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05-glossary.html
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<div id="gl" class="section level1">
<h1>Glossary</h1>
<div id="gl-abundance" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Abundance</h6>
<p>The number of animals in a particular area.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-ageratio" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Age Ratio</h6>
<p>Also called the fawn doe ratio or calf cow ratio, this measures the
proportion of females that have young. A population of deer with an age
ratio of 0.75 means than each cow has a 75% chance of having a calf.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-aircraft" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Aircraft/Model</h6>
<p>Elk sightability models include considerations for the craft that was
actually flown to collect the survey.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-anfocus" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Analysis Focus</h6>
<p>This option determines the base geographical unit of your analysis.
Game Management is carried out at many spatial scales, the broadest of
which being Data Analysis Units (DAUs) which are comprised of several
smaller Game Management Units (GMU), which are themselves composed of
subunits. subunits are organized into categories based on animal
abundance (Low, Medium, High, Other) which are called Strata and help
with organization of subunits.</p>
<p>In the sightability tool on the website, “Area” refers to DAUs, or
Data Analysis Units and a “Unit” specifically refers to a GMU, or Game
Management unit.</p>
<p>When you are using the tool, remember that each spatial scale is
calculated with different factors in mind, so it is VERY IMPORTANT that
the scale at which the surveys are collected and the scale at which the
analysis is carried out are the same. For example, if a survey was flown
to cover an entire GMU without consideration for individual subunits,
then it would be inappropriate to run an analysis with subunit as your
analysis focus.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-autoconv" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Automate Convergance</h6>
<p>Automating convergence will ensure that your model will run enough
Burnin Length and MCMC iterations for a sound estimate and error
distribution. This may greatly increase the amount of time needed to run
your model.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-beta" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Beta</h6>
<p>The strength of each variable in the model itself. Categorical
variables are represented by a range of binned values, but for the model
to create an output it must be converted to a numerical value that
modifies the default value. For example, the VegClass covariate changes
how easy it is to see an animal. VegClasses differ in the amount that
they can obscure vision, but you will notice the classes that obscure
visions the most have a negative beta value, which tells us that they
have a negative impact on our probability to see an animal.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-burnin" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Burnin Length</h6>
<p>Burnin Length helps us focus our model. When the MCMC model begins
running, it checks possible outputs of the model and begins sampling
them to determine the probability that they will represent our data. The
model uses past sampled points to try and get an idea of where the
highest probabilities are, but when the model first begins running it
does not have the luxury of these reference points. This sets up the
model’s first few samples to be more randomly chosen than any part of
the process, meaning that the beginning samples are less likely to be on
high probability outputs. Burnin Length helps us get around this by
deleting the first runs of the MCMC model after it’s done running.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-comp" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Composition Survey</h6>
<p>A sightability survey which focuses on sex ratios</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-dau" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">DAU (Data Analysis Unit)</h6>
<p>Data Analysis Units separate each state or province into distinct
management areas for each species. Each one has a specific name and is
further divided into subunits, which allow even more specificity.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-GRTS" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">GRTS (Generalized Random Tesselation
Stratified)</h6>
<p>GRTS decides where to sample during geographic surveys by ensuring
that the locations are both randomly placed and evenly spaced. This
helps avoid bias while making sure that no parts of the study area are
undersampled.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-huntereffort" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Hunter Effort</h6>
<p>A metric to measure hunting pressure on game animals. It is either
measured by the total number of hunters in the field over the course of
a season or the total number of days spent hunting over the course of a
season by all hunters.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-mcmciter" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">MCMC Iterations</h6>
<p>MCMC iterations are simply a measure of how many different times the
model will test the probability of different model outputs. More
sampling allows the model to consider more options and therefore can
increase the chance that the model will find the outputs with the
highest likelihoods, but it also may not be necessary and will make the
tool take longer to run.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-modelv" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Model Value</h6>
<p>The numerical value that the model assigns to different covariates.
In the User Interface, different covariates have helpful labels like
“Snow Cover”, but in actual programming language this would make code
unnecessarily long and complicated, so the computer stores them as
simple numerical values instead.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-sexratio" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Sex Ratio</h6>
<p>In a group of animals the sex ratio allows us to compare what
proportion of that group is male and female. Management agencies will
manipulate the balance between these two groups for different purposes,
like tipping the scales toward females to encourage population growth or
toward males to encourage trophy animals. Sometimes the ratio is given
numerically, where a 1 means there are an equal number of males and
females, greater than 1 means more males than females, and less than 1
means more females than males.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-sightabundance" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Sightability-Abundance Survey</h6>
<p>A sightability survey which focuses on abundance</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-species" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Species</h6>
<p>In our tools, a box labeled ‘species’ determines the type of
animal(s) that you would like to include in your analysis or plot. The
species included for each tool are those chosen by the customer for
management purposes, so common names will be used.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-stratum" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Stratum</h6>
<p>Stratum are used to organize habitat subunits by how well they would
work as habitat for the animal being surveyed. The “high” strata group
represents subunits that contain the best habitat, “low” is the group
that has the worst habitats, and “medium” falls in between. Subunits are
determined by previous observations from biologists and snow cover.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-surv" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Survival</h6>
<p>The probability that an animal will stay alive for a human-selected
period of time. For example, if yearly survival for does in a management
unit is calculated to be 0.6 for the year 2008, then that means that 60%
of the does in that unit that were alive at the beginning of the year
were alive at the end of the year.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-thin" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Thinning Rate</h6>
<p>Thinning rate helps us save memory by deleting entries from the
model’s stored runs. We can think of this as a sort of browser history
for the model, showing us how it got its answer. In this case there are
literally tens of thousands of steps, so deleting a small (or large)
proportion of that history and using what is left still gives us an idea
of the model’s actions without taking up nearly as much memory. The
slider is the percentage of model iterations that will be deleted once
the modeling process is complete.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-unit" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Unit</h6>
<p>Another name for a GMU, or Game Management Unit, which is a
subdivision of a state or province with its own unique hunting and game
regulations.</p>
</div>
<div id="gl-year" class="section level6 unnumbered">
<h6 class="unnumbered">Year</h6>
<p>The year tab refers to which Biological year the survey was carried
out on. Years are referred to as “2016-2017” rather than just one year
because surveys are generally carried out between late fall and early
spring, which straddles new year’s. This makes more sense to keep
related surveys together because two surveys may be flown only three
weeks apart but still be lumped into separate years. If you are having
trouble finding your survey, make sure you select the right time range,
since a survey flown in 2016 could be in the 2015-2016 group OR the
2016-2017 group.</p>
</div>
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