cnt in compose.containers if "image" in cnt]
    images = {cnt["image"] for cnt in img_containers}
    if not args.force_local:
        local_images = {cnt["image"] for cnt in img_containers if is_local(cnt)}
        images -= local_images
    for image in images:
        compose.podman.run([], "pull", [image], sleep=0)


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "push", "push stack images")
def compose_push(compose, args):
    services = set(args.services)
    for cnt in compose.containers:
        if "build" not in cnt:
            continue
        if services and cnt["_service"] not in services:
            continue
        compose.podman.run([], "push", [cnt["image"]], sleep=0)


def build_one(compose, args, cnt):
    if "build" not in cnt:
        return
    if getattr(args, "if_not_exists", None):
        try:
            img_id = compose.podman.output(
                [], "inspect", ["-t", "image", "-f", "{{.Id}}", cnt["image"]]
            )
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
            img_id = None
        if img_id:
            return
    build_desc = cnt["build"]
    if not hasattr(build_desc, "items"):
        build_desc = dict(context=build_desc)
    ctx = build_desc.get("context", ".")
    dockerfile = build_desc.get("dockerfile", None)
    if dockerfile:
        dockerfile = os.path.join(ctx, dockerfile)
    else:
        dockerfile_alts = [
            "Containerfile",
            "ContainerFile",
            "containerfile",
            "Dockerfile",
            "DockerFile",
            "dockerfile",
        ]
        for dockerfile in dockerfile_alts:
            dockerfile = os.path.join(ctx, dockerfile)
            if os.path.exists(dockerfile):
                break
    if not os.path.exists(dockerfile):
        raise OSError("Dockerfile not found in " + ctx)
    build_args = ["-t", cnt["image"], "-f", dockerfile]
    if "target" in build_desc:
        build_args.extend(["--target", build_desc["target"]])
    container_to_ulimit_args(cnt, build_args)
    if getattr(args, "no_cache", None):
        build_args.append("--no-cache")
    if getattr(args, "pull_always", None):
        build_args.append("--pull-always")
    elif getattr(args, "pull", None):
        build_args.append("--pull")
    args_list = norm_as_list(build_desc.get("args", {}))
    for build_arg in args_list + args.build_arg:
        build_args.extend(
            (
                "--build-arg",
                build_arg,
            )
        )
    build_args.append(ctx)
    compose.podman.run([], "build", build_args, sleep=0)


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "build", "build stack images")
def compose_build(compose, args):
    if args.services:
        container_names_by_service = compose.container_names_by_service
        compose.assert_services(args.services)
        for service in args.services:
            cnt = compose.container_by_name[container_names_by_service[service][0]]
            build_one(compose, args, cnt)
    else:
        for cnt in compose.containers:
            build_one(compose, args, cnt)


def create_pods(compose, args):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
    for pod in compose.pods:
        podman_args = [
            "create",
            "--name=" + pod["name"],
        ]
        if args.pod_args:
            podman_args.extend(shlex.split(args.pod_args))
        # if compose.podman_version and not strverscmp_lt(compose.podman_version, "3.4.0"):
        #    podman_args.append("--infra-name={}_infra".format(pod["name"]))
        ports = pod.get("ports", None) or []
        if isinstance(ports, str):
            ports = [ports]
        for i in ports:
            podman_args.extend(["-p", str(i)])
        compose.podman.run([], "pod", podman_args)


def get_excluded(compose, args):
    excluded = set()
    if args.services:
        excluded = set(compose.services)
        for service in args.services:
            excluded -= compose.services[service]["_deps"]
            excluded.discard(service)
    log("** excluding: ", excluded)
    return excluded


@cmd_run(
    podman_compose, "up", "Create and start the entire stack or some of its services"
)
def compose_up(compose, args):
    proj_name = compose.project_name
    excluded = get_excluded(compose, args)
    if not args.no_build:
        # `podman build` does not cache, so don't always build
        build_args = argparse.Namespace(if_not_exists=(not args.build), **args.__dict__)
        compose.commands["build"](compose, build_args)

    hashes = (
        compose.podman.output(
            [],
            "ps",
            [
                "--filter",
                f"label=io.podman.compose.project={proj_name}",
                "-a",
                "--format",
                '{{ index .Labels "io.podman.compose.config-hash"}}',
            ],
        )
        .decode("utf-8")
        .splitlines()
    )
    diff_hashes = [i for i in hashes if i and i != compose.yaml_hash]
    if args.force_recreate or len(diff_hashes):
        log("recreating: ...")
        down_args = argparse.Namespace(**dict(args.__dict__, volumes=False))
        compose.commands["down"](compose, down_args)
        log("recreating: done\n\n")
    # args.no_recreate disables check for changes (which is not implemented)

    podman_command = "run" if args.detach and not args.no_start else "create"

    create_pods(compose, args)
    for cnt in compose.containers:
        if cnt["_service"] in excluded:
            log("** skipping: ", cnt["name"])
            continue
        podman_args = container_to_args(compose, cnt, detached=args.detach)
        subproc = compose.podman.run([], podman_command, podman_args)
        if podman_command == "run" and subproc and subproc.returncode:
            compose.podman.run([], "start", [cnt["name"]])
    if args.no_start or args.detach or args.dry_run:
        return
    # TODO: handle already existing
    # TODO: if error creating do not enter loop
    # TODO: colors if sys.stdout.isatty()
    exit_code_from = args.__dict__.get("exit_code_from", None)
    if exit_code_from:
        args.abort_on_container_exit = True

    threads = []

    max_service_length = 0
    for cnt in compose.containers:
        curr_length = len(cnt["_service"])
        max_service_length = (
            curr_length if curr_length > max_service_length else max_service_length
        )

    for i, cnt in enumerate(compose.containers):
        # Add colored service prefix to output by piping output through sed
        color_idx = i % len(compose.console_colors)
        color = compose.console_colors[color_idx]
        space_suffix = " " * (max_service_length - len(cnt["_service"]) + 1)
        log_formatter = "s/^/{}[{}]{}|\x1B[0m\\ /;".format(
            color, cnt["_service"], space_suffix
        )
        log_formatter = ["sed", "-e", log_formatter]
        if cnt["_service"] in excluded:
            log("** skipping: ", cnt["name"])
            continue
        # TODO: remove sleep from podman.run
        obj = compose if exit_code_from == cnt["_service"] else None
        thread = Thread(
            target=compose.podman.run,
            args=[[], "start", ["-a", cnt["name"]]],
            kwargs={"obj": obj, "log_formatter": log_formatter},
            daemon=True,
            name=cnt["name"],
        )
        thread.start()
        threads.append(thread)
        time.sleep(1)

    while threads:
        to_remove = []
        for thread in threads:
            thread.join(timeout=1.0)
            if not thread.is_alive():
                to_remove.append(thread)
                if args.abort_on_container_exit:
                    time.sleep(1)
                    exit_code = (
                        compose.exit_code if compose.exit_code is not None else -1
                    )
                    sys.exit(exit_code)
        for thread in to_remove:
            threads.remove(thread)


def get_volume_names(compose, cnt):
    proj_name = compose.project_name
    basedir = compose.dirname
    srv_name = cnt["_service"]
    ls = []
    for volume in cnt.get("volumes", []):
        if is_str(volume):
            volume = parse_short_mount(volume, basedir)
        volume = fix_mount_dict(compose, volume, proj_name, srv_name)
        mount_type = volume["type"]
        if mount_type != "volume":
            continue
        volume_name = (volume.get("_vol", None) or {}).get("name", None)
        ls.append(volume_name)
    return ls


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "down", "tear down entire stack")
def compose_down(compose, args):
    excluded = get_excluded(compose, args)
    podman_args = []
    timeout = getattr(args, "timeout", None)
    if timeout is None:
        timeout = 1
    podman_args.extend(["-t", str(timeout)])
    containers = list(reversed(compose.containers))

    for cnt in containers:
        if cnt["_service"] in excluded:
            continue
        compose.podman.run([], "stop", [*podman_args, cnt["name"]], sleep=0)
    for cnt in containers:
        if cnt["_service"] in excluded:
            continue
        compose.podman.run([], "rm", [cnt["name"]], sleep=0)
    if args.volumes:
        vol_names_to_keep = set()
        for cnt in containers:
            if cnt["_service"] not in excluded:
                continue
            vol_names_to_keep.update(get_volume_names(compose, cnt))
        log("keep", vol_names_to_keep)
        for volume_name in compose.podman.volume_ls():
            if volume_name in vol_names_to_keep:
                continue
            compose.podman.run([], "volume", ["rm", volume_name])

    if excluded:
        return
    for pod in compose.pods:
        compose.podman.run([], "pod", ["rm", pod["name"]], sleep=0)


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "ps", "show status of containers")
def compose_ps(compose, args):
    proj_name = compose.project_name
    if args.quiet is True:
        compose.podman.run(
            [],
            "ps",
            [
                "-a",
                "--format",
                "{{.ID}}",
                "--filter",
                f"label=io.podman.compose.project={proj_name}",
            ],
        )
    else:
        compose.podman.run(
            [], "ps", ["-a", "--filter", f"label=io.podman.compose.project={proj_name}"]
        )


@cmd_run(
    podman_compose,
    "run",
    "create a container similar to a service to run a one-off command",
)
def compose_run(compose, args):
    create_pods(compose, args)
    compose.assert_services(args.service)
    container_names = compose.container_names_by_service[args.service]
    container_name = container_names[0]
    cnt = dict(compose.container_by_name[container_name])
    deps = cnt["_deps"]
    if deps and not args.no_deps:
        up_args = argparse.Namespace(
            **dict(
                args.__dict__,
                detach=True,
                services=deps,
                # defaults
                no_build=False,
                build=None,
                force_recreate=False,
                no_start=False,
                no_cache=False,
                build_arg=[],
            )
        )
        compose.commands["up"](compose, up_args)
    # adjust one-off container options
    name0 = "{}_{}_tmp{}".format(
        compose.project_name, args.service, random.randrange(0, 65536)
    )
    cnt["name"] = args.name or name0
    if args.entrypoint:
        cnt["entrypoint"] = args.entrypoint
    if args.user:
        cnt["user"] = args.user
    if args.workdir:
        cnt["working_dir"] = args.workdir
    env = dict(cnt.get("environment", {}))
    if args.env:
        additional_env_vars = dict(map(lambda each: each.split("="), args.env))
        env.update(additional_env_vars)
        cnt["environment"] = env
    if not args.service_ports:
        for k in ("expose", "publishall", "ports"):
            try:
                del cnt[k]
            except KeyError:
                pass
    if args.volume:
        # TODO: handle volumes
        volumes = clone(cnt.get("volumes", None) or [])
        volumes.extend(args.volume)
        cnt["volumes"] = volumes
    cnt["tty"] = not args.T
    if args.cnt_command is not None and len(args.cnt_command) > 0:
        cnt["command"] = args.cnt_command
    # can't restart and --rm
    if args.rm and "restart" in cnt:
        del cnt["restart"]
    # run podman
    podman_args = container_to_args(compose, cnt, args.detach)
    if not args.detach:
        podman_args.insert(1, "-i")
        if args.rm:
            podman_args.insert(1, "--rm")
    p = compose.podman.run([], "run", podman_args, sleep=0)
    sys.exit(p.returncode)


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "exec", "execute a command in a running container")
def compose_exec(compose, args):
    compose.assert_services(args.service)
    container_names = compose.container_names_by_service[args.service]
    container_name = container_names[args.index - 1]
    cnt = compose.container_by_name[container_name]
    podman_args = ["--interactive"]
    if args.privileged:
        podman_args += ["--privileged"]
    if args.user:
        podman_args += ["--user", args.user]
    if args.workdir:
        podman_args += ["--workdir", args.workdir]
    if not args.T:
        podman_args += ["--tty"]
    env = dict(cnt.get("environment", {}))
    if args.env:
        additional_env_vars = dict(map(lambda each: each.split("="), args.env))
        env.update(additional_env_vars)
    for name, value in env.items():
        podman_args += ["--env", "%s=%s" % (name, value)]
    podman_args += [container_name]
    if args.cnt_command is not None and len(args.cnt_command) > 0:
        podman_args += args.cnt_command
    p = compose.podman.run([], "exec", podman_args, sleep=0)
    sys.exit(p.returncode)


def transfer_service_status(compose, args, action):
    # TODO: handle dependencies, handle creations
    container_names_by_service = compose.container_names_by_service
    if not args.services:
        args.services = container_names_by_service.keys()
    compose.assert_services(args.services)
    targets = []
    for service in args.services:
        if service not in container_names_by_service:
            raise ValueError("unknown service: " + service)
        targets.extend(container_names_by_service[service])
    if action in ["stop", "restart"]:
        targets = list(reversed(targets))
    podman_args = []
    timeout = getattr(args, "timeout", None)
    if timeout is not None:
        podman_args.extend(["-t", str(timeout)])
    for target in targets:
        compose.podman.run([], action, podman_args + [target], sleep=0)


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "start", "start specific services")
def compose_start(compose, args):
    transfer_service_status(compose, args, "start")


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "stop", "stop specific services")
def compose_stop(compose, args):
    transfer_service_status(compose, args, "stop")


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "restart", "restart specific services")
def compose_restart(compose, args):
    transfer_service_status(compose, args, "restart")


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "logs", "show logs from services")
def compose_logs(compose, args):
    container_names_by_service = compose.container_names_by_service
    if not args.services and not args.latest:
        args.services = container_names_by_service.keys()
    compose.assert_services(args.services)
    targets = []
    for service in args.services:
        targets.extend(container_names_by_service[service])
    podman_args = []
    if args.follow:
        podman_args.append("-f")
    if args.latest:
        podman_args.append("-l")
    if args.names:
        podman_args.append("-n")
    if args.since:
        podman_args.extend(["--since", args.since])
    # the default value is to print all logs which is in podman = 0 and not
    # needed to be passed
    if args.tail and args.tail != "all":
        podman_args.extend(["--tail", args.tail])
    if args.timestamps:
        podman_args.append("-t")
    if args.until:
        podman_args.extend(["--until", args.until])
    for target in targets:
        podman_args.append(target)
    compose.podman.run([], "logs", podman_args)


@cmd_run(podman_compose, "config", "displays the compose file")
def compose_config(compose, args):
    if args.services:
        for service in compose.services:
            print(service)
        return
    print(compose.merged_yaml)


###################
# command arguments parsing
###################


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "version")
def compose_version_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-f",
        "--format",
        choices=["pretty", "json"],
        default="pretty",
        help="Format the output",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--short",
        action="store_true",
        help="Shows only Podman Compose's version number",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "up")
def compose_up_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-d",
        "--detach",
        action="store_true",
        help="Detached mode: Run container in the background, print new container name. Incompatible with --abort-on-container-exit.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-color", action="store_true", help="Produce monochrome output."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--quiet-pull",
        action="store_true",
        help="Pull without printing progress information.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-deps", action="store_true", help="Don't start linked services."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--force-recreate",
        action="store_true",
        help="Recreate containers even if their configuration and image haven't changed.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--always-recreate-deps",
        action="store_true",
        help="Recreate dependent containers. Incompatible with --no-recreate.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-recreate",
        action="store_true",
        help="If containers already exist, don't recreate them. Incompatible with --force-recreate and -V.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-build",
        action="store_true",
        help="Don't build an image, even if it's missing.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-start",
        action="store_true",
        help="Don't start the services after creating them.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--build", action="store_true", help="Build images before starting containers."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--abort-on-container-exit",
        action="store_true",
        help="Stops all containers if any container was stopped. Incompatible with -d.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-t",
        "--timeout",
        type=int,
        default=10,
        help="Use this timeout in seconds for container shutdown when attached or when containers are already running. (default: 10)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-V",
        "--renew-anon-volumes",
        action="store_true",
        help="Recreate anonymous volumes instead of retrieving data from the previous containers.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--remove-orphans",
        action="store_true",
        help="Remove containers for services not defined in the Compose file.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--scale",
        metavar="SERVICE=NUM",
        action="append",
        help="Scale SERVICE to NUM instances. Overrides the `scale` setting in the Compose file if present.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--exit-code-from",
        metavar="SERVICE",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Return the exit code of the selected service container. Implies --abort-on-container-exit.",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "down")
def compose_down_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-v",
        "--volumes",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Remove named volumes declared in the `volumes` section of the Compose file and "
        "anonymous volumes attached to containers.",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "run")
def compose_run_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-d",
        "--detach",
        action="store_true",
        help="Detached mode: Run container in the background, print new container name.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--name", type=str, default=None, help="Assign a name to the container"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--entrypoint",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Override the entrypoint of the image.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-e",
        "--env",
        metavar="KEY=VAL",
        action="append",
        help="Set an environment variable (can be used multiple times)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-l",
        "--label",
        metavar="KEY=VAL",
        action="append",
        help="Add or override a label (can be used multiple times)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-u", "--user", type=str, default=None, help="Run as specified username or uid"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-deps", action="store_true", help="Don't start linked services"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--rm",
        action="store_true",
        help="Remove container after run. Ignored in detached mode.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-p",
        "--publish",
        action="append",
        help="Publish a container's port(s) to the host (can be used multiple times)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--service-ports",
        action="store_true",
        help="Run command with the service's ports enabled and mapped to the host.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-v",
        "--volume",
        action="append",
        help="Bind mount a volume (can be used multiple times)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-T",
        action="store_true",
        help="Disable pseudo-tty allocation. By default `podman-compose run` allocates a TTY.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-w",
        "--workdir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Working directory inside the container",
    )
    parser.add_argument("service", metavar="service", nargs=None, help="service name")
    parser.add_argument(
        "cnt_command",
        metavar="command",
        nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
        help="command and its arguments",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "exec")
def compose_exec_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-d",
        "--detach",
        action="store_true",
        help="Detached mode: Run container in the background, print new container name.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--privileged",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Give the process extended Linux capabilities inside the container",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-u", "--user", type=str, default=None, help="Run as specified username or uid"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-T",
        action="store_true",
        help="Disable pseudo-tty allocation. By default `podman-compose run` allocates a TTY.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--index",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        help="Index of the container if there are multiple instances of a service",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-e",
        "--env",
        metavar="KEY=VAL",
        action="append",
        help="Set an environment variable (can be used multiple times)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-w",
        "--workdir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Working directory inside the container",
    )
    parser.add_argument("service", metavar="service", nargs=None, help="service name")
    parser.add_argument(
        "cnt_command",
        metavar="command",
        nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
        help="command and its arguments",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, ["down", "stop", "restart"])
def compose_parse_timeout(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-t",
        "--timeout",
        help="Specify a shutdown timeout in seconds. ",
        type=int,
        default=10,
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, ["logs"])
def compose_logs_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-f",
        "--follow",
        action="store_true",
        help="Follow log output. The default is false",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-l",
        "--latest",
        action="store_true",
        help="Act on the latest container podman is aware of",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-n",
        "--names",
        action="store_true",
        help="Output the container name in the log",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--since", help="Show logs since TIMESTAMP", type=str, default=None
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-t", "--timestamps", action="store_true", help="Show timestamps."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--tail",
        help="Number of lines to show from the end of the logs for each " "container.",
        type=str,
        default="all",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--until", help="Show logs until TIMESTAMP", type=str, default=None
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "services", metavar="services", nargs="*", default=None, help="service names"
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "systemd")
def compose_systemd_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-a",
        "--action",
        choices=["register", "create-unit", "list", "ls"],
        default="register",
        help="create systemd unit file or register compose stack to it",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "pull")
def compose_pull_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "--force-local",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Also pull unprefixed images for services which have a build section",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "push")
def compose_push_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ignore-push-failures",
        action="store_true",
        help="Push what it can and ignores images with push failures. (not implemented)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "services", metavar="services", nargs="*", help="services to push"
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "ps")
def compose_ps_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "-q", "--quiet", help="Only display container IDs", action="store_true"
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, ["build", "up"])
def compose_build_up_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "--pull",
        help="attempt to pull a newer version of the image",
        action="store_true",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--pull-always",
        help="attempt to pull a newer version of the image, Raise an error even if the image is present locally.",
        action="store_true",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--build-arg",
        metavar="key=val",
        action="append",
        default=[],
        help="Set build-time variables for services.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-cache",
        help="Do not use cache when building the image.",
        action="store_true",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, ["build", "up", "down", "start", "stop", "restart"])
def compose_build_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "services",
        metavar="services",
        nargs="*",
        default=None,
        help="affected services",
    )


@cmd_parse(podman_compose, "config")
def compose_config_parse(parser):
    parser.add_argument(
        "--services", help="Print the service names, one per line.", action="store_true"
    )


def main():
    podman_compose.run()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()