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Constructor Pattern

What: a constructor is a special method used to initialize a newly created object once memory has been allocated for it

Why need it

e.g.: create different student with: name, age, eat method

without constructor : each time we create a new student again and again

let alice ={name: "alice", age: 12, eat: function(){ ... } }
let bob  = {name: "bob",   age: 15, eat: function(){ ... } }
let carol ={name: "carol", age: 11, eat: function(){ ... } }

with constructor [BAD] : each time we create a new student trivially

/*
 BAD: each object will take a copy of `eat()` from memory, 
      which is in fact not necessary
*/
function Student( name, age ){
    let student = {}
    student.name = name
    student.age = age
    student.eat = function(){ console.log(name, " is eating")}
    return student
}
let alice = new Student("alice", 12)
let bob   = new Student("bob",   15)
let carol = new Student("carol", 11)
alice.eat()

with constructor [GOOD] : see next section Prototype pattern

Prototype Pattern

**what: ** view prototype pattern as being based on prototypal inheritance where we create objects which act as prototypes for other objects.

improvement of Student class, using prototype.eat()

/*
 GOOD: each object will share `eat()` of Student prototype
*/
function Student( name, age ){
    this.name = name
    this.age = age
}
Student.prototype.eat = function(){console.log(this.name, " is eating")}

let alice = new Student("alice", 12)
let bob   = new Student("bob",   15)
let carol = new Student("carol", 11)
alice.eat()

Factory Pattern

what : combine similar classes together into a factory, to make code more compact

Implement one!

// Types.js - Constructors used behind the scenes
 
// A constructor for defining new cars
function Car( options ) {
 
  // some defaults
  this.doors = options.doors || 4;
  this.state = options.state || "brand new";
  this.color = options.color || "silver";
 
}
 
// A constructor for defining new trucks
function Truck( options){
 
  this.state = options.state || "used";
  this.wheelSize = options.wheelSize || "large";
  this.color = options.color || "blue";
}
 
 
// FactoryExample.js
 
// Define a skeleton vehicle factory
function VehicleFactory() {}
 
// Define the prototypes and utilities for this factory
 
// Our default vehicleClass is Car
VehicleFactory.prototype.vehicleClass = Car;
 
// Our Factory method for creating new Vehicle instances
VehicleFactory.prototype.createVehicle = function ( options ) {
 
  switch(options.vehicleType){
    case "car":
      this.vehicleClass = Car;
      break;
    case "truck":
      this.vehicleClass = Truck;
      break;
    //defaults to VehicleFactory.prototype.vehicleClass (Car)
  }
 
  return new this.vehicleClass( options );
 
};
 
// Create an instance of our factory that makes cars
var carFactory = new VehicleFactory();
var car = carFactory.createVehicle( {
            vehicleType: "car",
            color: "yellow",
            doors: 6 } );
 
// Test to confirm our car was created using the vehicleClass/prototype Car
 
// Outputs: true
console.log( car instanceof Car );
 
// Outputs: Car object of color "yellow", doors: 6 in a "brand new" state
console.log( car );

Singleton Pattern

What : It restricts instantiation of a class to a single object. Across the whole app, there is only one object of it exists.
Why :
1. can be used for data source of truth
2. anyone can call its methods to update the data

Trick : we can store private variable as closure, as singleton used here

the singleton is instance, its private property & methods are: privateMethod, privateVariable, privateRandomNumber
but return privateRandomNumber as public varible can keep it alive

function init() {
    // private methods and fileds
    let privateVariable = "I am a private var";
    let privateRandomNumber = Math.random();
    function privateMethod(){console.log("I am private method" )}
 
    return {
      // Public methods and fields
      publicMethod: privateMethod,
      getPrivateVar: function(){ return privateVariable },
      getRandomNumber: function(){ return privateRandomNumber }
    };
}

Implementation

var mySingleton = (function () {
  var instance; // Instance stores a reference to the Singleton
  function init() {
    // Singleton
    var privateRandomNumber = Math.random();
    return {
      // Public methods and variables
      getRandomNumber: function() {
        return privateRandomNumber;
      }
    };
  };
 
  return {
    // Get the Singleton instance if one exists
    // or create one if it doesn't
    getInstance: function () {
      if ( !instance ) { instance = init(); }
      return instance;
    }
  };
})();
 


var myBadSingleton = (function () {
  // Instance stores a reference to the Singleton
  var instance;
    function init() {
    // Singleton
    var privateRandomNumber = Math.random();
    return {
      getRandomNumber: function() {
        return privateRandomNumber;
      }
    };
  };
 
  return {
    // Always create a new Singleton instance
    getInstance: function () {
      instance = init();
      return instance;
    }
  };
 
})();
 
 
// Usage:
var singleA = mySingleton.getInstance();
var singleB = mySingleton.getInstance();
console.log( singleA.getRandomNumber() === singleB.getRandomNumber() ); // true
 
var badSingleA = myBadSingleton.getInstance();
var badSingleB = myBadSingleton.getInstance();
console.log( badSingleA.getRandomNumber() !== badSingleB.getRandomNumber() ); // true
 
// Note: as we are working with random numbers, there is a
// mathematical possibility both numbers will be the same,
// however unlikely. The above example should otherwise still
// be valid.

Observer Pattern

Subject : an object maintains a list of objects depending on it (observers), automatically notifying them of any changes to state.
Observers : objects who are interesting in the messages from the subject
Compared to Observable
1. Observer Pattern: actively notify all observers when events happen
2. observable Pattern: passively / lazily start the events watching process
advantage: focus on observers, not their actions/methods
disadvantage: cannot flexible on the observers' methods, must be the same

Implementation

// Util class: ObserverList, used by `Subject`
function ObserverList(){
  this.observerList = [];
}
 
ObserverList.prototype.add = function( obj ){
  return this.observerList.push( obj );
};
 
ObserverList.prototype.count = function(){
  return this.observerList.length;
};
 
ObserverList.prototype.get = function( index ){
  if( index > -1 && index < this.observerList.length ){
    return this.observerList[ index ];
  }
};
 
ObserverList.prototype.indexOf = function( obj, startIndex ){
  var i = startIndex;
 
  while( i < this.observerList.length ){
    if( this.observerList[i] === obj ){
      return i;
    }
    i++;
  }
 
  return -1;
};
 
ObserverList.prototype.removeAt = function( index ){
  this.observerList.splice( index, 1 );
};



// -----1----- Subject
function Subject(){
  this.observers = new ObserverList();
}
 
Subject.prototype.addObserver = function( observer ){
  this.observers.add( observer );
};
 
Subject.prototype.removeObserver = function( observer ){
  this.observers.removeAt( this.observers.indexOf( observer, 0 ) );
};
 
Subject.prototype.notify = function( context ){
  var observerCount = this.observers.count();
  for(var i=0; i < observerCount; i++){
    this.observers.get(i).update( context );
  }
};

// -----2----- Observer
function Observer(){
  this.update = function(){
    // ...
  };
}

RxJS - Observable

Observer pattern: subject (publisher) & observer (subscriber)

use case: add event to DOM

implementation

// 1. Subject
class Subject {
    
    constructor() {
        this.observerCollection = [];
    }
    
    registerObserver(observer) {
        this.observerCollection.push(observer);
    }
    
    unregisterObserver(observer) {
        let index = this.observerCollection.indexOf(observer);
        if(index >= 0) this.observerCollection.splice(index, 1);
    }
    
    notifyObservers() {
        this.observerCollection.forEach((observer)=>observer.notify());
    }
}

// 2. Observer
class Observer {
    
    constructor(name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    notify() {
        console.log(`${this.name} has been notified.`);
    }
}

// use case
let subject = new Subject(); // 创建主题对象

let observer1 = new Observer('semlinker'); // 创建观察者A - 'semlinker'
let observer2 = new Observer('lolo'); // 创建观察者B - 'lolo'

subject.registerObserver(observer1); // 注册观察者A
subject.registerObserver(observer2); // 注册观察者B
 
subject.notifyObservers(); // 通知观察者

subject.unregisterObserver(observer1); // 移除观察者A

subject.notifyObservers(); // 验证是否成功移除

Iterator pattern

Why use it: offer a way to visit interal elements without exposing internal implementing details
drawback: one-way & irreversible
data structure of the return value: next()
- => { done: false, value: elementValue }
- => { done: true, value: undefined }

Implementation of Array Iterator

// Array Iterator using closure
function makeIterator(array){
    var nextIndex = 0;
    
    return {
       next: function(){
           return nextIndex < array.length ?
               {value: array[nextIndex++], done: false} :
               {done: true};
       }
    }
}

// use case
var it = makeIterator(['yo', 'ya']);
console.log(it.next().value); // 'yo'
console.log(it.next().value); // 'ya'
console.log(it.next().done);  // true

**ES6 Iterator: ** Symbol.iterator can create iterator for an iterable object

How to use?

let arr = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
let iter = arr[Symbol.iterator]();

> iter.next()
{ value: 'a', done: false }
> iter.next()
{ value: 'b', done: false }
> iter.next()
{ value: 'c', done: false }
> iter.next()
{ value: undefined, done: true }

iterable object: Arrays, Strings, Maps, Sets, DOM

Observable in RxJS

var observable = Rx.Observable.create(function (observer) {
  observer.next(1);
  observer.next(2);
  observer.next(3);
  setTimeout(() => {
    observer.next(4);
    observer.complete();
  }, 1000);
});

console.log('just before subscribe');
observable.subscribe({
  next: x => console.log('got value ' + x),
  error: err => console.error('something wrong occurred: ' + err),
  complete: () => console.log('done'),
});
console.log('just after subscribe');

Characters
- observable will not automatically run, only triggered by subscribe(); which is opposed to promise.
- observable is a function, which can be observed by observer
- observer is a object, which has three callback: next, error, complete
- how to subscribe the observable? observable.subsribe(observer)
- how to manage the relationships between observable and observer? -- subscription var subscription1 = observable.subscribe(observer1);
- how to unsubscribe? --- subscription1.unsubscribe();
- Subscribing to an Observable is analogous to calling a Function.
- two Observable subscribes trigger two separate side effects. As opposed to EventEmitters which share the side effects and have eager execution regardless of the existence of subscribers, Observables have no shared execution and are lazy.

Command Pattern

What : commonly exists in many tool config.json file: run("fun", "arg1", arg2)

How to Implement :

var carManager = {
    // request information
    requestInfo: function( model, id ){
        return "The information for " + model + " with ID " + id + " is foobar";
    },

    // purchase the car
    buyVehicle: function( model, id ){
        return "You have successfully purchased Item " + id + ", a " + model;
    },

    // arrange a viewing
    arrangeViewing: function( model, id ){
        return "You have successfully booked a viewing of " + model + " ( " + id + " ) ";
    }
};

carManager.execute = function ( name ) {
    return carManager[name] && carManager[name].apply( carManager, [].slice.call(arguments, 1) );
};


// Use case
carManager.execute( "arrangeViewing", "Ferrari", "14523" );
carManager.execute( "requestInfo", "Ford Mondeo", "54323" );
carManager.execute( "requestInfo", "Ford Escort", "34232" );
carManager.execute( "buyVehicle", "Ford Escort", "34232" );

Mixin Pattern: `_.extend()`

what: Mixins allow objects to borrow (or inherit) functionality from them with a minimal amount of complexity

How to use: using _.extend() from Underscore.js

var myMixins = {
  moveUp: function(){ console.log( "move up" ); },
  moveDown: function(){ console.log( "move down" ); },
  stop: function(){ console.log( "stop! in the name of love!" );}
};

// A skeleton carAnimator constructor
function CarAnimator(){
  this.moveLeft = function(){
    console.log( "move left" );
  };
}
 
// A skeleton personAnimator constructor
function PersonAnimator(){
  this.moveRandomly = function(){ /*..*/ };
}
 
// Extend both constructors with our Mixin
_.extend( CarAnimator.prototype, myMixins );
_.extend( PersonAnimator.prototype, myMixins );
 
// Create a new instance of carAnimator
var myAnimator = new CarAnimator();
myAnimator.moveLeft();
myAnimator.moveDown();
myAnimator.stop();
 
// Outputs:
// move left
// move down
// stop! in the name of love!

Write ourselves: _.extend() <=> augument()

// Define a simple Car constructor
var Car = function ( settings ) {
 
    this.model = settings.model || "no model provided";
    this.color = settings.color || "no colour provided";
 
};
 
// Mixin
var Mixin = function () {};
 
Mixin.prototype = {
 
    driveForward: function () {
        console.log( "drive forward" );
    },
 
    driveBackward: function () {
        console.log( "drive backward" );
    },
 
    driveSideways: function () {
        console.log( "drive sideways" );
    }
 
};
 
 
// Extend an existing object with a method from another
function augment( receivingClass, givingClass ) {
 
    // only provide certain methods
    if ( arguments[2] ) {
        for ( var i = 2, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++ ) {
            receivingClass.prototype[arguments[i]] = givingClass.prototype[arguments[i]];
        }
    }
    // provide all methods
    else {
        for ( var methodName in givingClass.prototype ) {
 
            // check to make sure the receiving class doesn't
            // have a method of the same name as the one currently
            // being processed
            if ( !Object.hasOwnProperty.call(receivingClass.prototype, methodName) ) {
                receivingClass.prototype[methodName] = givingClass.prototype[methodName];
            }
        }
    }
}
 
 
// Augment the Car constructor to include "driveForward" and "driveBackward"
augment( Car, Mixin, "driveForward", "driveBackward" );
 
// Create a new Car
var myCar = new Car({
    model: "Ford Escort",
    color: "blue"
});
 
// Test to make sure we now have access to the methods
myCar.driveForward();
myCar.driveBackward();
 
// Outputs:
// drive forward
// drive backward
 
// We can also augment Car to include all functions from our mixin
// by not explicitly listing a selection of them
augment( Car, Mixin );
 
var mySportsCar = new Car({
    model: "Porsche",
    color: "red"
});
 
mySportsCar.driveSideways();
 
// Outputs:
// drive sideways

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Constructor Pattern

Prototype Pattern

Factory Pattern

Singleton Pattern

Observer Pattern

RxJS - Observable

Command Pattern

Mixin Pattern: _.extend()

Mixin Pattern: `_.extend()`