diff --git a/app/build.gradle b/app/build.gradle
index d43c8014f9..2581444415 100644
--- a/app/build.gradle
+++ b/app/build.gradle
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ application {
 }
 
 java {
-    sourceCompatibility = 17
-    targetCompatibility = 17
+    sourceCompatibility = 21
+    targetCompatibility = 21
 }
 
 ext {
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/performance/Performance.java b/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/performance/Performance.java
index 8776b38c0e..e7bda51daa 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/performance/Performance.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/performance/Performance.java
@@ -363,6 +363,7 @@ Producer<byte[], byte[]> createProducer() {
                 + "partition level. This argument can't be use in conjunction with `specify.brokers`, `topics` or `partitioner`.",
         converter = TopicPartitionField.class)
     List<TopicPartition> specifyPartitions = List.of();
+
     /**
      * @return a supplier that randomly return a sending target
      */
@@ -449,6 +450,7 @@ else if (specifiedByBroker) {
         return () -> selection.get(ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(selection.size()));
       }
     }
+
     // replace DataSize by DataRate (see https://github.com/skiptests/astraea/issues/488)
     @Parameter(
         names = {"--throughput"},
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/performance/Report.java b/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/performance/Report.java
index 84df178a11..803cd2b974 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/performance/Report.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/performance/Report.java
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ public String clientId() {
    * @return Get the number of records.
    */
   long records();
+
   /**
    * @return Get the maximum of latency put.
    */
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/web/BalancerHandler.java b/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/web/BalancerHandler.java
index 362b1d2efa..6acb5e6c18 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/web/BalancerHandler.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/web/BalancerHandler.java
@@ -149,18 +149,20 @@ private PlanExecutionProgress progress(String taskId) {
             (phase) ->
                 switch (phase) {
                   case Searching, Searched, Executing, Executed ->
-                  // No error message during the search & execution
-                  null;
-                  case SearchFailed -> planGenerations
-                      .get(taskId)
-                      .handle((plan, err) -> err != null ? err.toString() : null)
-                      .toCompletableFuture()
-                      .getNow(null);
-                  case ExecutionFailed -> planExecutions
-                      .get(taskId)
-                      .handle((ignore, err) -> err != null ? err.toString() : null)
-                      .toCompletableFuture()
-                      .getNow(null);
+                      // No error message during the search & execution
+                      null;
+                  case SearchFailed ->
+                      planGenerations
+                          .get(taskId)
+                          .handle((plan, err) -> err != null ? err.toString() : null)
+                          .toCompletableFuture()
+                          .getNow(null);
+                  case ExecutionFailed ->
+                      planExecutions
+                          .get(taskId)
+                          .handle((ignore, err) -> err != null ? err.toString() : null)
+                          .toCompletableFuture()
+                          .getNow(null);
                   default -> throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown state: " + phase);
                 };
     var changes =
diff --git a/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/web/WebService.java b/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/web/WebService.java
index 93d02342d8..f8ffbccb29 100644
--- a/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/web/WebService.java
+++ b/app/src/main/java/org/astraea/app/web/WebService.java
@@ -84,17 +84,19 @@ public WebService(
             yield List.of(
                 MetricStore.Receiver.local(() -> admin.brokers().thenApply(asBeanClientMap)));
           }
-          case METRIC_STORE_TOPIC -> List.of(
-              MetricStore.Receiver.topic(config.requireString(BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_KEY)),
-              MetricStore.Receiver.local(
-                  () -> CompletableFuture.completedStage(Map.of(-1, JndiClient.local()))));
-          default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-              "unknown metric store type: "
-                  + config.string(METRIC_STORE_KEY)
-                  + ". use "
-                  + METRIC_STORE_LOCAL
-                  + " or "
-                  + METRIC_STORE_TOPIC);
+          case METRIC_STORE_TOPIC ->
+              List.of(
+                  MetricStore.Receiver.topic(config.requireString(BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_KEY)),
+                  MetricStore.Receiver.local(
+                      () -> CompletableFuture.completedStage(Map.of(-1, JndiClient.local()))));
+          default ->
+              throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                  "unknown metric store type: "
+                      + config.string(METRIC_STORE_KEY)
+                      + ". use "
+                      + METRIC_STORE_LOCAL
+                      + " or "
+                      + METRIC_STORE_TOPIC);
         };
     var metricStore =
         MetricStore.builder()
diff --git a/app/src/test/java/org/astraea/app/web/BalancerHandlerTest.java b/app/src/test/java/org/astraea/app/web/BalancerHandlerTest.java
index 5f7158e532..22be9d90f5 100644
--- a/app/src/test/java/org/astraea/app/web/BalancerHandlerTest.java
+++ b/app/src/test/java/org/astraea/app/web/BalancerHandlerTest.java
@@ -321,12 +321,14 @@ void testMoveCost(String leaderLimit, String sizeLimit) {
       report.migrationCosts.forEach(
           migrationCost -> {
             switch (migrationCost.name) {
-              case TO_SYNC_BYTES, TO_FETCH_BYTES -> Assertions.assertTrue(
-                  migrationCost.brokerCosts.values().stream().mapToLong(Long::intValue).sum()
-                      <= DataSize.of(sizeLimit).bytes());
-              case REPLICA_LEADERS_TO_ADDED, REPLICA_LEADERS_TO_REMOVE -> Assertions.assertTrue(
-                  migrationCost.brokerCosts.values().stream().mapToLong(Long::intValue).sum()
-                      <= Long.parseLong(leaderLimit));
+              case TO_SYNC_BYTES, TO_FETCH_BYTES ->
+                  Assertions.assertTrue(
+                      migrationCost.brokerCosts.values().stream().mapToLong(Long::intValue).sum()
+                          <= DataSize.of(sizeLimit).bytes());
+              case REPLICA_LEADERS_TO_ADDED, REPLICA_LEADERS_TO_REMOVE ->
+                  Assertions.assertTrue(
+                      migrationCost.brokerCosts.values().stream().mapToLong(Long::intValue).sum()
+                          <= Long.parseLong(leaderLimit));
             }
           });
     }
diff --git a/build.gradle b/build.gradle
index 8430ac9d56..f6be5ea3f5 100644
--- a/build.gradle
+++ b/build.gradle
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 plugins {
-    id "com.diffplug.spotless" version "6.18.0"
+    id "com.diffplug.spotless" version "6.25.0"
 }
 
 repositories {
diff --git a/common/build.gradle b/common/build.gradle
index b01cccce64..53a38c9cc3 100644
--- a/common/build.gradle
+++ b/common/build.gradle
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 plugins {
     id 'java'
     id 'maven-publish'
-    id "com.google.protobuf" version "0.9.2"
+    id "com.google.protobuf" version "0.9.4"
 }
 
 apply from: "$rootDir/gradle/dependencies.gradle"
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ dependencies {
 }
 
 java {
-    sourceCompatibility = 17
-    targetCompatibility = 17
+    sourceCompatibility = 21
+    targetCompatibility = 21
 }
 
 ext {
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/admin/BrokerConfigs.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/admin/BrokerConfigs.java
index 76840c9c47..3b299d8eea 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/admin/BrokerConfigs.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/admin/BrokerConfigs.java
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ public final class BrokerConfigs {
   public static final Set<String> DYNAMICAL_CONFIGS =
       new TreeSet<>(
           Utils.constants(BrokerConfigs.class, name -> name.endsWith("CONFIG"), String.class));
+
   // ---------------------------------[values]---------------------------------//
 
   private BrokerConfigs() {}
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/admin/Config.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/admin/Config.java
index 906bded592..65b3e7c0bb 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/admin/Config.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/admin/Config.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 public record Config(Map<String, String> raw) {
 
   public static final Config EMPTY = new Config(Map.of());
+
   /**
    * @param key config key
    * @return the value associated to input key. otherwise, empty
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/assignor/Assignor.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/assignor/Assignor.java
index 1cee48e8e4..482122cfba 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/assignor/Assignor.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/assignor/Assignor.java
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ public abstract class Assignor implements ConsumerPartitionAssignor, Configurabl
    */
   protected abstract Map<String, List<TopicPartition>> assign(
       Map<String, SubscriptionInfo> subscriptions, ClusterInfo clusterInfo);
+
   // TODO: replace the topicPartitions by ClusterInfo after Assignor is able to handle Admin
   // https://github.com/skiptests/astraea/issues/1409
 
@@ -106,11 +107,12 @@ private void establishResource() {
         switch (config
             .string(ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_KEY)
             .orElse(ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_LOCAL)) {
-          case ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_TOPIC -> List.of(
-              MetricStore.Receiver.topic(
-                  config.requireString(ProducerConfigs.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG)),
-              MetricStore.Receiver.local(
-                  () -> CompletableFuture.completedStage(Map.of(-1, JndiClient.local()))));
+          case ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_TOPIC ->
+              List.of(
+                  MetricStore.Receiver.topic(
+                      config.requireString(ProducerConfigs.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG)),
+                  MetricStore.Receiver.local(
+                      () -> CompletableFuture.completedStage(Map.of(-1, JndiClient.local()))));
           case ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_LOCAL -> {
             Supplier<CompletionStage<Map<Integer, MBeanClient>>> clientSupplier =
                 () ->
@@ -130,13 +132,14 @@ private void establishResource() {
                             });
             yield List.of(MetricStore.Receiver.local(clientSupplier));
           }
-          default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-              "unknown metric store type: "
-                  + config.string(ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_KEY)
-                  + ". Use "
-                  + ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_TOPIC
-                  + " or "
-                  + ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_LOCAL);
+          default ->
+              throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                  "unknown metric store type: "
+                      + config.string(ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_KEY)
+                      + ". Use "
+                      + ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_TOPIC
+                      + " or "
+                      + ConsumerConfigs.METRIC_STORE_LOCAL);
         };
     metricStore =
         MetricStore.builder()
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/backup/RecordWriterBuilder.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/backup/RecordWriterBuilder.java
index 6401d6f52f..4ad6057b06 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/backup/RecordWriterBuilder.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/backup/RecordWriterBuilder.java
@@ -134,11 +134,14 @@ public void close() {
               this.compressionType = configuration.string("compression.type").orElse("none");
 
               switch (this.compressionType) {
-                case "gzip" -> Utils.packException(
-                    () -> this.targetOutputStream = new GZIPOutputStream(outputStream));
+                case "gzip" ->
+                    Utils.packException(
+                        () -> this.targetOutputStream = new GZIPOutputStream(outputStream));
                 case "none" -> this.targetOutputStream = outputStream;
-                default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-                    String.format("compression type '%s' is not supported", this.compressionType));
+                default ->
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        String.format(
+                            "compression type '%s' is not supported", this.compressionType));
               }
             }
 
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/balancer/BalancerUtils.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/balancer/BalancerUtils.java
index ee30ace4bf..27916ea342 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/balancer/BalancerUtils.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/balancer/BalancerUtils.java
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@ public static Map<Integer, BalancingModes> balancingMode(ClusterInfo cluster, St
                           case "balancing" -> BalancingModes.BALANCING;
                           case "clear" -> BalancingModes.CLEAR;
                           case "excluded" -> BalancingModes.EXCLUDED;
-                          default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-                              "Unsupported balancing mode: " + s[1]);
+                          default ->
+                              throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                  "Unsupported balancing mode: " + s[1]);
                         }));
 
     Function<Integer, BalancingModes> mode =
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/consumer/Consumer.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/consumer/Consumer.java
index a38bc2ae35..b18f1a122a 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/consumer/Consumer.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/consumer/Consumer.java
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ static TopicsBuilder<byte[], byte[]> forTopics(Set<String> topics) {
   static TopicsBuilder<byte[], byte[]> forTopics(Pattern patternTopics) {
     return new TopicsBuilder<>(Objects.requireNonNull(patternTopics));
   }
+
   /**
    * Create a consumer builder by setting specific topic partitions
    *
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/cost/NetworkCost.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/cost/NetworkCost.java
index 5a1e7b2df9..e4f562d39b 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/cost/NetworkCost.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/cost/NetworkCost.java
@@ -239,10 +239,11 @@ Map<TopicPartition, Long> estimateRate(
                                   switch (estimationMethod) {
                                     case BROKER_TOPIC_ONE_MINUTE_RATE -> hasRate.oneMinuteRate();
                                     case BROKER_TOPIC_FIVE_MINUTE_RATE -> hasRate.fiveMinuteRate();
-                                    case BROKER_TOPIC_FIFTEEN_MINUTE_RATE -> hasRate
-                                        .fifteenMinuteRate();
-                                    default -> throw new IllegalStateException(
-                                        "Unknown estimation method: " + estimationMethod);
+                                    case BROKER_TOPIC_FIFTEEN_MINUTE_RATE ->
+                                        hasRate.fifteenMinuteRate();
+                                    default ->
+                                        throw new IllegalStateException(
+                                            "Unknown estimation method: " + estimationMethod);
                                   })
                           // no load metric for this partition, treat as zero load
                           .orElse(0.0);
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/cost/NeutralIntegratedCost.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/cost/NeutralIntegratedCost.java
index 289c01e8fc..262fb5335c 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/cost/NeutralIntegratedCost.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/cost/NeutralIntegratedCost.java
@@ -137,18 +137,22 @@ static Map<String, Double> weight(
                     m -> m.metricName,
                     m ->
                         switch (m) {
-                          case inputThroughput -> brokerMetrics.values().stream()
-                              .map(metrics -> metrics.inputScore)
-                              .toList();
-                          case outputThroughput -> brokerMetrics.values().stream()
-                              .map(metrics -> metrics.outputScore)
-                              .toList();
-                          case memory -> brokerMetrics.values().stream()
-                              .map(metrics -> metrics.memoryScore)
-                              .toList();
-                          case cpu -> brokerMetrics.values().stream()
-                              .map(metrics -> metrics.cpuScore)
-                              .toList();
+                          case inputThroughput ->
+                              brokerMetrics.values().stream()
+                                  .map(metrics -> metrics.inputScore)
+                                  .toList();
+                          case outputThroughput ->
+                              brokerMetrics.values().stream()
+                                  .map(metrics -> metrics.outputScore)
+                                  .toList();
+                          case memory ->
+                              brokerMetrics.values().stream()
+                                  .map(metrics -> metrics.memoryScore)
+                                  .toList();
+                          case cpu ->
+                              brokerMetrics.values().stream()
+                                  .map(metrics -> metrics.cpuScore)
+                                  .toList();
                         }));
     return weightProvider.weight(values);
   }
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/csv/CsvReader.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/csv/CsvReader.java
index c93805f3a6..a1aff580f1 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/csv/CsvReader.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/csv/CsvReader.java
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ static CsvReaderBuilder builder(Reader source) {
    * @param num The number of lines to skip
    */
   void skip(int num);
+
   /**
    * Get the next line without checking.
    *
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/csv/CsvWriter.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/csv/CsvWriter.java
index 67ecfd1e45..b48158a8d0 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/csv/CsvWriter.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/csv/CsvWriter.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ public interface CsvWriter extends AutoCloseable {
   static CsvWriterBuilder builder(Writer sink) {
     return new CsvWriterBuilder(sink);
   }
+
   /**
    * Writes the next line to the file.Empty fields cannot be written and the lengths of the strings
    * written should be equal.
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/metrics/client/consumer/ConsumerMetrics.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/metrics/client/consumer/ConsumerMetrics.java
index f6ab94db12..01caa6b22d 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/metrics/client/consumer/ConsumerMetrics.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/metrics/client/consumer/ConsumerMetrics.java
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ public static List<AppInfo> appInfo(MBeanClient client) {
         .map(b -> (AppInfo) () -> b)
         .collect(Collectors.toList());
   }
+
   /**
    * collect HasNodeMetrics from all consumers.
    *
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/metrics/collector/MetricSensor.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/metrics/collector/MetricSensor.java
index 4f7993ae6f..004f79d2cb 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/metrics/collector/MetricSensor.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/metrics/collector/MetricSensor.java
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ static MetricSensor of(
                 })
             .toList();
   }
+
   /**
    * generate the metrics to stored by metrics collector. The implementation can use MBeanClient to
    * fetch metrics from remote/local mbean server. Or the implementation can generate custom metrics
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/partitioner/Partitioner.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/partitioner/Partitioner.java
index 4593914e41..9b533f89ac 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/partitioner/Partitioner.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/partitioner/Partitioner.java
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ public static void beginInterdependent(org.astraea.common.producer.Producer<?, ?
   public static void endInterdependent(org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.Producer<?, ?> producer) {
     THREAD_LOCAL.remove();
   }
+
   /**
    * Close interdependence function.Send data using the original partitioner logic.
    *
diff --git a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/partitioner/StrictCostPartitioner.java b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/partitioner/StrictCostPartitioner.java
index c1e90e873d..40b8f7f9ca 100644
--- a/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/partitioner/StrictCostPartitioner.java
+++ b/common/src/main/java/org/astraea/common/partitioner/StrictCostPartitioner.java
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ private int tryUpdateMinPartition(
           .computeIfAbsent(brokerId, (id) -> partition.apply(topic, id));
     }
   }
+
   /**
    * The value of cost returned from cost function is conflict to score, since the higher cost
    * represents lower score. This helper reverses the cost by subtracting the cost from "max cost".
@@ -232,11 +233,12 @@ public void configure(Configuration config) {
 
     List<MetricStore.Receiver> receivers =
         switch (config.string(METRIC_STORE_KEY).orElse(METRIC_STORE_LOCAL)) {
-          case METRIC_STORE_TOPIC -> List.of(
-              MetricStore.Receiver.topic(
-                  config.requireString(ProducerConfigs.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG)),
-              MetricStore.Receiver.local(
-                  () -> CompletableFuture.completedStage(Map.of(-1, JndiClient.local()))));
+          case METRIC_STORE_TOPIC ->
+              List.of(
+                  MetricStore.Receiver.topic(
+                      config.requireString(ProducerConfigs.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG)),
+                  MetricStore.Receiver.local(
+                      () -> CompletableFuture.completedStage(Map.of(-1, JndiClient.local()))));
           case METRIC_STORE_LOCAL -> {
             Supplier<CompletionStage<Map<Integer, MBeanClient>>> clientSupplier =
                 () ->
@@ -256,13 +258,14 @@ public void configure(Configuration config) {
                             });
             yield List.of(MetricStore.Receiver.local(clientSupplier));
           }
-          default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-              "unknown metric store type: "
-                  + config.string(METRIC_STORE_KEY)
-                  + ". Use "
-                  + METRIC_STORE_TOPIC
-                  + " or "
-                  + METRIC_STORE_LOCAL);
+          default ->
+              throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                  "unknown metric store type: "
+                      + config.string(METRIC_STORE_KEY)
+                      + ". Use "
+                      + METRIC_STORE_TOPIC
+                      + " or "
+                      + METRIC_STORE_LOCAL);
         };
     metricStore =
         MetricStore.builder()
diff --git a/common/src/test/java/org/astraea/common/balancer/tweakers/ShuffleTweakerTest.java b/common/src/test/java/org/astraea/common/balancer/tweakers/ShuffleTweakerTest.java
index cf3b43e84a..a0060f304b 100644
--- a/common/src/test/java/org/astraea/common/balancer/tweakers/ShuffleTweakerTest.java
+++ b/common/src/test/java/org/astraea/common/balancer/tweakers/ShuffleTweakerTest.java
@@ -246,12 +246,12 @@ void testReplicaFactorSafety() {
                         .map(Replica::topicPartitionReplica)
                         .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableSet());
                 switch (partition.topic()) {
-                  case "topic2" -> Assertions.assertEquals(
-                      2, replicaSet.size(), replicaSet.toString());
-                  case "topic3" -> Assertions.assertEquals(
-                      3, replicaSet.size(), replicaSet.toString());
-                  case "topic4" -> Assertions.assertEquals(
-                      4, replicaSet.size(), replicaSet.toString());
+                  case "topic2" ->
+                      Assertions.assertEquals(2, replicaSet.size(), replicaSet.toString());
+                  case "topic3" ->
+                      Assertions.assertEquals(3, replicaSet.size(), replicaSet.toString());
+                  case "topic4" ->
+                      Assertions.assertEquals(4, replicaSet.size(), replicaSet.toString());
                 }
 
                 var replicas = cluster.replicas(partition).stream().toList();
diff --git a/connector/build.gradle b/connector/build.gradle
index eeb83ef26d..9bc9d2928f 100644
--- a/connector/build.gradle
+++ b/connector/build.gradle
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ dependencies {
 }
 
 java {
-    sourceCompatibility = 17
-    targetCompatibility = 17
+    sourceCompatibility = 21
+    targetCompatibility = 21
 }
 
 ext {
diff --git a/fs/build.gradle b/fs/build.gradle
index 4c9d3db81d..5c60777c9d 100644
--- a/fs/build.gradle
+++ b/fs/build.gradle
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ dependencies {
 }
 
 java {
-    sourceCompatibility = 17
-    targetCompatibility = 17
+    sourceCompatibility = 21
+    targetCompatibility = 21
 }
 
 ext {
diff --git a/gradle/dependencies.gradle b/gradle/dependencies.gradle
index 9f447ae707..87cd3985e7 100644
--- a/gradle/dependencies.gradle
+++ b/gradle/dependencies.gradle
@@ -20,23 +20,22 @@ ext {
     libs = [:]
 }
 def versions = [
-        "commons-io"              : project.properties['commons-io.version'] ?: "2.13.0",
-        "commons-math3"           : project.properties['commons-math3.version'] ?: "3.6.1",
-        "commons-net"             : project.properties['commons-net.version'] ?: "3.9.0",
-        "commons-logging"         : project.properties['commons-logging.version'] ?: "1.2",
-        "ftp-server"              : project.properties['ftp-server.version'] ?: "1.2.0",
-        jackson                   : project.properties['jackson.version'] ?: "2.15.2",
-        jcommander                : project.properties['jcommander.version'] ?: "1.82",
-        "jmh-core"                : project.properties['jmh-core.version'] ?: "1.36",
-        "jmh-generator-annprocess": project.properties['jmh-generator.version'] ?: "1.36",
-        junit                     : project.properties['junit.version'] ?: "5.9.3",
-        kafka                     : project.properties['kafka.version'] ?: "3.7.0",
-        mockito                   : project.properties['mockito.version'] ?: "5.4.0",
-        "mockito-inline"          : project.properties['mockito.version'] ?: "5.2.0",
-        scala                     : project.properties['scala.version'] ?: "2.13.11",
-        slf4j                     : project.properties['slf4j.version'] ?: "2.0.7",
-        spark                     : project.properties['spark.version'] ?: "3.3.2",
-        "hadoop"                  : project.properties["hadoop.version"] ?: "3.3.5",
+        "commons-io"     : project.properties['commons-io.version'] ?: "2.15.1",
+        "commons-math3"  : project.properties['commons-math3.version'] ?: "3.6.1",
+        "commons-net"    : project.properties['commons-net.version'] ?: "3.10.0",
+        "commons-logging": project.properties['commons-logging.version'] ?: "1.3.0",
+        "ftp-server"     : project.properties['ftp-server.version'] ?: "1.2.0",
+        jackson          : project.properties['jackson.version'] ?: "2.16.2",
+        jcommander       : project.properties['jcommander.version'] ?: "1.82",
+        "jmh"            : project.properties['jmh.version'] ?: "1.37",
+        junit            : project.properties['junit.version'] ?: "5.10.2",
+        kafka            : project.properties['kafka.version'] ?: "3.7.0",
+        mockito          : project.properties['mockito.version'] ?: "5.11.0",
+        "mockito-inline" : project.properties['mockito-inline.version'] ?: "5.2.0",
+        scala            : project.properties['scala.version'] ?: "2.13.13",
+        slf4j            : project.properties['slf4j.version'] ?: "2.0.12",
+        spark            : project.properties['spark.version'] ?: "3.5.1",
+        hadoop           : project.properties["hadoop.version"] ?: "3.3.6",
 ]
 
 libs += [
@@ -48,8 +47,8 @@ libs += [
         "jackson-databind"        : "com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-databind:${versions["jackson"]}",
         "jackson-datatype-jdk8"   : "com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype:jackson-datatype-jdk8:${versions["jackson"]}",
         jcommander                : "com.beust:jcommander:${versions["jcommander"]}",
-        "jmh-core"                : "org.openjdk.jmh:jmh-core:${versions["jmh-core"]}",
-        "jmh-generator-annprocess": "org.openjdk.jmh:jmh-generator-annprocess:${versions["jmh-generator-annprocess"]}",
+        "jmh-core"                : "org.openjdk.jmh:jmh-core:${versions["jmh"]}",
+        "jmh-generator-annprocess": "org.openjdk.jmh:jmh-generator-annprocess:${versions["jmh"]}",
         junit                     : "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:${versions["junit"]}",
         "kafka-client"            : "org.apache.kafka:kafka-clients:${versions["kafka"]}",
         "kafka-connect-api"       : "org.apache.kafka:connect-api:${versions["kafka"]}",
diff --git a/gui/build.gradle b/gui/build.gradle
index 5e6956f18f..0224021742 100644
--- a/gui/build.gradle
+++ b/gui/build.gradle
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 java {
-    sourceCompatibility = 17
-    targetCompatibility = 17
+    sourceCompatibility = 21
+    targetCompatibility = 21
 }
 
 javafx {
-    version = "17"
+    version = "21"
     modules = ['javafx.controls']
 }
 
diff --git a/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/Query.java b/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/Query.java
index 5c752d7115..129a52d5d3 100644
--- a/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/Query.java
+++ b/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/Query.java
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ public boolean required(Map<String, Object> item) {
                 switch (ops.get(index - 1)) {
                   case "&&" -> match && queries.get(index).required(item);
                   case "||" -> match || queries.get(index).required(item);
-                  default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-                      "unsupported op: " + ops.get(index - 1));
+                  default ->
+                      throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported op: " + ops.get(index - 1));
                 };
           }
         }
diff --git a/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/tab/BrokerNode.java b/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/tab/BrokerNode.java
index c7ddce82f6..e44e4628e7 100644
--- a/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/tab/BrokerNode.java
+++ b/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/tab/BrokerNode.java
@@ -185,13 +185,13 @@ private enum MetricType {
                         m ->
                             switch (m.type()) {
                               case BYTES_IN_PER_SEC,
-                                  BYTES_OUT_PER_SEC,
-                                  BYTES_REJECTED_PER_SEC,
-                                  REASSIGNMENT_BYTES_OUT_PER_SEC,
-                                  REASSIGNMENT_BYTES_IN_PER_SEC,
-                                  REPLICATION_BYTES_IN_PER_SEC,
-                                  REPLICATION_BYTES_OUT_PER_SEC -> DataSize.Byte.of(
-                                  (long) m.fiveMinuteRate());
+                                      BYTES_OUT_PER_SEC,
+                                      BYTES_REJECTED_PER_SEC,
+                                      REASSIGNMENT_BYTES_OUT_PER_SEC,
+                                      REASSIGNMENT_BYTES_IN_PER_SEC,
+                                      REPLICATION_BYTES_IN_PER_SEC,
+                                      REPLICATION_BYTES_OUT_PER_SEC ->
+                                  DataSize.Byte.of((long) m.fiveMinuteRate());
                               default -> m.fiveMinuteRate();
                             })));
 
diff --git a/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/tab/topic/TopicNode.java b/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/tab/topic/TopicNode.java
index 5abe5ddb27..97bc31fcac 100644
--- a/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/tab/topic/TopicNode.java
+++ b/gui/src/main/java/org/astraea/gui/tab/topic/TopicNode.java
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ private static Node metricsNode(Context context) {
                                                   .mapToDouble(HasRate::fiveMinuteRate)
                                                   .sum();
                                           switch (metric) {
-                                            case BYTES_IN_PER_SEC, BYTES_OUT_PER_SEC -> map.put(
-                                                key, DataSize.Byte.of((long) value));
+                                            case BYTES_IN_PER_SEC, BYTES_OUT_PER_SEC ->
+                                                map.put(key, DataSize.Byte.of((long) value));
                                             default -> map.put(key, value);
                                           }
                                         });
diff --git a/it/build.gradle b/it/build.gradle
index 8cc3ed23cc..8faa8819cd 100644
--- a/it/build.gradle
+++ b/it/build.gradle
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ dependencies {
 }
 
 java {
-    sourceCompatibility = 17
-    targetCompatibility = 17
+    sourceCompatibility = 21
+    targetCompatibility = 21
 }
 
 ext {