[CALCITE-6690] Refactor the Arrow adapter type system #14154

Job	Run time
Windows (JDK 21)	15m 37s
Windows (JDK 17)	15m 8s
Windows (JDK 8)	16m 49s
Linux (JDK 11, Pacific/Chatham Timezone)	10m 37s
Linux (JDK 8, oldest Guava, America/New_York Timezone)	10m 53s
Linux (JDK 21)	12m 41s
Linux (JDK 17)	10m 36s
Linux (JDK 8, latest Guava, America/New_York Timezone)	12m 1s
Linux (JDK 11, Avatica main)	14m 25s
CheckerFramework (JDK 11)	11m 7s
CheckerFramework (JDK 11, oldest Guava)	11m 17s
Linux (JDK 23)	10m 59s
macOS (JDK 21)	45m 44s
ErrorProne (JDK 11, latest Guava)	3m 12s
Druid Tests	7m 9s
Linux (JDK 8) Slow Tests	0s
	3h 28m 15s

Provide feedback