diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1866672dd..aec6143e2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ## Pending changes
 
--
+- [#606](https://github.com/bumble-tech/appyx/pull/606) – **Breaking change**: Do not create permanentNavModel inside ParentNode. Provide it via constructor to ParentNode
 
 ---
 
diff --git a/libraries/core/src/androidTest/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/PermanentChildTest.kt b/libraries/core/src/androidTest/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/PermanentChildTest.kt
index 3298e7286..de13158bb 100644
--- a/libraries/core/src/androidTest/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/PermanentChildTest.kt
+++ b/libraries/core/src/androidTest/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/PermanentChildTest.kt
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.platform.testTag
 import androidx.compose.ui.test.hasTestTag
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.AppyxTestScenario
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.children.nodeOrNull
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.composable.PermanentChild
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.modality.BuildContext
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.EmptyNavModel
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.PermanentNavModel
 import kotlinx.parcelize.Parcelize
 import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Rule
@@ -20,20 +21,33 @@ import org.junit.Test
 
 class PermanentChildTest {
 
+    var nodeFactory: (buildContext: BuildContext) -> TestParentNode = {
+        TestParentNode(buildContext = it)
+    }
+
     @get:Rule
     val rule = AppyxTestScenario { buildContext ->
-        TestParentNode(buildContext)
+        nodeFactory(buildContext)
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun permanent_child_is_rendered() {
+    fun `WHEN_permanent_model_contains_relevant_nav_key_THEN_permanent_child_is_rendered`() {
+        createPermanentNavModelWithNavKey()
         rule.start()
 
         rule.onNode(hasTestTag(TestParentNode.NavTarget::class.java.name)).assertExists()
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun permanent_child_is_reused_when_visibility_switched() {
+    fun `WHEN_permanent_model_does_not_contain_relevant_nav_key_THEN_permanent_child_is_not_rendered`() {
+        rule.start()
+
+        rule.onNode(hasTestTag(TestParentNode.NavTarget::class.java.name)).assertDoesNotExist()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `WHEN_visibility_switched_THEN_permanent_child_is_reused`() {
+        createPermanentNavModelWithNavKey()
         rule.start()
         rule.node.renderPermanentChild = false
         val childNodes = rule.node.children.value.values.map { it.nodeOrNull }
@@ -46,11 +60,27 @@ class PermanentChildTest {
         assertEquals(childNodes, rule.node.children.value.values.map { it.nodeOrNull })
     }
 
+    private fun createPermanentNavModelWithNavKey() {
+        nodeFactory = {
+            TestParentNode(
+                buildContext = it,
+                permanentNavModel = PermanentNavModel(
+                    TestParentNode.NavTarget,
+                    savedStateMap = null,
+                )
+            )
+        }
+
+    }
+
     class TestParentNode(
         buildContext: BuildContext,
+        private val permanentNavModel: PermanentNavModel<NavTarget> = PermanentNavModel(
+            savedStateMap = buildContext.savedStateMap
+        ),
     ) : ParentNode<TestParentNode.NavTarget>(
         buildContext = buildContext,
-        navModel = EmptyNavModel<NavTarget, Any>(),
+        navModel = permanentNavModel
     ) {
 
         @Parcelize
@@ -69,7 +99,7 @@ class PermanentChildTest {
         @Composable
         override fun View(modifier: Modifier) {
             if (renderPermanentChild) {
-                PermanentChild(NavTarget)
+                PermanentChild(permanentNavModel, NavTarget)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/libraries/core/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/composable/PermanentChild.kt b/libraries/core/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/composable/PermanentChild.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b809f23a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libraries/core/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/composable/PermanentChild.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package com.bumble.appyx.core.composable
+
+import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.collectAsState
+import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.rememberCoroutineScope
+import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.mapState
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.PermanentNavModel
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.Node
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNode
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.SharingStarted
+
+@Composable
+fun <NavTarget : Any> ParentNode<NavTarget>.PermanentChild(
+    permanentNavModel: PermanentNavModel<NavTarget>,
+    navTarget: NavTarget,
+    decorator: @Composable (child: ChildRenderer) -> Unit
+) {
+    val scope = rememberCoroutineScope()
+    val child by remember(navTarget, permanentNavModel) {
+        permanentNavModel
+            .elements
+            // use WhileSubscribed or Lazy otherwise desynchronisation issue
+            .mapState(scope, SharingStarted.WhileSubscribed()) { navElements ->
+                navElements
+                    .find { it.key.navTarget == navTarget }
+                    ?.let { childOrCreate(it.key) }
+            }
+    }.collectAsState()
+
+    child?.let {
+        decorator(PermanentChildRender(it.node))
+    }
+
+}
+
+@Composable
+fun <NavTarget : Any> ParentNode<NavTarget>.PermanentChild(
+    permanentNavModel: PermanentNavModel<NavTarget>,
+    navTarget: NavTarget,
+) {
+    PermanentChild(permanentNavModel, navTarget) { child -> child() }
+}
+
+private class PermanentChildRender(private val node: Node) : ChildRenderer {
+
+    @Suppress(
+        "ComposableNaming" // This wants to be 'Invoke' but that won't work with 'operator'.
+    )
+    @Composable
+    override operator fun invoke(modifier: Modifier) {
+        node.Compose(modifier)
+    }
+
+    @Suppress(
+        "ComposableNaming" // This wants to be 'Invoke' but that won't work with 'operator'.
+    )
+    @Composable
+    override operator fun invoke() {
+        invoke(modifier = Modifier)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libraries/core/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/ParentNode.kt b/libraries/core/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/ParentNode.kt
index 2ae5b270d..866cc4a5a 100644
--- a/libraries/core/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/ParentNode.kt
+++ b/libraries/core/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/ParentNode.kt
@@ -2,14 +2,7 @@ package com.bumble.appyx.core.node
 
 import androidx.annotation.CallSuper
 import androidx.annotation.VisibleForTesting
-import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
-import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
 import androidx.compose.runtime.Stable
-import androidx.compose.runtime.collectAsState
-import androidx.compose.runtime.getValue
-import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
-import androidx.compose.runtime.rememberCoroutineScope
-import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleObserver
 import androidx.lifecycle.Lifecycle
 import androidx.lifecycle.LifecycleOwner
@@ -24,21 +17,15 @@ import com.bumble.appyx.core.children.ChildEntryMap
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.children.ChildNodeCreationManager
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.children.ChildrenCallback
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.children.nodeOrNull
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.composable.ChildRenderer
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.lifecycle.ChildNodeLifecycleManager
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.mapState
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.modality.BuildContext
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.NavKey
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.NavModel
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.Resolver
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.isTransitioning
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.combined.plus
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.PermanentNavModel
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.operation.addUnique
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.plugin.Plugin
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.state.MutableSavedStateMap
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
-import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.SharingStarted
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.StateFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 import kotlinx.coroutines.suspendCancellableCoroutine
@@ -50,7 +37,7 @@ import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 @Suppress("TooManyFunctions")
 @Stable
 abstract class ParentNode<NavTarget : Any>(
-    navModel: NavModel<NavTarget, *>,
+    val navModel: NavModel<NavTarget, *>,
     buildContext: BuildContext,
     view: ParentNodeView<NavTarget> = EmptyParentNodeView(),
     childKeepMode: ChildEntry.KeepMode = Appyx.defaultChildKeepMode,
@@ -62,12 +49,6 @@ abstract class ParentNode<NavTarget : Any>(
     plugins = plugins + navModel + childAware
 ), Resolver<NavTarget> {
 
-    private val permanentNavModel = PermanentNavModel<NavTarget>(
-        savedStateMap = buildContext.savedStateMap,
-        key = KEY_PERMANENT_NAV_MODEL,
-    )
-    val navModel: NavModel<NavTarget, *> = permanentNavModel + navModel
-
     private val childNodeCreationManager = ChildNodeCreationManager<NavTarget>(
         savedStateMap = buildContext.savedStateMap,
         customisations = buildContext.customisations,
@@ -96,35 +77,6 @@ abstract class ParentNode<NavTarget : Any>(
     fun childOrCreate(navKey: NavKey<NavTarget>): ChildEntry.Initialized<NavTarget> =
         childNodeCreationManager.childOrCreate(navKey)
 
-    @Composable
-    fun PermanentChild(
-        navTarget: NavTarget,
-        decorator: @Composable (child: ChildRenderer) -> Unit
-    ) {
-        LaunchedEffect(navTarget) {
-            permanentNavModel.addUnique(navTarget)
-        }
-        val scope = rememberCoroutineScope()
-        val child by remember(navTarget) {
-            permanentNavModel
-                .elements
-                // use WhileSubscribed or Lazy otherwise desynchronisation issue
-                .mapState(scope, SharingStarted.WhileSubscribed()) { navElements ->
-                    navElements
-                        .find { it.key.navTarget == navTarget }
-                        ?.let { childOrCreate(it.key) }
-                }
-        }.collectAsState()
-        child?.let {
-            decorator(child = PermanentChildRender(it.node))
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Composable
-    fun PermanentChild(navTarget: NavTarget) {
-        PermanentChild(navTarget) { child -> child() }
-    }
-
     override fun updateLifecycleState(state: Lifecycle.State) {
         super.updateLifecycleState(state)
         childNodeLifecycleManager.propagateLifecycleToChildren(state)
@@ -225,8 +177,6 @@ abstract class ParentNode<NavTarget : Any>(
     @CallSuper
     override fun onSaveInstanceState(state: MutableSavedStateMap) {
         super.onSaveInstanceState(state)
-        // permanentNavModel is not provided as a plugin, store manually
-        permanentNavModel.saveInstanceState(state)
         childNodeCreationManager.saveChildrenState(state)
     }
 
@@ -266,26 +216,8 @@ abstract class ParentNode<NavTarget : Any>(
 
     companion object {
         const val ATTACH_WORKFLOW_SYNC_TIMEOUT = 5000L
-        const val KEY_PERMANENT_NAV_MODEL = "PermanentNavModel"
     }
 
-    private class PermanentChildRender(private val node: Node) : ChildRenderer {
-
-        @Suppress(
-            "ComposableNaming" // This wants to be 'Invoke' but that won't work with 'operator'.
-        )
-        @Composable
-        override operator fun invoke(modifier: Modifier) {
-            node.Compose(modifier)
-        }
 
-        @Suppress(
-            "ComposableNaming" // This wants to be 'Invoke' but that won't work with 'operator'.
-        )
-        @Composable
-        override operator fun invoke() {
-            invoke(modifier = Modifier)
-        }
-    }
 
 }
diff --git a/libraries/core/src/test/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/ParentNodeTest.kt b/libraries/core/src/test/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/ParentNodeTest.kt
index edd433750..c73a7d4b2 100644
--- a/libraries/core/src/test/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/ParentNodeTest.kt
+++ b/libraries/core/src/test/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/core/node/ParentNodeTest.kt
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 package com.bumble.appyx.core.node
 
 import androidx.arch.core.executor.testing.InstantTaskExecutorRule
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.children.nodeOrNull
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.modality.BuildContext
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.NavModel
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.combined.plus
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.PermanentNavModel
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.operation.addUnique
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNodeTest.NavTarget.ChildA
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNodeTest.NavTarget.ChildB
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNodeTest.NodeB.Companion.StatusExecuted
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNodeTest.TestParentNode.NavTarget
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNodeTest.TestParentNode.NavTarget.ChildA
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNodeTest.TestParentNode.NavTarget.ChildB
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.state.SavedStateMap
 import com.bumble.appyx.navmodel.backstack.BackStack
 import com.bumble.appyx.navmodel.backstack.operation.push
 import com.bumble.appyx.testing.junit4.util.MainDispatcherRule
@@ -75,12 +80,85 @@ class ParentNodeTest {
             assertTrue(attachedNode is NodeB)
         }
 
-    private fun buildBackStack(initialElement: NavTarget = ChildA) =
-        BackStack(initialElement = initialElement, savedStateMap = null)
+    @Test
+    fun `GIVEN node with PermanentNavModel WHEN saves state THEN restores state correctly`() =
+        testScope.runTest {
+            //given
+            val permanentNavModel: PermanentNavModel<NavTarget> =
+                PermanentNavModel(ChildA, savedStateMap = null)
+            val node = buildParentNode(navModel = permanentNavModel)
+            assertChildrenCount(node, 1)
+
+            // when
+            permanentNavModel.addUnique(ChildB)
+            assertChildrenCount(node, 2)
+            val state = node.saveInstanceState { true }
+            val restoredStateNode =
+                buildParentNode(navModel = permanentNavModel, savedStateMap = state)
+
+            //then
+            assertChildrenCount(restoredStateNode, 2)
+        }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `GIVEN node with CombinedNavModel with PermanentNavModel WHEN saves state THEN restores state correctly`() =
+        testScope.runTest {
+            //given
+            val permanentNavModel: PermanentNavModel<NavTarget> =
+                PermanentNavModel(ChildA, savedStateMap = null)
+
+            val backStack = buildBackStack(initialElement = ChildB)
+            val node = buildParentNode(navModel = permanentNavModel + backStack)
+            assertChildrenCount(node, 2)
+
+            // when
+            permanentNavModel.addUnique(ChildB)
+            assertChildrenCount(node, 3)
+            val state = node.saveInstanceState { true }
+            val restoredStateNode =
+                buildParentNode(navModel = permanentNavModel + backStack, savedStateMap = state)
+
+            //then
+            assertChildrenCount(restoredStateNode, 3)
+        }
+
+    private fun assertChildrenCount(node: ParentNode<*>, expectedCount: Int) {
+        val childrenCount = node.children.value.values.mapNotNull { it.nodeOrNull }.count()
+        assertTrue(childrenCount == expectedCount)
+    }
+
+    private fun buildBackStack(
+        initialElement: NavTarget = ChildA,
+        savedStateMap: SavedStateMap? = null
+    ) =
+        BackStack(initialElement = initialElement, savedStateMap = savedStateMap)
 
     private fun buildParentNode(backStack: BackStack<NavTarget>) =
         TestParentNode(backStack).apply { onBuilt() }
 
+    private fun buildParentNode(
+        savedStateMap: SavedStateMap? = null,
+        navModel: NavModel<NavTarget, *>
+    ) =
+        TestPermanentModelParentNode(
+            savedStateMap = savedStateMap,
+            navModel = navModel
+        ).apply { onBuilt() }
+
+    private class TestPermanentModelParentNode(
+        savedStateMap: SavedStateMap? = null,
+        navModel: NavModel<NavTarget, *>
+    ) : ParentNode<NavTarget>(
+        buildContext = BuildContext.root(savedStateMap),
+        navModel = navModel
+    ) {
+
+        override fun resolve(navTarget: NavTarget, buildContext: BuildContext) = when (navTarget) {
+            ChildA -> node(buildContext) {}
+            ChildB -> NodeB(buildContext)
+        }
+    }
+
     private class TestParentNode(
         private val backStack: BackStack<NavTarget>
     ) : ParentNode<NavTarget>(
@@ -88,11 +166,6 @@ class ParentNodeTest {
         navModel = backStack
     ) {
 
-        sealed class NavTarget {
-            object ChildA : NavTarget()
-            object ChildB : NavTarget()
-        }
-
         suspend fun waitForBAttached(): NodeB {
             return waitForChildAttached()
         }
@@ -115,6 +188,11 @@ class ParentNodeTest {
         }
     }
 
+    private sealed class NavTarget {
+        object ChildA : NavTarget()
+        object ChildB : NavTarget()
+    }
+
     private class NodeB(buildContext: BuildContext) : Node(buildContext) {
 
         var status: String? = null
diff --git a/samples/app/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/app/node/samples/SamplesSelectorNode.kt b/samples/app/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/app/node/samples/SamplesSelectorNode.kt
index 1870e1ad3..89b4f50ad 100644
--- a/samples/app/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/app/node/samples/SamplesSelectorNode.kt
+++ b/samples/app/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/app/node/samples/SamplesSelectorNode.kt
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@ import com.bumble.appyx.app.node.backstack.InsideTheBackStack
 import com.bumble.appyx.app.node.cards.CardsExampleNode
 import com.bumble.appyx.app.node.slideshow.WhatsAppyxSlideShow
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.composable.ChildRenderer
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.composable.PermanentChild
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.integrationpoint.LocalIntegrationPoint
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.modality.BuildContext
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.EmptyNavModel
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.PermanentNavModel
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.Node
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNode
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.node
@@ -30,9 +31,16 @@ import kotlinx.parcelize.Parcelize
 
 class SamplesSelectorNode(
     buildContext: BuildContext,
+    private val permanentNavModel: PermanentNavModel<NavTarget> = PermanentNavModel(
+        NavTarget.InsideTheBackStack,
+        NavTarget.CardsExample,
+        NavTarget.OnboardingScreen,
+        NavTarget.ComposeNavigationScreen,
+        savedStateMap = buildContext.savedStateMap,
+    ),
     private val outputFunc: (Output) -> Unit
 ) : ParentNode<SamplesSelectorNode.NavTarget>(
-    navModel = EmptyNavModel<NavTarget, Unit>(),
+    navModel = permanentNavModel,
     buildContext = buildContext
 ) {
     sealed class NavTarget : Parcelable {
@@ -53,7 +61,7 @@ class SamplesSelectorNode(
         object OpenCardsExample : Output()
         object OpenOnboarding : Output()
         object OpenComposeNavigation : Output()
-        object OpenInsideTheBackStack: Output()
+        object OpenInsideTheBackStack : Output()
     }
 
     @ExperimentalUnitApi
@@ -67,6 +75,7 @@ class SamplesSelectorNode(
                 buildContext = buildContext,
                 autoAdvanceDelayMs = 2500
             )
+
             is NavTarget.ComposeNavigationScreen -> {
                 node(buildContext) {
                     // compose-navigation fetches the integration point via LocalIntegrationPoint
@@ -77,6 +86,7 @@ class SamplesSelectorNode(
                     }
                 }
             }
+
             is NavTarget.InsideTheBackStack -> InsideTheBackStack(
                 buildContext = buildContext,
                 autoAdvanceDelayMs = 1000
@@ -124,6 +134,7 @@ class SamplesSelectorNode(
             onClick = { outputFunc(Output.OpenInsideTheBackStack) },
         ) {
             PermanentChild(
+                permanentNavModel = permanentNavModel,
                 navTarget = NavTarget.InsideTheBackStack,
                 decorator = decorator
             )
@@ -141,6 +152,7 @@ class SamplesSelectorNode(
             onClick = { outputFunc(Output.OpenComposeNavigation) },
         ) {
             PermanentChild(
+                permanentNavModel = permanentNavModel,
                 navTarget = NavTarget.ComposeNavigationScreen,
                 decorator = decorator
             )
@@ -158,6 +170,7 @@ class SamplesSelectorNode(
             onClick = { outputFunc(Output.OpenOnboarding) },
         ) {
             PermanentChild(
+                permanentNavModel = permanentNavModel,
                 navTarget = NavTarget.OnboardingScreen,
                 decorator = decorator
             )
@@ -172,9 +185,11 @@ class SamplesSelectorNode(
             onClick = { outputFunc(Output.OpenCardsExample) },
         ) {
             PermanentChild(
+                permanentNavModel = permanentNavModel,
                 navTarget = NavTarget.CardsExample,
                 decorator = decorator
             )
+
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/samples/app/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/app/node/slideshow/slide/app/StatefulNode1.kt b/samples/app/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/app/node/slideshow/slide/app/StatefulNode1.kt
index 2e8337503..ffce2a80b 100644
--- a/samples/app/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/app/node/slideshow/slide/app/StatefulNode1.kt
+++ b/samples/app/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/app/node/slideshow/slide/app/StatefulNode1.kt
@@ -25,13 +25,14 @@ import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import com.bumble.appyx.app.composable.Page
 import com.bumble.appyx.app.node.child.GenericChildNode
 import com.bumble.appyx.app.ui.AppyxSampleAppTheme
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.composable.PermanentChild
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.integration.NodeHost
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.integrationpoint.IntegrationPointStub
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.modality.BuildContext
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.modality.BuildContext.Companion.root
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.PermanentNavModel
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.Node
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNode
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.PermanentNavModel
 import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 import kotlinx.parcelize.Parcelize
 
@@ -39,12 +40,17 @@ import kotlinx.parcelize.Parcelize
 @ExperimentalAnimationApi
 @ExperimentalComposeUiApi
 class StatefulNode1(
-    buildContext: BuildContext
-) : ParentNode<StatefulNode1.NavTarget>(
-    buildContext = buildContext,
-    navModel = PermanentNavModel(
+    buildContext: BuildContext,
+    private val permanentNavModel: PermanentNavModel<NavTarget> = PermanentNavModel(
+        NavTarget.Child(BASE_COUNTER),
+        NavTarget.Child(BASE_COUNTER * 2),
+        NavTarget.Child(BASE_COUNTER * 3),
+        NavTarget.Child(BASE_COUNTER * 4),
         savedStateMap = buildContext.savedStateMap
     )
+) : ParentNode<StatefulNode1.NavTarget>(
+    buildContext = buildContext,
+    navModel = permanentNavModel,
 ) {
     sealed class NavTarget : Parcelable {
         @Parcelize
@@ -62,8 +68,8 @@ class StatefulNode1(
             modifier = modifier,
             title = "Stateful",
             body = "Each Node on this screen has some state:" +
-                "\n\n1. The counter represents data from a background process (e.g. server)." +
-                "\n2. You can also tap them to change their colour. Try it!"
+                    "\n\n1. The counter represents data from a background process (e.g. server)." +
+                    "\n2. You can also tap them to change their colour. Try it!"
         ) {
             Column(Modifier.fillMaxSize()) {
                 Row(
@@ -108,8 +114,15 @@ class StatefulNode1(
     }
 
     @Composable
-    private fun ChildInABox(navTarget: NavTarget, showWithDelay: Long, modifier: Modifier = Modifier) {
-        PermanentChild(navTarget) { child ->
+    private fun ChildInABox(
+        navTarget: NavTarget,
+        showWithDelay: Long,
+        modifier: Modifier = Modifier
+    ) {
+        PermanentChild(
+            permanentNavModel = permanentNavModel,
+            navTarget
+        ) { child ->
             Box(modifier) {
                 var visible by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
                 AnimatedVisibility(
diff --git a/samples/sandbox/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/sandbox/client/combined/CombinedNavModelNode.kt b/samples/sandbox/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/sandbox/client/combined/CombinedNavModelNode.kt
index bc940a8c6..e1f402edd 100644
--- a/samples/sandbox/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/sandbox/client/combined/CombinedNavModelNode.kt
+++ b/samples/sandbox/src/main/kotlin/com/bumble/appyx/sandbox/client/combined/CombinedNavModelNode.kt
@@ -22,13 +22,15 @@ import androidx.compose.runtime.setValue
 import androidx.compose.ui.Modifier
 import androidx.compose.ui.unit.dp
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.composable.Children
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.composable.PermanentChild
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.modality.BuildContext
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.combined.plus
+import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.permanent.PermanentNavModel
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.Node
 import com.bumble.appyx.core.node.ParentNode
 import com.bumble.appyx.navmodel.backstack.BackStack
 import com.bumble.appyx.navmodel.backstack.operation.push
 import com.bumble.appyx.navmodel.backstack.transitionhandler.rememberBackstackFader
-import com.bumble.appyx.core.navigation.model.combined.plus
 import com.bumble.appyx.sandbox.client.child.ChildNode
 import com.bumble.appyx.sandbox.client.combined.CombinedNavModelNode.NavTarget.Dynamic.Child
 import kotlinx.parcelize.Parcelize
@@ -46,9 +48,13 @@ class CombinedNavModelNode(
         savedStateMap = buildContext.savedStateMap,
         key = "BackStack2",
     ),
+    private val permanentNavModel: PermanentNavModel<NavTarget> = PermanentNavModel(
+        NavTarget.Permanent.Child1,
+        savedStateMap = buildContext.savedStateMap,
+    )
 ) : ParentNode<CombinedNavModelNode.NavTarget>(
     buildContext = buildContext,
-    navModel = backStack1 + backStack2,
+    navModel = backStack1 + backStack2 + permanentNavModel,
 ) {
 
     sealed class NavTarget : Parcelable {
@@ -100,7 +106,7 @@ class CombinedNavModelNode(
             Button(onClick = { visibility = !visibility }) {
                 Text(text = "Trigger visibility")
             }
-            PermanentChild(NavTarget.Permanent.Child1) { child ->
+            PermanentChild(permanentNavModel, NavTarget.Permanent.Child1) { child ->
                 Box(
                     modifier = Modifier
                         .fillMaxWidth()