GraphQL.AspNetCore3

This package is designed for ASP.Net Core (2.1 through 9.0) to facilitate easy set-up of GraphQL requests over HTTP. The code is designed to be used as middleware within the ASP.Net Core pipeline, serving GET, POST or WebSocket requests. GET requests process requests from the querystring. POST requests can be in the form of JSON requests, form submissions, or raw GraphQL strings. Form submissions either accepts query, operationName, variables and extensions parameters, or operations and map parameters along with file uploads as defined in the GraphQL multipart request spec. WebSocket requests can use the graphql-ws or graphql-transport-ws WebSocket sub-protocol, as defined in the apollographql/subscriptions-transport-ws and enisdenjo/graphql-ws respoitories, respectively. The graphql-subscriptions sub-protocol is not supported.

The middleware can be configured through the IApplicationBuilder or IEndpointRouteBuilder builder interfaces.

In addition, an ExecutionResultActionResult class is added for returning ExecutionResult instances directly from a controller action.

Authorization is also supported with the included AuthorizationValidationRule. It will scan GraphQL documents and validate that the schema and all referenced output graph types, fields of output graph types, and query arguments meet the specified policy and/or roles held by the authenticated user within the ASP.NET Core authorization framework. It does not validate any policies or roles specified for input graph types, fields of input graph types, or directives. It does not skip validation for fields that are marked with the @skip or @include directives.

See version history / migration notes for changes from previous versions.

Configuration

Typical configuration with HTTP middleware

First add the GraphQL.AspNetCore3 nuget package to your application. It requires GraphQL version 8.2.1 or a later.

Then update your Program.cs or Startup.cs to register the schema, the serialization engine, and optionally the HTTP middleware and WebSocket services. Configure WebSockets and GraphQL in the HTTP pipeline by calling UseWebSockets and UseGraphQL at the appropriate point. Below is a complete sample of a .NET 6 console app that hosts a GraphQL endpoint at http://localhost:5000/graphql:

Project file

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net6.0</TargetFramework>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="GraphQL.AspNetCore3" Version="5.0.0" />
  </ItemGroup>

</Project>

Program.cs file

using GraphQL;
using GraphQL.MicrosoftDI;
using GraphQL.SystemTextJson;
using GraphQL.AspNetCore3;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddGraphQL(b => b
    .AddAutoSchema<Query>()  // schema
    .AddSystemTextJson());   // serializer

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseWebSockets();
app.UseGraphQL("/graphql");  // url to host GraphQL endpoint
await app.RunAsync();

Schema

public class Query
{
    public static string Hero() => "Luke Skywalker";
}

Sample request url

http://localhost:5000/graphql?query={hero}

Sample response

{"data":{"hero":"Luke Skywalker"}}

Basic options

By default, the middleware will be installed with these configurable options:

GET, POST, and WebSocket requests are all enabled
Form content types are disabled, and cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection is enabled
There are no authentication or authorization requirements
The default response content type is application/graphql-response+json
The middleware will use the default schema instance

To configure these options, pass a confiuguration delegate to the UseGraphQL method as demonstrated below:

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", opts => {
    opts.ReadFormOnPost = true;
});

Configuration of these options and more are further described below in this document.

Configuration with endpoint routing

To use endpoint routing, call MapGraphQL from inside the endpoint configuration builder rather than UseGraphQL on the application builder. See below for the sample of the application builder code:

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseWebSockets();
app.UseRouting();
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints => {
    endpoints.MapGraphQL("graphql");
});
await app.RunAsync();

Using endpoint routing is particularly useful when you want to select a specific CORS configuration for the GraphQL endpoint. See the CORS section below for a sample.

Please note that when using endpoint routing, you cannot use WebSocket connections while a UI package is also configured at the same URL. You will need to use a different URL for the UI package, or use UI middleware prior to endpoint routing. So long as different URLs are used, there are no issues. Below is a sample when the UI and GraphQL reside at the same URL:

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseWebSockets();
app.UseRouting();
app.UseGraphQLVoyager("/graphql");
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
{
    endpoints.MapGraphQL("/graphql");
});
await app.RunAsync();

Configuration with a MVC controller

Although not recommended, you may set up a controller action to execute GraphQL requests. You will not need UseGraphQL or MapGraphQL in the application startup. Below is a very basic sample; a much more complete sample can be found in the ControllerSample project within this repository. Although technically possible, the sample does not include support for WebSocket requests.

HomeController.cs

public class HomeController : Controller
{
    private readonly IDocumentExecuter _documentExecuter;

    public TestController(IDocumentExecuter<ISchema> documentExecuter)
    {
        _documentExecuter = documentExecuter;
    }

    [HttpGet]
    public async Task<IActionResult> GraphQL(string query)
    {
        var result = await _documentExecuter.ExecuteAsync(new() {
            Query = query,
            RequestServices = HttpContext.RequestServices,
            CancellationToken = HttpContext.RequestAborted,
        });
        return new ExecutionResultActionResult(result);
    }
}

User context configuration

To set the user context to be used during the execution of GraphQL requests, call AddUserContextBuilder during the GraphQL service setup to set a delegate which will be called when the user context is built. Alternatively, you can register an IUserContextBuilder implementation to do the same.

Program.cs / Startup.cs

builder.Services.AddGraphQL(b => b
    .AddAutoSchema<Query>()
    .AddSystemTextJson()
    .AddUserContextBuilder(httpContext => new MyUserContext(httpContext));

MyUserContext.cs

public class MyUserContext : Dictionary<string, object?>
{
    public ClaimsPrincipal User { get; }

    public MyUserContext(HttpContext context) : base()
    {
        User = context.User;
    }
}

Authorization configuration

You can configure authorization for all GraphQL requests, or for individual graphs, fields and query arguments within your schema. Both can be used if desired.

Be sure to call app.UseAuthentication() and app.UseAuthorization() prior to the call to app.UseGraphQL(). For example:

app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.UseWebSockets();
app.UseGraphQL("/graphql");

For all GraphQL requests (including introspection requests)

When calling UseGraphQL, specify options as necessary to enable authorization as required.

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", config => {
    // require that the user be authenticated
    config.AuthorizationRequired = true;

    // require that the user be a member of at least one role listed
    config.AuthorizedRoles.Add("MyRole");
    config.AuthorizedRoles.Add("MyAlternateRole");

    // require that the user pass a specific authorization policy
    config.AuthorizedPolicy = "MyPolicy";
});

Once configured, the request is authorized prior to parsing of the document or accepting the WebSocket request. Since WebSocket requests from browsers cannot typically carry a HTTP Authorization header, for JWT Bearer authentication you may need to disable authorization requirements for WebSocket connections and instead install an authentication handler for connection requests. To do so, use set the WebSocketsRequireAuthorization property to false and register an IWebSocketAuthorizationService as a singleton within your dependency injection framework. Below is an example:

services.AddSingleton<IWebSocketAuthorizationService, MyAuthService>();

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", config => {
    // require that the user be authenticated
    config.AuthorizationRequired = true;
});

class MyAuthService : IWebSocketAuthenticationService
{
    private readonly IGraphQLSerializer _serializer;

    public MyWSAuthService(IGraphQLSerializer serializer)
    {
        _serializer = serializer;
    }

    public async ValueTask<bool> AuthenticateAsync(IWebSocketConnection connection, OperationMessage operationMessage)
    {
        var payload = _serializer.ReadNode<Inputs>(operationMessage.Payload);
        if (payload?.TryGetValue("Authorization", out var value) ?? false) {
            ClaimsPrincipal user;
            // validate token here and set user
            connection.HttpContext.User = user;
            return true; // authentication successful
        }
        return false; // authentication failed
    }
}

You may also wish to use IWebSocketAuthenticationService to set the HttpContext.User property, even if you allow anonymous requests.

For individual graphs, fields and query arguments

To configure ASP.NET Core authorization for GraphQL, add the corresponding validation rule during GraphQL configuration, typically by calling .AddAuthorizationRule() as shown below:

builder.Services.AddGraphQL(b => b
    .AddAutoSchema<Query>()
    .AddSystemTextJson()
    .AddAuthorizationRule());

Both roles and policies are supported for output graph types, fields on output graph types, and query arguments. If multiple policies are specified, all must match; if multiple roles are specified, any one role must match. You may also use .Authorize() or the [Authorize] attribute to validate that the user has authenticated. You may also use .AllowAnonymous() and [AllowAnonymous] to allow fields to be returned to unauthenticated users within an graph that has an authorization requirement defined.

Please note that authorization rules do not apply to values returned within introspection requests, potentially leaking information about protected areas of the schema to unauthenticated users. You may use the ISchemaFilter to restrict what information is returned from introspection requests, but it will apply to both authenticated and unauthenticated users alike.

Introspection requests are allowed unless the schema has an authorization requirement set on it. The @skip and @include directives are honored, skipping authorization checks for fields skipped by @skip or @include.

Please note that if you use interfaces, validation might be executed against the graph field or the interface field, depending on the structure of the query. For instance:

{
  cat {
    # validates against Cat.Name
    name

    # validates against Animal.Name
    ... on Animal {
      name
    }
  }
}

Similarly for unions, validation occurs on the exact type that is queried. Be sure to carefully consider placement of authorization rules when using interfaces and unions, especially when some fields are marked with AllowAnonymous.

Custom authentication configuration for GET/POST requests

To provide custom authentication code, bypassing ASP.NET Core's authentication, derive from the GraphQLHttpMiddleware<T> class and override HandleAuthorizeAsync, setting HttpContext.User to an appropriate ClaimsPrincipal instance.

See 'Customizing middleware behavior' below for an example of deriving from GraphQLHttpMiddleware.

Authentication for WebSocket requests

Since WebSocket requests from browsers cannot typically carry a HTTP Authorization header, you will need to authorize requests via the ConnectionInit WebSocket message or carry the authorization token within the URL. Below is a sample of the former:

builder.Services.AddGraphQL(b => b
    .AddAutoSchema<Query>()
    .AddSystemTextJson()
    .AddAuthorizationRule()  // not required for endpoint authorization
    .AddWebSocketAuthentication<MyAuthService>());

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", config =>
{
    // require that the user be authenticated
    config.AuthorizationRequired = true;
});

class MyAuthService : IWebSocketAuthenticationService
{
    private readonly IGraphQLSerializer _serializer;

    public MyAuthService(IGraphQLSerializer serializer)
    {
        _serializer = serializer;
    }

    public async ValueTask<bool> AuthenticateAsync(IWebSocketConnection connection, OperationMessage operationMessage)
    {
        // read payload of ConnectionInit message and look for an "Authorization" entry that starts with "Bearer "
        var payload = _serializer.ReadNode<Inputs>(operationMessage.Payload);
        if ((payload?.TryGetValue("Authorization", out var value) ?? false) && value is string valueString)
        {
            var user = ParseToken(valueString);
            if (user != null)
            {
                // set user and indicate authentication was successful
                connection.HttpContext.User = user;
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false; // authentication failed
    }

    private ClaimsPrincipal? ParseToken(string authorizationHeaderValue)
    {
        // parse header value and return user, or null if unable
    }
}

To authorize based on information within the query string, it is recommended to derive from GraphQLHttpMiddleware<T> and override InvokeAsync, setting HttpContext.User based on the query string parameters, and then calling base.InvokeAsync. Alternatively you may override HandleAuthorizeAsync which will execute for GET/POST requests, and HandleAuthorizeWebSocketConnectionAsync for WebSocket requests. Note that InvokeAsync will execute even if the protocol is disabled in the options via disabling HandleGet or similar; HandleAuthorizeAsync and HandleAuthorizeWebSocketConnectionAsync will not.

JWT Bearer authentication is provided by the GraphQL.AspNetCore3.JwtBearer package. Like the above sample, it will look for an "Authorization" entry that starts with "Bearer " and validate the token using the configured ASP.Net Core JWT Bearer authentication handler. Configure it using the AddJwtBearerAuthentication extension method as shown in the example below:

builder.Services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
    .AddJwtBearer();

builder.Services.AddGraphQL(b => b
    .AddAutoSchema<Query>()
    .AddSystemTextJson()
    .AddAuthorizationRule()
    .AddJwtBearerAuthentication()
);

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", config =>
{
    // require that the user be authenticated
    config.AuthorizationRequired = true;
});

Please note:

If JWT Bearer is not the default authentication scheme, you will need to specify the authentication scheme to use for GraphQL requests. See 'Authentication schemes' below for more information.
Events configured through JwtBearerEvents are not currently supported.

Authentication schemes

By default the role and policy requirements are validated against the current user as defined by HttpContext.User. This is typically set by ASP.NET Core's authentication middleware and is based on the default authentication scheme set during the call to AddAuthentication in Startup.cs. You may override this behavior by specifying a different authentication scheme via the AuthenticationSchemes option. For instance, if you wish to authenticate using JWT authentication when Cookie authentication is the default, you may specify the scheme as follows:

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", config =>
{
    // specify a specific authentication scheme to use
    config.AuthenticationSchemes.Add(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme);
});

This will overwrite the HttpContext.User property when handling GraphQL requests, which will in turn set the IResolveFieldContext.User property to the same value (unless being overridden via an IWebSocketAuthenticationService implementation as shown above). So both endpoint authorization and field authorization will perform role and policy checks against the same authentication scheme.

UI configuration

This project does not include user interfaces, such as GraphiQL or Playground, but you can include references to the ones provided by the GraphQL Server repository which work well with ASP.Net Core 2.1+. Below is a list of the nuget packages offered:

Package	Downloads	NuGet Latest
GraphQL.Server.Ui.Altair
GraphQL.Server.Ui.Playground
GraphQL.Server.Ui.GraphiQL
GraphQL.Server.Ui.Voyager

Here is a sample of how this would be configured in your Program.cs file:

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql");

// add this:
app.UseGraphQLPlayground(
    new GraphQL.Server.Ui.Playground.PlaygroundOptions {
        GraphQLEndPoint = new PathString("/graphql"),
        SubscriptionsEndPoint = new PathString("/graphql"),
    },
    "/");   // url to host Playground at

await app.RunAsync();

CORS configuration

ASP.NET Core supports CORS requests independently of GraphQL, including CORS pre-flight requests. To configure your application for CORS requests, add AddCors() and UseCors() into the application pipeline.

builder.Services.AddCors();

app.UseCors(policy => {
    // configure default policy here
});

To configure GraphQL to use a named CORS policy, configure the application to use endpoint routing and call RequireCors() on the endpoint configuration builder.

// ...
builder.Services.AddRouting();
builder.Services.AddCors(builder => {
    // configure named and/or default policies here
});

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseWebSockets();
app.UseRouting();
app.UseCors();
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints => {
    // configure the graphql endpoint with the specified CORS policy
    endpoints.MapGraphQL()
        .RequireCors("MyCorsPolicy");
});
await app.RunAsync();

In order to ensure that all requests trigger CORS preflight requests, by default the server will reject requests that do not meet one of the following criteria:

The request is a POST request that includes a Content-Type header that is not application/x-www-form-urlencoded, multipart/form-data, or text/plain.
The request includes a non-empty GraphQL-Require-Preflight header.

To disable this behavior, set the CsrfProtectionEnabled option to false.

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", config =>
{
    config.CsrfProtectionEnabled = false;
});

You may also change the allowed headers by modifying the CsrfProtectionHeaders option.

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", config =>
{
    config.CsrfProtectionHeaders = ["MyCustomHeader"];
});

Response compression

ASP.NET Core supports response compression independently of GraphQL, with brotli and gzip support automatically based on the compression formats listed as supported in the request headers. To configure your application for response compression, configure your Program/Startup file as follows:

// add and configure the service
builder.Services.AddResponseCompression(options => {
    options.EnableForHttps = true; //may lead to CRIME and BREACH attacks
    options.MimeTypes = new[] { "application/json", "application/graphql+json" };
})

// place this first/early in the pipeline
app.UseResponseCompression();

In order to compress GraphQL responses, the application/graphql+json content type must be added to the MimeTypes option. You may choose to enable other content types as well.

Please note that enabling response compression over HTTPS can lead to CRIME and BREACH attacks. These side-channel attacks typically affects sites that rely on cookies for authentication. Please read this and this for more details.

ASP.NET Core 2.1

You may choose to use the .NET Core 2.1 runtime or a .NET Framework runtime. This library has been tested with .NET Core 2.1 and .NET Framework 4.8.

You will need to reference a serializer package such as GraphQL.NewtonsoftJson or GraphQL.SystemTextJson, as GraphQL.SystemTextJson is not included in this case.

Besides that requirement, all features are supported in exactly the same manner as when using ASP.NET Core 3.1+. You may find differences in the ASP.NET Core runtime, such as CORS implementation differences, which are outside the scope of this project.

Advanced configuration

For more advanced configurations, see the overloads and configuration options available for the various builder methods, listed below. Methods and properties contain XML comments to provide assistance while coding with Visual Studio.

Builder interface	Method	Description
`IGraphQLBuilder`	`AddUserContextBuilder`	Sets up a delegate to create the UserContext for each GraphQL request.
`IApplicationBuilder`	`UseGraphQL`	Adds the GraphQL middleware to the HTTP request pipeline.
`IEndpointRouteBuilder`	`MapGraphQL`	Adds the GraphQL middleware to the HTTP request pipeline.

A number of the methods contain optional parameters or configuration delegates to allow further customization. Please review the overloads of each method to determine which options are available. In addition, many methods have more descriptive XML comments than shown above.

Configuration options

Below are descriptions of the options available when registering the HTTP middleware or WebSocket handler. Note that the HTTP middleware options are configured via the UseGraphQL or MapGraphQL methods allowing for different options for each configured endpoint.

GraphQLHttpMiddlewareOptions

Property	Description	Default value
`AuthorizationRequired`	Requires `HttpContext.User` to represent an authenticated user.	False
`AuthorizedPolicy`	If set, requires `HttpContext.User` to pass authorization of the specified policy.
`AuthorizedRoles`	If set, requires `HttpContext.User` to be a member of any one of a list of roles.
`CsrfProtectionEnabled`	Enables cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection for both GET and POST requests.	True
`CsrfProtectionHeaders`	Sets the headers used for CSRF protection when necessary.	`GraphQL-Require-Preflight`
`EnableBatchedRequests`	Enables handling of batched GraphQL requests for POST requests when formatted as JSON.	True
`ExecuteBatchedRequestsInParallel`	Enables parallel execution of batched GraphQL requests.	True
`HandleGet`	Enables handling of GET requests.	True
`HandlePost`	Enables handling of POST requests.	True
`HandleWebSockets`	Enables handling of WebSockets requests.	True
`MaximumFileSize`	Sets the maximum file size allowed for GraphQL multipart requests.	unlimited
`MaximumFileCount`	Sets the maximum number of files allowed for GraphQL multipart requests.	unlimited
`ReadExtensionsFromQueryString`	Enables reading extensions from the query string.	True
`ReadFormOnPost`	Enables parsing of form data for POST requests (may have security implications).	False
`ReadQueryStringOnPost`	Enables parsing the query string on POST requests.	True
`ReadVariablesFromQueryString`	Enables reading variables from the query string.	True
`ValidationErrorsReturnBadRequest`	When enabled, GraphQL requests with validation errors have the HTTP status code set to 400 Bad Request.	True
`WebSockets`	Returns a set of configuration properties for WebSocket connections.

GraphQLWebSocketOptions

Property	Description	Default value
`ConnectionInitWaitTimeout`	The amount of time to wait for a GraphQL initialization packet before the connection is closed.	10 seconds
`DisconnectionTimeout`	The amount of time to wait to attempt a graceful teardown of the WebSockets protocol.	10 seconds
`DisconnectAfterErrorEvent`	Disconnects a subscription from the client if the subscription source dispatches an `OnError` event.	True
`DisconnectAfterAnyError`	Disconnects a subscription from the client there are any GraphQL errors during a subscription.	False
`KeepAliveMode`	The mode to use for sending keep-alive packets.	protocol-dependent
`KeepAliveTimeout`	The amount of time to wait between sending keep-alive packets.	disabled
`SupportedWebSocketSubProtocols`	A list of supported WebSocket sub-protocols.	`graphql-ws`, `graphql-transport-ws`

Multi-schema configuration

You may use the generic versions of the various builder methods to map a URL to a particular schema.

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseGraphQL<DogSchema>("/graphql/dogs");
app.UseGraphQL<CatSchema>("/graphql/cats");
await app.RunAsync();

Different global authorization settings for different transports (GET/POST/WebSockets)

You may register the same endpoint multiple times if necessary to configure GET connections with certain authorization options, and POST connections with other authorization options.

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", options => {
    options.HandleGet = true;
    options.HandlePost = false;
    options.HandleWebSockets = false;
    options.AuthorizationRequired = false;
});
app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", options => {
    options.HandleGet = false;
    options.HandlePost = true;
    options.HandleWebSockets = true;
    options.AuthorizationRequired = true;
});
await app.RunAsync();

Since POST and WebSockets can be used for query requests, it is recommended not to do the above, but instead add the authorization validation rule and add authorization metadata on the Mutation and Subscription portions of your schema, as shown below:

builder.Services.AddGraphQL(b => b
    .AddSchema<MySchema>()
    .AddSystemTextJson()
    .AddAuthorizationRule()); // add authorization validation rule

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseGraphQL();
await app.RunAsync();

// demonstration of code-first schema; also possible with schema-first or type-first schemas
public class MySchema : Schema
{
    public MySchema(IServiceProvider provider, MyQuery query, MyMutation mutation) : base(provider)
    {
        Query = query;
        Mutation = mutation;

        mutation.Authorize(); // require authorization for any mutation request
    }
}

Keep-alive configuration

By default, the middleware will not send keep-alive packets to the client. As the underlying operating system may not detect a disconnected client until a message is sent, you may wish to enable keep-alive packets to be sent periodically. The default mode for keep-alive packets differs depending on whether the client connected with the graphql-ws or graphql-transport-ws sub-protocol. The graphql-ws sub-protocol will send a unidirectional keep-alive packet to the client on a fixed schedule, while the graphql-transport-ws sub-protocol will only send unidirectional keep-alive packets when the client has not sent a message within a certain time. The differing behavior is due to the default implementation of the graphql-ws sub-protocol client, which after receiving a single keep-alive packet, expects additional keep-alive packets to be sent sooner than every 20 seconds, regardless of the client's activity.

To configure keep-alive packets, set the KeepAliveMode and KeepAliveTimeout properties within the GraphQLWebSocketOptions object. Set the KeepAliveTimeout property to enable keep-alive packets, or use TimeSpan.Zero or Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan to disable it.

The KeepAliveMode property is only applicable to the graphql-transport-ws sub-protocol and can be set to the options listed below:

Keep-alive mode	Description
`Default`	Same as `Timeout`.
`Timeout`	Sends a unidirectional keep-alive message when no message has been received within the specified timeout period.
`Interval`	Sends a unidirectional keep-alive message at a fixed interval, regardless of message activity.
`TimeoutWithPayload`	Sends a bidirectional keep-alive message with a payload on a fixed interval, and validates the payload matches in the response.

The TimeoutWithPayload model is particularly useful when the server may send messages to the client at a faster pace than the client can process them. In this case queued messages will be limited to double the timeout period, as the keep-alive message is queued along with other packets sent from the server to the client. The client will need to respond to process queued messages and respond to the keep-alive message within the timeout period or the server will disconnect the client. When the server forcibly disconnects the client, no graceful teardown of the WebSocket protocol occurs, and any queued messages are discarded.

When using the TimeoutWithPayload keep-alive mode, you may wish to enforce that the graphql-transport-ws sub-protocol is in use by the client, as the graphql-ws sub-protocol does not support bidirectional keep-alive packets. This can be done by setting the SupportedWebSocketSubProtocols property to only include the graphql-transport-ws sub-protocol.

app.UseGraphQL("/graphql", options =>
{
    // configure keep-alive packets
    options.WebSockets.KeepAliveTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
    options.WebSockets.KeepAliveMode = KeepAliveMode.TimeoutWithPayload;
    // set the supported sub-protocols to only include the graphql-transport-ws sub-protocol
    options.WebSockets.SupportedWebSocketSubProtocols = [GraphQLWs.SubscriptionServer.SubProtocol];
});

Please note that the included UI packages are configured to use the graphql-ws sub-protocol.

Customizing middleware behavior

GET/POST requests are handled directly by the GraphQLHttpMiddleware. For WebSocket requests an WebSocketConnection instance is instated to dispatching incoming messages and send outgoing messages. Depending on the WebSocket sub-protocols supported by the client, the proper implementation of IOperationMessageProcessor is instated to act as a state machine, processing incoming messages and sending outgoing messages through the WebSocketConnection instance.

GraphQLHttpMiddleware

The base middleware functionality is contained within GraphQLHttpMiddleware, with code to perform execution of GraphQL requests in the derived class GraphQLHttpMiddleware<TSchema>. The classes are organized as follows:

InvokeAsync is the entry point to the middleware. For WebSocket connection requests, execution is immediately passed to HandleWebSocketsAsync.
Methods that start with Handle are passed the HttpContext and RequestDelegate instance, and may handle the request or pass execution to the RequestDelegate thereby skipping this execution handler. This includes methods to handle execution of single or batch queries or returning error conditions.
Methods that start with Write are for writing responses to the output stream.
Methods that start with Execute are for executing GraphQL requests.

A list of methods are as follows:

Method	Description
`InvokeAsync`	Entry point of the middleware
`HandleRequestAsync`	Handles a single GraphQL request.
`HandleBatchRequestAsync`	Handles a batched GraphQL request.
`HandleWebSocketAsync`	Handles a WebSocket connection request.
`BuildUserContextAsync`	Builds the user context based on a `HttpContext`.
`ExecuteRequestAsync`	Executes a GraphQL request.
`ExecuteScopedRequestAsync`	Executes a GraphQL request with a scoped service provider.
`SelectResponseContentType`	Selects a content-type header for the JSON-formatted GraphQL response.
`WriteErrorResponseAsync`	Writes the specified error message as a JSON-formatted GraphQL response, with the specified HTTP status code.
`WriteJsonResponseAsync`	Writes the specified object (usually a GraphQL response) as JSON to the HTTP response stream.

Error handling method	Description
`HandleBatchedRequestsNotSupportedAsync`	Writes a '400 Batched requests are not supported.' message to the output.
`HandleContentTypeCouldNotBeParsedErrorAsync`	Writes a '415 Invalid Content-Type header: could not be parsed.' message to the output.
`HandleDeserializationErrorAsync`	Writes a '400 JSON body text could not be parsed.' message to the output.
`HandleInvalidContentTypeErrorAsync`	Writes a '415 Invalid Content-Type header: non-supported type.' message to the output.
`HandleInvalidHttpMethodErrorAsync`	Indicates that an unsupported HTTP method was requested. Executes the next delegate in the chain by default.
`HandleWebSocketSubProtocolNotSupportedAsync`	Writes a '400 Invalid WebSocket sub-protocol.' message to the output.

WebSocket handler classes

The WebSocket handling code is organized as follows:

Interface / Class	Description
`IWebSocketConnection`	Provides methods to a send a message to a client or close the connection.
`IOperationMessageProcessor`	Handles incoming messages from the client.
`GraphQLWebSocketOptions`	Provides configuration options for WebSocket connections.
`WebSocketConnection`	Standard implementation of a message pump for `OperationMessage` messages across a WebSockets connection. Implements `IWebSocketConnection` and delivers messages to a specified `IOperationMessageProcessor`.
`BaseSubscriptionServer`	Abstract implementation of `IOperationMessageProcessor`, a message handler for `OperationMessage` messages. Provides base functionality for managing subscriptions and requests.
`GraphQLWs.SubscriptionServer`	Implementation of `IOperationMessageProcessor` for the `graphql-transport-ws` sub-protocol.
`SubscriptionsTransportWs.SubscriptionServer`	Implementation of `IOperationMessageProcessor` for the `graphql-ws` sub-protocol.
`IWebSocketAuthorizationService`	Allows authorization of GraphQL requests for WebSocket connections.

Typically if you wish to change functionality or support another sub-protocol you will need to perform the following:

Derive from either SubscriptionServer class, modifying functionality as needed, or to support a new protocol, derive from BaseSubscriptionServer.
Derive from GraphQLHttpMiddleware and override CreateMessageProcessor and/or SupportedWebSocketSubProtocols as needed.
Change the app.AddGraphQL() call to use your custom middleware, being sure to include an instance of the options class that your middleware requires (typically GraphQLHttpMiddlewareOptions).

There exists a few additional classes to support the above. Please refer to the source code of GraphQLWs.SubscriptionServer if you are attempting to add support for another protocol.

Additional notes

Service scope

By default, a dependency injection service scope is created for each GraphQL execution in cases where it is possible that multiple GraphQL requests may be executing within the same service scope:

A batched GraphQL request is executed.
A GraphQL request over a WebSocket connection is executed.

However, field resolvers for child fields of subscription nodes will not by default execute with a service scope. Rather, the context.RequestServices property will contain a reference to a disposed service scope that cannot be used.

To solve this issue, please configure the scoped subscription execution strategy from the GraphQL.MicrosoftDI package as follows:

services.AddGraphQL(b => b
    .AddAutoSchema<Query>()
    .AddSystemTextJson()
    // configure queries for serial execution (optional)
    .AddExecutionStrategy<SerialExecutionStrategy>(OperationType.Query)
    // configure subscription field resolvers for scoped serial execution (parallel is optional)
    .AddScopedSubscriptionExecutionStrategy());

For single GET / POST requests, the service scope from the underlying HTTP context is used.

User context builder

The user context builder interface is executed only once, within the dependency injection service scope of the original HTTP request. For batched requests, the same user context instance is passed to each GraphQL execution. For WebSocket requests, the same user context instance is passed to each GraphQL subscription and data event resolver execution.

As such, do not create objects within the user context that rely on having the same dependency injection service scope as the field resolvers. Since WebSocket connections are long-lived, using scoped services within a user context builder will result in those scoped services having a matching long lifetime. You may wish to alleviate this by creating a service scope temporarily within your user context builder.

For applications that service multiple schemas, you may register IUserContextBuilder<TSchema> to create a user context for a specific schema. This is useful when you need to create a user context that is specific to a particular schema.

Mutations within GET request

For security reasons and pursuant to current recommendations, mutation GraphQL requests are rejected over HTTP GET connections. Derive from GraphQLHttpMiddleware and override ExecuteRequestAsync to prevent injection of the validation rules that enforce this behavior.

As would be expected, subscription requests are only allowed over WebSocket channels.

Handling form data for POST requests

The GraphQL over HTTP specification does not outline a procedure for transmitting GraphQL requests via HTTP POST connections using a Content-Type of application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data. Allowing the processing of such requests could be advantageous in avoiding CORS preflight requests when sending GraphQL queries from a web browser. Nevertheless, enabling this feature may give rise to security risks when utilizing cookie authentication, since transmitting cookies with these requests does not trigger a pre-flight CORS check. As a consequence, GraphQL.NET might execute a request and potentially modify data even when the CORS policy prohibits it, regardless of whether the sender has access to the response. This situation exposes the system to security vulnerabilities, which should be carefully evaluated and mitigated to ensure the safe handling of GraphQL requests and maintain the integrity of the data.

To mitigate this potential security vulnerability, CSRF protection is enabled by default, requiring a GraphQL-Require-Preflight header to be sent with form data requests, which will trigger a CORS preflight request. In addition, form data requests are disabled by default, as they are not recommended for typical use.

To enable form data for POST request, set the ReadFormOnPost setting to true. GraphQL.NET Server supports two formats of application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data requests:

The following keys are read from the form data and used to populate the GraphQL request:
- query: The GraphQL query string.
- operationName: The name of the operation to execute.
- variables: A JSON-encoded object containing the variables for the operation.
- extensions: A JSON-encoded object containing the extensions for the operation.
The following keys are read from the form data and used to populate the GraphQL request:
- operations: A JSON-encoded object containing the GraphQL request, in the same format as typical requests sent via application/json. This can be a single object or an array of objects if batching is enabled.
- map: An optional JSON-encoded map of file keys to file objects. This is used to map attached files into the GraphQL request's variables property. See the section below titled 'File uploading/downloading' and the GraphQL multipart request specification for additional details. Since application/x-www-form-urlencoded cannot transmit files, this feature is only available for multipart/form-data requests.

Excessive `OperationCanceledException`s

When hosting a WebSockets endpoint, it may be common for clients to simply disconnect rather than gracefully terminating the connection — most specifically when the client is a web browser. If you log exceptions, you may notice an OperationCanceledException logged any time this occurs.

In some scenarios you may wish to log these exceptions — for instance, when the GraphQL endpoint is used in server-to-server communications — but if you wish to ignore these exceptions, simply call app.UseIgnoreDisconnections(); immediately after any exception handling or logging configuration calls. This will consume any OperationCanceledExceptions when HttpContext.RequestAborted is signaled — for a WebSocket request or any other request.

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
app.UseIgnoreDisconnections();
app.UseWebSockets();
app.UseGraphQL();

File uploading/downloading

A common question is how to upload or download files attached to GraphQL data. For instance, storing and retrieving photographs attached to product data.

One common technique is to encode the data as Base64 and transmitting as a custom GraphQL scalar (encoded as a string value within the JSON transport). This may not be ideal, but works well for smaller files. It can also couple with response compression (details listed above) to reduce the impact of the Base64 encoding.

Another technique is to get or store the data out-of-band. For responses, this can be as simple as a Uri pointing to a location to retrieve the data, especially if the data are photographs used in a SPA client application. This may have additional security complications, especially when used with JWT bearer authentication. This answer often works well for GraphQL queries, but may not be desired during uploads (mutations).

An option for uploading is to upload file data alongside a mutation with the multipart/form-data content type. Please see Issue 307 and FileUploadTests.cs for discussion and demonstration of this capability. An option for uploading is to upload file data alongside a mutation with the multipart/form-data content type as described by the GraphQL multipart request specification. Uploaded files are mapped into the GraphQL request's variables as IFormFile objects. You can use the provided FormFileGraphType scalar graph type in your GraphQL schema to access these files. The AddFormFileGraphType() builder extension method adds this scalar to the DI container and configures a CLR type mapping for it to be used for IFormFile objects.

services.AddGraphQL(b => b
    .AddAutoSchema<Query>()
    .AddFormFileGraphType()
    .AddSystemTextJson());

Please see the 'Upload' sample for a demonstration of this technique, which also demonstrates the use of the MediaTypeAttribute to restrict the allowable media types that will be accepted. Note that using the FormFileGraphType scalar requires that the uploaded files be sent only via the multipart/form-data content type as attached files, with the ReadFormOnPost option enabled. If you also wish to allow clients to send files as base-64 encoded strings, you can write a custom scalar better suited to your needs.

Samples

The following samples are provided to show how to integrate this project with various typical ASP.Net Core scenarios.

Sample project	Description
`AuthorizationSample`	Demonstrates a GraphQL server added to an ASP.NET Core web authentication-enabled template.
`BasicSample`	Demonstrates the minimum required setup for a HTTP GraphQL server.
`Chat`	A basic schema common to all samples; demonstrates queries, mutations and subscriptions.
`ControllerSample`	Demonstrates using a controller action to serve GraphQL requests; does not support subscriptions.
`CorsSample`	Demonstrates configuring a GraphQL endpoint to use a specified CORS policy.
`EndpointRoutingSample`	Demonstrates configuring GraphQL endpoints through endpoint routing.
`MultipleSchema`	Demonstrates multiple GraphQL endpoints served through a single project.
`Net48Sample`	Demonstrates a GraphQL server running on .NET Framework 4.8 (or for linux machines, .NET Core 2.1)
`PagesSample`	Demonstrates configuring GraphQL within a ASP.NET Core Pages project.

Credits

Glory to Jehovah, Lord of Lords and King of Kings, creator of Heaven and Earth, who through his Son Jesus Christ, has reedemed me to become a child of God. -Shane32

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GraphQL.AspNetCore3.sln		GraphQL.AspNetCore3.sln
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