Here are some useful links for further reading:
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Dynamo - Highly Available Key-value Store
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Kafka - A Distributed Messaging System for Log Processing
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Consistent Hashing - Original paper
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Paxos - Protocol for distributed consensus
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Concurrency Controls - Optimistic methods for concurrency controls
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Gossip protocol - For failure detection and more.
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Chubby - Lock service for loosely-coupled distributed systems
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ZooKeeper - Wait-free coordination for Internet-scale systems
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MapReduce - Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters
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Hadoop - A Distributed File System