diff --git a/agp-patch/src/main/kotlin/com/android/build/gradle/internal/dependency/DexingTransform.kt b/agp-patch/src/main/kotlin/com/android/build/gradle/internal/dependency/DexingTransform.kt
index 06030b1..e4ce01e 100644
--- a/agp-patch/src/main/kotlin/com/android/build/gradle/internal/dependency/DexingTransform.kt
+++ b/agp-patch/src/main/kotlin/com/android/build/gradle/internal/dependency/DexingTransform.kt
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ package com.android.build.gradle.internal.dependency
 import com.android.build.gradle.internal.LoggerWrapper
 import com.android.build.gradle.internal.component.ApkCreationConfig
 import com.android.build.gradle.internal.component.ComponentCreationConfig
-import com.android.build.gradle.internal.dexing.readDesugarGraph
-import com.android.build.gradle.internal.dexing.writeDesugarGraph
 import com.android.build.gradle.internal.errors.MessageReceiverImpl
 import com.android.build.gradle.internal.publishing.AndroidArtifacts
 import com.android.build.gradle.internal.scope.Java8LangSupport
@@ -42,6 +40,7 @@ import com.android.builder.dexing.isJarFile
 import com.android.builder.dexing.r8.ClassFileProviderFactory
 import com.android.builder.files.SerializableFileChanges
 import com.android.utils.FileUtils
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting
 import com.google.common.hash.Hashing
 import com.google.common.io.Closer
 import org.gradle.api.artifacts.dsl.DependencyHandler
@@ -69,6 +68,8 @@ import org.gradle.work.Incremental
 import org.gradle.work.InputChanges
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory
 import java.io.File
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
 import javax.inject.Inject
 
@@ -300,52 +301,70 @@ abstract class BaseDexingTransform<T : BaseDexingTransform.Parameters> : Transfo
 /**
  * Desugaring graph used for incremental dexing. It contains class files and their dependencies.
  *
- * This graph handles files with absolute paths. To make it relocatable, it requires that all files
- * in the graph share one single root directory ([rootDir]) so that they can be converted to
- * relative paths.
+ * This graph handles files with absolute paths. To make it relocatable, this graph internally
+ * maintains a [relocatableDesugarGraph] which contains Unix-style relative paths of the files
+ * (the paths need to be *relative* and in *Unix style* so that they can be used across
+ * filesystems). When writing this graph to disk, we will write the [relocatableDesugarGraph].
  *
- * Internally, this graph maintains a [relocatableDesugarGraph] containing relative paths of the
- * files. When writing this graph to disk, we will write the [relocatableDesugarGraph].
+ * To make it easier to convert absolute paths to relative paths, we currently require that all
+ * files in the graph share one single root directory ([rootDir]).
  */
-private class DesugarGraph(
+@VisibleForTesting
+internal class DesugarGraph(
 
   /** The root directory that is shared among all files in the desugaring graph. */
   private val rootDir: File,
 
-  /** The relocatable desugaring graph, which contains relative paths of the files. */
-  private val relocatableDesugarGraph: MutableDependencyGraph<File> = MutableDependencyGraph()
+  /** The relocatable desugaring graph, which contains Unix-style relative paths of the files. */
+  private val relocatableDesugarGraph: MutableDependencyGraph<String> = MutableDependencyGraph()
 
 ) : DependencyGraphUpdater<File> {
 
   override fun addEdge(dependent: File, dependency: File) {
     relocatableDesugarGraph.addEdge(
-      dependent.relativeTo(rootDir),
-      dependency.relativeTo(rootDir)
+        dependent.toUnixStyleRelativePath(),
+        dependency.toUnixStyleRelativePath()
     )
   }
 
   fun removeNode(nodeToRemove: File) {
-    relocatableDesugarGraph.removeNode(nodeToRemove.relativeTo(rootDir))
+      relocatableDesugarGraph.removeNode(nodeToRemove.toUnixStyleRelativePath())
   }
 
   fun getAllDependents(nodes: Collection<File>): Set<File> {
-    val relativePaths = nodes.mapTo(mutableSetOf()) { it.relativeTo(rootDir) }
+        val relativePaths = nodes.mapTo(mutableSetOf()) { it.toUnixStyleRelativePath() }
 
     val dependents = relocatableDesugarGraph.getAllDependents(relativePaths)
 
     return dependents.mapTo(mutableSetOf()) { rootDir.resolve(it) }
   }
 
-  fun write(relocatableDesugarGraphFile: File) {
-    writeDesugarGraph(relocatableDesugarGraphFile, relocatableDesugarGraph)
+    private fun File.toUnixStyleRelativePath(): String {
+        val unixStyleRelativePath = relativeTo(rootDir).invariantSeparatorsPath
+
+        check(!unixStyleRelativePath.startsWith("..")) {
+            "The given file '$path' is located outside the root directory '${rootDir.path}'"
+        }
+
+        return unixStyleRelativePath
+    }
+
+  fun write(desugarGraphFile: File) {
+    ObjectOutputStream(desugarGraphFile.outputStream().buffered()).use {
+        it.writeObject(relocatableDesugarGraph)
+    }
   }
 
   companion object {
 
-    fun read(relocatableDesugarGraphFile: File, rootDir: File): DesugarGraph {
+    fun read(desugarGraphFile: File, rootDir: File): DesugarGraph {
       return DesugarGraph(
-        rootDir = rootDir,
-        relocatableDesugarGraph = readDesugarGraph(relocatableDesugarGraphFile)
+            rootDir = rootDir,
+            relocatableDesugarGraph =
+                ObjectInputStream(desugarGraphFile.inputStream().buffered()).use {
+                    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+                    it.readObject() as MutableDependencyGraph<String>
+                }
       )
     }
   }
@@ -370,10 +389,21 @@ abstract class DexingWithClasspathTransform : BaseDexingTransform<BaseDexingTran
 }
 
 /**
- * Dexing transform which uses the full classpath. This classpath consists of all external artifacts
- * ([com.android.build.gradle.internal.publishing.AndroidArtifacts.ArtifactScope.EXTERNAL])
- * in addition to the input artifact's dependencies provided by Gradle through
- * [org.gradle.api.artifacts.transform.InputArtifactDependencies].
+ * Dexing transform which uses the full classpath (to address bugs such as b/230454566).
+ *
+ * Normally we can obtain this full classpath by querying for CLASSES with scope
+ * [com.android.build.gradle.internal.publishing.AndroidArtifacts.ArtifactScope.ALL]. However, this
+ * would impact build performance, especially for incremental builds where `PROJECT` classes often
+ * change, causing all dexing transforms to rerun.
+ *
+ * To mitigate this performance impact while keeping the build correct, the full classpath will
+ * consist of the following instead:
+ *   1. All external artifacts ([Parameters.externalArtifacts])
+ *   2. The input artifact's dependencies provided by Gradle ([inputArtifactDependencies]) -- This
+ *   will ensure that if some of the input artifact's dependencies have `PROJECT` scope (i.e., they
+ *   are not part of [Parameters.externalArtifacts]), they will still be included in the full
+ *   classpath. (The downside is that if some of the input artifact's dependencies have `EXTERNAL`
+ *   scope, they will overlap with [Parameters.externalArtifacts], but that is fine.)
  */
 @CacheableTransform
 abstract class DexingWithFullClasspathTransform :
@@ -575,7 +605,10 @@ object DexingRegistration {
                     creationConfig.variantDependencies.getArtifactCollection(
                         AndroidArtifacts.ConsumedConfigType.RUNTIME_CLASSPATH,
                         AndroidArtifacts.ArtifactScope.EXTERNAL,
-                        inputArtifactType
+                        inputArtifactType,
+                        attributes = AsmClassesTransform.getAttributesForConfig(creationConfig).takeIf {
+                            component.dependenciesClassesAreInstrumented
+                        }
                     ).artifactFiles
                 )
             }