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scalp.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
Scalp! Apache log based attack analyzer
by Romain Gaucher <[email protected]> - http://rgaucher.info
http://code.google.com/p/apache-scalp
Copyright (c) 2008 Romain Gaucher <[email protected]>
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
EXTERNAL DEVELOPER NOTES:
10052008: Don C. Weber
Fixed XML header by putting comment after XML version line.
- This was necessary so that Firefox recognized the file as XML and
displayed it properly. Proper display allows for sections to be
collapsed for easy viewing.
10062008: Don C. Weber
Added Regexp to the XML output. Also added this to the DTD
12312008: Don C. Weber
Added IP and Subnet exclusion capability to cmd line input and scalper function
01232013: Stefan Stahl
Added code for returning exit code, if attacks were found
01232013: Stefan Stahl
logfile-argument accepts now glob (can contain Wildcard like * or ?)
"""
from __future__ import with_statement
import time, base64
import os,sys,re,random
from StringIO import StringIO
import glob
try:
from lxml import etree
except ImportError:
try:
import xml.etree.cElementTree as etree
except ImportError:
try:
import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree
except ImportError:
print "Cannot find the ElementTree in your python packages"
__application__ = "scalp"
__version__ = "0.6"
__release__ = __application__ + '/' + __version__
__author__ = "Romain Gaucher"
__credits__ = ["Romain Gaucher", "Don C. Weber", "Stefan Stahl"]
names = {
'xss' : 'Cross-Site Scripting',
'sqli' : 'SQL Injection',
'csrf' : 'Cross-Site Request Forgery',
'dos' : 'Denial Of Service',
'dt' : 'Directory Traversal',
'spam' : 'Spam',
'id' : 'Information Disclosure',
'rfe' : 'Remote File Execution',
'lfi' : 'Local File Inclusion'
}
c_reg = re.compile(r'^(.+)-(.*)\[(.+)[-|+](\d+)\] "([A-Z]+)?(.+) HTTP/\d.\d" (\d+)(\s[\d]+)?(\s"(.+)" )?(.*)$')
table = {}
class BreakLoop( Exception ):
pass
txt_header = """
#
# File created by Scalp! by Romain Gaucher - http://code.google.com/p/apache-scalp
# Apache log attack analysis tool based on PHP-IDS filters
#
"""
xml_header = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--
File created by Scalp! by Romain Gaucher - http://code.google.com/p/apache-scalp
Apache log attack analysis tool based on PHP-IDS filters
-->
"""
html_header = """<html><head><style>
html, body {background-color:#ccc;color:#222;font-family:'Lucida Grande',Verdana,Arial,Sans-Serif;font-size:0.8em;line-height:1.6em;margin:0;padding:0;}
body {background-color:#fff;padding:0; margin: 15px; border: 1px solid #444;}
h1 { display: block; border-bottom: 2px solid #333; padding: 5px;}
h2 { display: block; font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: 700; background-color: #efefef;margin:10px;padding-left: 15px;}
.match { display: block; margin: 10px; border: 1px solid; padding: 5px;}
.impact { float: right; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 5px; font-size: 1.8em;}
.impact-1,.impact-2,.impact-3 { background-color: #f2ffe0; border-color: #DEF0C3;}
.impact-4,.impact-5 { background-color: #ffe6bf; border-color: #ffd38f;}
.impact-6,.impact-7,.impact-8,.impact-9,.impact-10,.impact-11 /*...*/ { background-color: #FFEDEF; border-color: #FFC2CA;}
.block {display:block; margin:5px;}
.highlight {margin: 5px;}
.reason {font-weight: 700; color: #444;}
.line, .regexp {border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: #fff; padding: 2px; margin: 10px;}
#footer {text-align: center;}
</style></head><body>"""
html_footer = "<div id='footer'>Scalp by Romain Gaucher <[email protected]> - <a href='http://rgaucher.info'>http://rgaucher.info</a></div></body></html>"
class object_dict(dict):
def __init__(self, initd=None):
if initd is None:
initd = {}
dict.__init__(self, initd)
def __getattr__(self, item):
d = self.__getitem__(item)
# if value is the only key in object, you can omit it
if isinstance(d, dict) and 'value' in d and len(d) == 1:
return d['value']
else:
return d
def __setattr__(self, item, value):
self.__setitem__(item, value)
def __parse_node(node):
tmp = object_dict()
# save attrs and text, hope there will not be a child with same name
if node.text:
tmp['value'] = node.text
for (k,v) in node.attrib.items():
tmp[k] = v
for ch in node.getchildren():
cht = ch.tag
chp = __parse_node(ch)
if cht not in tmp: # the first time, so store it in dict
tmp[cht] = chp
continue
old = tmp[cht]
if not isinstance(old, list):
tmp.pop(cht)
tmp[cht] = [old] # multi times, so change old dict to a list
tmp[cht].append(chp) # add the new one
return tmp
def parse(xml_file):
try:
xml_handler = open(xml_file, 'r')
doc = etree.parse(xml_handler).getroot()
xml_handler.close()
return object_dict({doc.tag: __parse_node(doc)})
except IOError:
print "error: problem with the filter's file"
return {}
def get_value(array, default):
if 'value' in array:
return array['value']
return default
def html_entities(str):
out = ""
for i in str:
if i == '"': out += '"'
elif i == '<': out += '<'
elif i == '>': out += '>'
else:
out += i
return out
d_replace = {
"\r":";",
"\n":";",
"\f":";",
"\t":";",
"\v":";",
"'":"\"",
"+ACI-":"\"",
"+ADw-":"<",
"+AD4-" : ">",
"+AFs-" : "[",
"+AF0-" : "]",
"+AHs-" : "{",
"+AH0-" : "}",
"+AFw-" : "\\",
"+ADs-" : ";",
"+ACM-" : "#",
"+ACY-" : "&",
"+ACU-" : "%",
"+ACQ-" : "$",
"+AD0-" : "=",
"+AGA-" : "'",
"+ALQ-" : "\"",
"+IBg-" : "\"",
"+IBk-" : "\"",
"+AHw-" : "|",
"+ACo-" : "*",
"+AF4-" : "^",
"+ACIAPg-" : "\">",
"+ACIAPgA8-" : "\">",
}
re_replace = None
def fill_replace_dict():
global d_replace, re_replace
# very first control-chars
for i in range(0,20):
d_replace["%%%x" % i] = "%00"
d_replace["%%%X" % i] = "%00"
# javascript charcode
for i in range(33,127):
c = "%c" % i
d_replace["\\%o" % i] = c
d_replace["\\%x" % i] = c
d_replace["\\%X" % i] = c
d_replace["0x%x" % i] = c
d_replace["&#%d;" % i] = c
d_replace["&#%x;" % i] = c
d_replace["&#%X;" % i] = c
# SQL words?
d_replace["is null"]="=0"
d_replace["like null"]="=0"
d_replace["utc_time"]=""
d_replace["null"]=""
d_replace["true"]=""
d_replace["false"]=""
d_replace["localtime"]=""
d_replace["stamp"]=""
d_replace["binary"]=""
d_replace["ascii"]=""
d_replace["soundex"]=""
d_replace["md5"]=""
d_replace["between"]="="
d_replace["is"]="="
d_replace["not in"]="="
d_replace["xor"]="="
d_replace["rlike"]="="
d_replace["regexp"]="="
d_replace["sounds like"]="="
re_replace = re.compile("(%s)" % "|".join(map(re.escape, d_replace.keys())))
def multiple_replace(text):
return re_replace.sub(lambda mo: d_replace[mo.string[mo.start():mo.end()]], text)
# the decode engine tries to detect then decode...
def decode_attempt(string):
return multiple_replace(string)
def analyzer(data):
exp_line, regs, array, preferences, org_line = data[0],data[1],data[2],data[3],data[4]
done = []
# look for the detected attacks...
# either stop at the first found or not
for attack_type in preferences['attack_type']:
if attack_type in regs:
if attack_type not in array:
array[attack_type] = {}
for _hash in regs[attack_type]:
if _hash not in done:
done.append(_hash)
attack = table[_hash]
cur_line = exp_line[5]
if preferences['encodings']:
cur_line = decode_attempt(cur_line)
if attack[0].search(cur_line):
if attack[1] not in array[attack_type]:
array[attack_type][attack[1]] = []
array[attack_type][attack[1]].append((exp_line, attack[3], attack[2], org_line))
if preferences['exhaustive']:
break
else:
return
def scalper(access, filters, preferences = [], output = "text"):
global table
if os.path.isdir(access):
access = access
if not os.path.isfile(access):
print "error: the log file doesn't exist"
return
if not os.path.isfile(filters):
print "error: the filters file (XML) doesn't exist"
print "please download it at https://svn.php-ids.org/svn/trunk/lib/IDS/default_filter.xml"
return
if output not in ('html', 'text', 'xml'):
print "error: the output format '%s' hasn't been recognized" % output
return
# load the XML file
xml_filters = parse(filters)
len_filters = len(xml_filters)
if len_filters < 1:
return
# prepare to load the compiled regular expression
regs = {} # type => (reg.compiled, impact, description, rule)
print "Loading XML file '%s'..." % filters
for group in xml_filters:
for f in xml_filters[group]:
if f == 'filter':
if type(xml_filters[group][f]) == type([]):
for elmt in xml_filters[group][f]:
rule, impact, description, tags = "",-1,"",[]
if 'impact' in elmt:
impact = get_value(elmt['impact'], -1)
if 'rule' in elmt:
rule = get_value(elmt['rule'], "")
if 'description' in elmt:
description = get_value(elmt['description'], "")
if 'tags' in elmt and 'tag' in elmt['tags']:
if type(elmt['tags']['tag']) == type([]):
for tag in elmt['tags']['tag']:
tags.append(get_value(tag, ""))
else:
tags.append(get_value(elmt['tags']['tag'], ""))
# register the entry in our array
for t in tags:
compiled = None
if t not in regs:
regs[t] = []
try:
compiled = re.compile(rule)
except Exception:
print "The rule '%s' cannot be compiled properly" % rule
return
_hash = hash(rule)
if impact > -1:
table[_hash] = (compiled, impact, description, rule, _hash)
regs[t].append(_hash)
if len(preferences['attack_type']) < 1:
preferences['attack_type'] = regs.keys()
flag = {} # {type => { impact => ({log_line dict}, rule, description, org_line) }}
print "Processing the file '%s'..." % access
sample, sampled_lines = False, []
if preferences['sample'] != float(100):
# get the number of lines
sample = True
total_nb_lines = sum(1 for line in open(access))
# take a random sample
random.seed(time.clock())
sampled_lines = random.sample(range(total_nb_lines), int(float(total_nb_lines) * preferences['sample'] / float(100)))
sampled_lines.sort()
loc, lines, nb_lines = 0, 0, 0
old_diff = 0
start = time.time()
diff = []
with open(access) as log_file:
for line in log_file:
lines += 1
if sample and lines not in sampled_lines:
continue
if c_reg.match(line):
out = c_reg.search(line)
ip = out.group(1)
name = out.group(2)
date = out.group(3)
ext = out.group(4)
method = out.group(5)
url = out.group(6)
response = out.group(7)
byte = out.group(8)
referrer = out.group(9)
agent = out.group(10)
if preferences['ip_exclude'] != [] or preferences['subnet_exclude'] != []:
ip_split = ip.split()
if ip_split[0] in preferences['ip_exclude']:
continue
try:
for sub in preferences['subnet_exclude']:
if ip_split[0].startswith(sub):
raise BreakLoop()
except BreakLoop:
continue
if not correct_period(date, preferences['period']):
continue
loc += 1
if len(url) > 1 and method in ('GET','POST','HEAD','PUT','PUSH','OPTIONS'):
analyzer([(ip,name,date,ext,method,url,response,byte,referrer,agent),regs,flag, preferences, line])
elif preferences['except']:
diff.append(line)
# mainly testing purposes...
if nb_lines > 0 and lines > nb_lines:
break
tt = time.time() - start
n = 0
for t in flag:
for i in flag[t]:
n += len(flag[t][i])
print "Scalp results:"
print "\tProcessed %d lines over %d" % (loc,lines)
print "\tFound %d attack patterns in %f s" % (n,tt)
# generate exceptions
if len(diff) > 0:
o_except = open(os.path.abspath(preferences['odir'] + os.sep + "scalp_except.txt"), "w")
for l in diff:
o_except.write(l + '\n')
o_except.close()
short_name = access[access.rfind(os.sep)+1:]
if n > 0:
print "Generating output in %s%s%s_scalp_*" % (preferences['odir'],os.sep,short_name)
if 'html' in preferences['output']:
generate_html_file(flag, short_name, filters, preferences['odir'])
elif 'text' in preferences['output']:
generate_text_file(flag, short_name, filters, preferences['odir'])
elif 'xml' in preferences['output']:
generate_xml_file(flag, short_name, filters, preferences['odir'])
#return with exit code 2 (because we found attacks)
sys.exit(2)
def generate_text_file(flag, access, filters, odir):
curtime = time.strftime("%a-%d-%b-%Y", time.localtime())
fname = '%s_scalp_%s.txt' % (access, curtime)
fname = os.path.abspath(odir + os.sep + fname)
try:
out = open(fname, 'w')
out.write(txt_header)
out.write("Scalped file: %s\n" % access)
out.write("Creation date: %s\n\n" % curtime)
for attack_type in flag:
if attack_type in names:
out.write("Attack %s (%s)\n" % (names[attack_type], attack_type))
else:
out.write("Attack type: %s\n" % attack_type)
impacts = flag[attack_type].keys()
impacts.sort(reverse=True)
for i in impacts:
out.write("\n\t### Impact %d\n" % int(i))
for e in flag[attack_type][i]:
out.write("\t%s" % e[3])
out.write("\tReason: \"%s\"\n\n" % e[2])
out.close()
except IOError:
print "Cannot open the file:", fname
return
def generate_xml_file(flag, access, filters, odir):
curtime = time.strftime("%a-%d-%b-%Y", time.localtime())
fname = '%s_scalp_%s.xml' % (access, curtime)
fname = os.path.abspath(odir + os.sep + fname)
try:
out = open(fname, 'w')
out.write(xml_header)
out.write("<scalp file=\"%s\" time=\"%s\">\n" % (access, curtime))
for attack_type in flag:
name = ""
if attack_type in names:
name = " name=\"%s\"" % names[attack_type]
out.write(" <attack type=\"%s\"%s>\n" % (attack_type, name))
impacts = flag[attack_type].keys()
impacts.sort(reverse=True)
for i in impacts:
out.write(" <impact value=\"%d\">\n" % int(i))
for e in flag[attack_type][i]:
out.write(" <item>\n")
out.write(" <reason><![CDATA[%s]]></reason>\n" % e[2])
out.write(" <regexp><![CDATA[%s]]></regexp>\n" % e[1])
out.write(" <line><![CDATA[%s]]></line>\n" % e[3])
out.write(" </item>\n")
out.write(" </impact>\n")
out.write(" </attack>\n")
out.write("</scalp>")
out.close()
except IOError:
print "Cannot open the file:", fname
return
return
def generate_html_file(flag, access, filters, odir):
curtime = time.strftime("%a-%d-%b-%Y", time.localtime())
fname = '%s_scalp_%s.html' % (access, curtime)
fname = os.path.abspath(odir + os.sep + fname)
try:
out = open(fname, 'w')
out.write(html_header)
out.write("<h1>Scalp of %s [%s]</h1>\n" % (access, curtime))
for attack_type in flag:
name = ""
if attack_type in names:
name = "%s" % names[attack_type]
if len(flag[attack_type].values()) < 1:
continue
out.write(" <h2>%s (%s)</h2>\n" % (attack_type, name))
impacts = flag[attack_type].keys()
impacts.sort(reverse=True)
# order by impact
for i in impacts:
out.write("<div class='match impact-%d'>\n" % int(i))
out.write(" <div class='impact'>Impact %d</div>\n" % int(i))
# list the one of same impacts
for e in flag[attack_type][i]:
out.write(" <div class='block highlight'>\n")
out.write(" Reason: <span class='reason'>%s</span><br />\n" % html_entities(e[2]))
out.write(" <span class='line'><b>Log line:</b>%s</span><br />\n" % html_entities(e[0][5]))
out.write(" <span class='regexp'><b>Matching Regexp:</b>%s</span>\n" % html_entities(e[1]))
out.write(" </div>\n")
out.write("</div>\n")
out.write("<br />\n")
out.write(html_footer)
out.close()
except IOError:
print "Cannot open the file:", fname
return
months = ['Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec']
def correct_period(date, period):
date = date.replace(':', '/')
l_date = date.split('/')
for i in (2,1,0,3,4,5):
if i != 1:
cur = int(l_date[i])
if cur < period['start'][i] or cur > period['end'][i]:
return False
else:
cur = months.index(l_date[i])
if cur == -1:
return False
if cur < period['start'][i] or cur > period['end'][i]:
return False
return True
def analyze_date(date):
"""04/Apr/2008:15:45;*/May/2008"""
d_min = [01, 00, 0000, 00, 00, 00]
d_max = [31, 11, 9999, 24, 59, 59]
date = date.replace(':', '/')
l_date = date.split(';')
l_start= l_date[0].split('/')
l_end = l_date[1].split('/')
v_start = [01, 00, 0000, 00, 00, 00]
v_end = [31, 11, 9999, 24, 59, 59]
for i in range(len(l_start)):
if l_start[i] == '*': continue
else:
if i == 1:
v_start[1] = months.index(l_start[1])
else:
cur = int(l_start[i])
if cur < d_min[i]: v_start[i] = d_min[i]
elif cur > d_max[i]: v_start[i] = d_max[i]
else: v_start[i] = cur
for i in range(len(l_end)):
if l_end[i] == '*': continue
else:
if i == 1:
v_end[1] = months.index(l_end[1])
else:
cur = int(l_end[i])
if cur < d_min[i]: v_end[i] = d_min[i]
elif cur > d_max[i]: v_end[i] = d_max[i]
else: v_end[i] = cur
return {'start' : v_start, 'end' : v_end}
def help():
print "Scalp the apache log! by Romain Gaucher - http://rgaucher.info"
print "usage: ./scalp.py [--log|-l log_file] [--filters|-f filter_file] [--period time-frame] [OPTIONS] [--attack a1,a2,..,an]"
print " [--sample|-s 4.2]"
print " --log |-l: the apache log file './access_log' by default"
print " --filters |-f: the filter file './default_filter.xml' by default"
print " --exhaustive|-e: will report all type of attacks detected and not stop"
print " at the first found"
print " --tough |-u: try to decode the potential attack vectors (may increase"
print " the examination time)"
print " --period |-p: the period must be specified in the same format as in"
print " the Apache logs using * as wild-card"
print " ex: 04/Apr/2008:15:45;*/Mai/2008"
print " if not specified at the end, the max or min are taken"
print " --html |-h: generate an HTML output"
print " --xml |-x: generate an XML output"
print " --text |-t: generate a simple text output (default)"
print " --except |-c: generate a file that contains the non examined logs due to the"
print " main regular expression; ill-formed Apache log etc."
print " --attack |-a: specify the list of attacks to look for"
print " list: xss, sqli, csrf, dos, dt, spam, id, ref, lfi"
print " the list of attacks should not contains spaces and comma separated"
print " ex: xss,sqli,lfi,ref"
print " --ignore-ip|-i: specify the list of IP Addresses to look exclude"
print " the list of IP Addresses should be comma separated and not contain spaces"
print " This option can be used in conjunction with --ignore-ip"
print " --ignore-subnet|-n: specify the list of Subnets to look exclude"
print " the list of Subnets should be comma separated and not contain spaces"
print " This option can be used in conjunction with --ignore-subnet"
print " --output |-o: specifying the output directory; by default, scalp will try to write"
print " in the same directory as the log file"
print " --sample |-s: use a random sample of the lines, the number (float in [0,100]) is"
print " the percentage, ex: --sample 0.1 for 1/1000"
def main(argc, argv):
filters = "default_filter.xml"
access = "access_log"
output = ""
preferences = {
'attack_type' : [],
'ip_exclude' : [],
'subnet_exclude' : [],
'period' : {
'start' : [01, 00, 0000, 00, 00, 00],# day, month, year, hour, minute, second
'end' : [31, 11, 9999, 24, 59, 59]
},
'except' : False,
'exhaustive' : False,
'encodings' : False,
'output' : "",
'odir' : os.path.abspath(os.curdir),
'sample' : float(100)
}
if argc < 2 or sys.argv[1] == "--help":
help()
sys.exit(0)
else:
for i in range(argc):
s = argv[i]
if i < argc:
if s in ("--filters","-f"):
filters = argv[i+1]
elif s in ("--log","-l"):
access = argv[i+1]
elif s in ("--output", "-o"):
preferences['odir'] = argv[i+1]
elif s in ("--sample", "-s"):
try:
preferences['sample'] = float(argv[i+1])
except:
preferences['sample'] = float(4.2)
print "/!\ Error in the sample size, will be 4.2%"
elif s in ("--period", "-p"):
preferences['period'] = analyze_date(argv[i+1])
elif s in ("--exhaustive", "-e"):
preferences['exhaustive'] = True
elif s in ("--html", "-h"):
preferences['output'] += ",html"
elif s in ("--xml", "-x"):
preferences['output'] += ",xml"
elif s in ("--text", "-t"):
preferences['output'] += ",text"
elif s in ("--except", "-c"):
preferences['except'] = True
elif s in ("--tough","-u"):
fill_replace_dict()
preferences['encodings'] = True
elif s in ("--attack", "-a"):
preferences['attack_type'] = argv[i+1].split(',')
elif s in ("--ignore-ip", "-i"):
preferences['ip_exclude'] = argv[i+1].split(',')
elif s in ("--ignore-subnet", "-n"):
preferences['subnet_exclude'] = argv[i+1].split(',')
else:
print "argument error, '%s' has been ignored" % s
if len(preferences['output']) < 1:
preferences['output'] = "text"
if not os.path.isdir(preferences['odir']):
print "The directory %s doesn't exist, scalp will try to create it"
try:
os.mkdir(preferences['odir'])
except:
print "/!\ scalp cannot write in",preferences['odir']
print "/!\ Ising /tmp/scalp/ as new directory..."
preferences['odir'] = '/tmp/scalp'
os.mkdir(preferences['odir'])
scalper(access, filters, preferences)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main(len(sys.argv), sys.argv)
"""
import hotshot
from hotshot import stats
name = "hotshot_scalp_stats"
if not os.path.isfile(name):
prof = hotshot.Profile(name)
prof.runcall(main)
prof.close()
s = stats.load(name)
s.sort_stats("time").print_stats()
"""