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artikel.htm
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Articles</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Deich:</span></h1>
<h1 id="suas"><span class="red">The Article (an tAlt)</span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><a href="#bestimmt">definite and indefinite articles</a>
<br><a href="#deklination">declension of the article</a>
<br>
<a href="#beispiel">examples of declension</a> <br>
<a href="#praeposition">articles with prepositions</a>
<br><a href="#ce">articles with cé</a>
<br>
<a href="#aussprache">pronunciation of the article</a> <br>
<a href="#anwendung">uses of the article</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="bestimmt"><i class="red">definite and indefinite articles</i></h2>
<p>There is <u>only</u> one <b>definite</b> article (alt cinnte) <i>an fear =
the man</i> <br>
There are <u>no</u> <b>indefinite</b> articles (alt éiginnte) So:
<i>fear = man or = a man</i> </p>
<h2 id="deklination"><i class="red">declension of the article</i></h2>
<p>There are only 2 forms: <br>
<i>either</i> <b class="red">an</b> (nominative singular masc./fem.,
genitive singular masc., dative singular masc./fem.) <br>
<i>or</i> <b class="darkred">na</b> (genitive singular fem., nominative/genitive/dativ
plural masc./ fem.) <br>
The dual form (used before the number 2) is also <b class="red">an</b>
(<i>an dá bhliain = the 2 years</i>) </p>
<p>Declension means then more than if <b class="lightgreen">lenition</b>,
<b class="blue">eclipsis</b> or <b class="lilac">t-,
n- h-</b> follows (see table) <br>
The usage is dependent on the <a href="subst3.htm">gender</a> of the <a href="subst1.htm">noun</a>.
<br>
These initial mutations result from the old celtic article-declension forms,
and are thus discussed here under "declension". <br>
Given here is only the <b>nominative</b> (=accusative) and <b>genitive</b>.
<br>
In the <b>dative,</b> the mutations are dependent on the preposition and the
dialect used (see under <a href="#praeposition">articles with prepositions</a>)
</p>
<p><b>masculine</b></p>
<table border width="49%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td rowspan="2"> </td>
<td colspan="2"><b>singular</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><b>plural</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>nom.</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>nom. </b></td>
<td><b>gen. </b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding a consonant</b></td>
<td class="red bold">an</td>
<td><b><span class="red">an </span><span class="lightgreen">L</span></b></td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="blue">E</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding d, t</b></td>
<td class="red bold">an</td>
<td class="red bold">an</td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="blue">E</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding s</b></td>
<td class="red bold">an</td>
<td><b><span class="red">an</span><span class="lilac"> t</span></b></td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding a vowel</b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">an </span><span class="lilac">t-</span></b></td>
<td class="red bold">an</td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="lilac">h</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="lilac">n-</span></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>feminine</b></p>
<table border width="49%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td rowspan="2"><b> </b></td>
<td colspan="2"><b>singular</b></td>
<td colspan="2"><b>plural</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>nom.</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>nom.</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding a consonant</b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">an </span><span class="lightgreen">L</span></b></td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="blue">E</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding d, t</b></td>
<td class="red bold">an</td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="blue">E</span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding s</b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">an </span><span class="lilac">t</span></b></td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
<td class="darkred bold">na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding a vowel</b></td>
<td class="red bold">an</td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="lilac">h</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="lightgreen"> </span><span class="lilac">h</span></b></td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="lightgreen"> </span><span class="lilac">n-</span></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li>that <b>d, t</b> are not lenited after articles, is due to the <b>"d, n,
t, l, s"-rule</b>: should these consonants somehow follow one another, there
is no lenition (as here after the <i>n</i> in <i>an</i>)</li>
<li>-t before s only if s + vowel or s + l,n,r</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="beispiel"><i class="red">examples</i></h3>
<p><b>masculine:</b></p>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b>nominative singular</b></td>
<td><b>genitive singular</b></td>
<td><b>nominative plural</b></td>
<td><b>genitive plural</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding a consonant</b></td>
<td><b class="red">an</b> fear = <i>the man</i></td>
<td><b class="red">an</b> f<b class="lightgreen">h</b>ir
= <i>of the man</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> fir = <i>the men</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> <b class="blue">bh</b>fear
= <i>of the men</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding d, t</b></td>
<td><b class="red">an </b>teach = <i>the house</i></td>
<td><b class="red">an </b>tí = <i>of the house</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na </b>tithe = <i>the houses</i></td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="blue">d</span></b>tithe
= <i>of the houses</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding s</b></td>
<td><b class="red">an</b> sagart = <i>the priest</i></td>
<td><b class="red">an</b><span class="red"> </span><b class="lilac">t</b>sagairt
= <i>of the priest</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> sagairt = <i>the priests</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> sagart = <i>of the priests</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding a vowel</b></td>
<td><b><span class="red">an </span><span class="lilac">t-</span></b>éan
= <i>the bird</i></td>
<td><b class="red">an</b> éin = <i>of the bird</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b><span class="red"> </span><b class="lilac">h</b>éin
= <i>the birds</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b><span class="red"> </span><b class="lilac">n-</b>éan
= <i>of the birds</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>feminine:</b></p>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b>nominative singular</b></td>
<td><b>genitive singular</b></td>
<td><b>nominative plural</b></td>
<td><b>genitive plural</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding a consonant</b></td>
<td><b class="red">an</b> g<b class="lightgreen">h</b>loine
= <i>the glass</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> gloine = <i>of the glas</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> gloiní = <i>the glasses</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> <b class="blue">n</b>gloiní
= <i>of the glasses</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding d, t</b></td>
<td><b class="red">an </b>teist = <i>the test</i></td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span></b>teiste
= <i>of the test</i></td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span></b>teisteacha
= <i>the tests</i></td>
<td><b><span class="darkred">na</span><span class="red"> </span><span class="blue">d</span></b>teisteacha
= <i>of the tests</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding s</b></td>
<td><b class="red">an</b><span class="red"> </span><b class="lilac">t</b>súil
= <i>the eye</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> súile = <i>of the eye</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> súile = <i>the eyes</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> súl = <i>of the eyes </i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>preceding a vowel</b></td>
<td><b class="red">an</b> áit = <i>the place</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> <b class="lilac">h</b>áite
= <i>of the place</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b> <b class="lilac">h</b>áiteacha
= <i>the places</i></td>
<td><b class="darkred">na</b><span class="red"> </span><b class="lilac">n-</b>áiteacha
= <i>of the places</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="praeposition"><i class="red">articles with prepositions</i></h2>
<p>If a preposition comes before the article, a <b>special form</b> of the preposition
occurs (often form ending in -s [ <a href="#fn1" id="fnverweis1">1</a>
]; this is often sounding the same as the 3rd pers. sg. masc., e.g. <i>leis
an</i>) or there are <b>fusions</b> with the article (e.g. <i>den, don, faoin,
sa</i>). Here denoted in <b class="red">red</b>. <br>
In the parentheses are the <b>non-standard forms</b> (those forms with -s- mostly
in Munster, <i>ins an</i> in Ulster) <br>
Besides these, there are other rules regulating lenition and eclipsis. Here
mostly follows the <b>dative</b>. <br>
Depending on the dialect, the following rules: </p>
<table border width="54%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC">
<td rowspan="3"><b>prep.</b></td>
<td rowspan="3"><b>prep. +</b>
<br><b>article.sing</b></td>
<td align="center" colspan="5"><b>lenition / eclipsis</b></td>
<td rowspan="3"><b>prep. +</b>
<br><b>article.plural</b></td>
<td rowspan="3"><b>lenition/</b>
<br><b>eclipsis</b></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC">
<td align="center" rowspan="2"><b>standard</b></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2"><b> Ulster </b></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2"><b>Connacht</b></td>
<td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Munster</b></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC">
<td> </td>
<td align="center"><b>Dingle</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ag.htm">ag</a></td>
<td nowrap>ag an<br>(<b class="red">aigen</b>)</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td nowrap>ag na<br>(<b class="red">aigesna</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ar.htm">ar</a></td>
<td nowrap>ar an</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>ar na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="as.htm">as</a></td>
<td nowrap>as an</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>as na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="chuig.htm">chuig</a> </td>
<td>chuig an</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>chuig na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="faoi.htm">faoi</a></td>
<td><b class="red">faoin</b>
<br>(<b class="red">fén, fán</b>)</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>faoi na
<br>(<b class="red">fésna, fá na</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="le.htm">le</a></td>
<td class="red bold">leis an</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="red bold">leis na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="sonpraep.htm#mar">mar</a></td>
<td>mar an</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>mar na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="o.htm">ó</a></td>
<td class="red bold">ón</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>ó na (<b class="red">ósna</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="roimh.htm">roimh</a></td>
<td>roimh an, (<b class="red">roimis an</b>)</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>roimh na
<br>(<b class="red">roimis na</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="tri.htm">trí</a></td>
<td><b class="red">tríd an</b>
<br>(<b class="red">trís an</b>)</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>trí na
<br>(<b class="red">trísna</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="thar.htm">thar</a></td>
<td>thar an
<br>(<b class="red">tharais an</b>)</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>thar na
<br>(<b class="red">tharais na</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="um.htm">um</a></td>
<td>um an</td>
<td nowrap><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>um na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="de.htm">de</a></td>
<td class="red bold">den</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>de na (<b class="red">desna</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="do.htm">do</a></td>
<td class="red bold">don</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td>do na (<b class="red">dosna</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="i.htm">i</a></td>
<td><b class="red">sa, san</b>*
<br>(<b class="red">ins an</b>)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="blue">E</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s (fem.), - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, <b class="blue">bh</b>f, - (d, t)</td>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">L</b>, <b class="lilac">t</b>s, <b class="blue">bh</b>f, - (d, t)</td>
<td><b class="red">sna</b>
<br>(<b class="red">ins na</b>)</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="fara.htm">fara</a> </td>
<td class="red bold">fairis an</td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td class="red bold">fairis na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="sonpraep.htm#go%20dti">go</a></td>
<td class="red bold">go dtí an</td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td class="blue bold">E</td>
<td><b class="red">go dtí</b>(<b class="red">s</b>) <b class="red">na</b></td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="idir.htm">idir</a></td>
<td>idir an</td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td>idir na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="sonpraep.htm#gan">gan</a></td>
<td>gan an</td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td><b> </b></td>
<td>gan na</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>*<b class="red">san</b> instead of <b class="red">sa</b>
preceding a vowel as well as preceding fh- (in Connacht and Munster sa bhf-)
<p>The given lenitions- and eclipsis rules in the dialects are modeled after:
<i>M. Ó Siadhail: "Modern Irish"</i>. <br>
The rules for <b>Connacht</b> are used in the Gaeltachts of County Galway. In
<b>Mayo,</b> similar rules apply in Erris and Tourmakeady (with a lean to eclipsis),
in Achill the Ulster rules apply (lenition). <br>
In <b>Ring</b> (Munster) other rules still apply, that due to their extensive
nature, are not discussed here.</p>
<p><b>Legend and explanations for the above table:</b>
<ul>
<li><b><span class="blue">E</span>/<span class="lightgreen">L</span></b>: In
the standard, there is generally a choice between lenition or eclipsis after
most prepositions + article . <br>
e.g.: <i>ar an mbord/ar an bhord = on the table</i></li>
<li><b class="blue">E</b>: In Munster and Connacht, one eclipses
after most prepositions + article. <br>
e.g.: <i>ar an mbord = on the table</i> </li>
<li><b class="lightgreen">L</b>: In Ulster, one lenites after most
prepositions + article. <br>
e.g.: <i>ar an bhord = on the table</i></li>
<li><b><span class="lilac">t</span>s</b>: In Ulster and Munster, a t-prefix
is used with all nouns, beginning with s, if the preposition + article normally
incurs lenition, and not eclipsis. <br>
e.g.: <i>ar an tsúil = on the eye</i>, <i>ar an tsagart = on the priest</i></li>
<li><b><span class="lilac">t</span>s (fem.)</b>: In the standard and Connacht,
a t-prefix only precedes feminine nouns, independent of a customary lenition
or eclipsis following the preposition + article. <br>
e.g.: <i>ar an tsúil = on the eye</i> but: <i>ar an sagart = on the
priest </i></li>
<li><b>- (d, t)</b>: d,t is not lenited in all dialects according to the "dentals"-rule
following"an". In the standard and Connacht, d,t are additionally not eclipsed.
<br>
e.g.: <i>ar an doras = on the door</i> <br>
In Munster, on the other hand, eclipsis occurs. e.g.: <i>ar an ndoras = on
the door</i></li>
<li><b><span class="blue">bh</span>f</b>: In Munster, an f after sa is eclipsed,
even though sa normally lenites (in Connacht, f, like every other consonant,
is eclipsed after sa). e.g.: <i>sa bhfarraige = in the sea</i></li>
<li>In the empty portions of the table, the lenition rules for the article in
the nominative/accusative apply(lenition for femin. nouns, no lenition for
mascul. nouns, no lenition of the t,d, t-prefix instead of lenition of the
s) </li>
</ul>
<p>Preceding a <b>vowel, </b>the nominative caused t-prefix is omitted for masculinen
nouns: <br>
e.g.: <i>an t-úll = the apple</i> <u>aber:</u> <i>ar an úll =
on the apple</i>. <br>
An n-prefix, as is expected with eclipsis, does not occur because the article
already ends in -n.
<p>In the so-called <b>"standard",</b> by most prepositions, lenition or eclipsis
are "a choice". After <i>don, den, sa(n)</i>, lenition always follows. For words
with s- there is the t-prefix only preceding feminine nouns, even if the speaker
would otherwise prefer eclipsis. d,t are not lenited, but also not eclipsed
(words with s-,d-,t- are also treated as in Connacht).
<p><b>examples:</b>
<br>
Munster and Connacht: <i>ag an bhfear</i>, Ulster: <i>ag an fhear = at the man</i>
<br>
Ulster and Connacht: <i>as an teach</i>, Munster: <i>as an dteach = out of the
house </i> <br>
Ulster and Connacht: <i>ar an tsúil</i>, Munster: <i>ar an súil
= on the eye</i><br>
Ulster: <i>ar an tsagart</i>, Connacht and Munster: <i>ar an sagart = on the
priest </i><br>
Ulster and Munster: <i>sa bhád</i>, Connacht: <i>sa mbád = in
the boat</i> <br>
Ulster: <i>san fharraige</i>, Connacht and Munster: <i>sa bhfarraige = in the
sea </i><br>
Munster (Dingle): <i>don bhfear</i>, Ulster, Connacht, rest of Munster: <i>don
fhear = to the man</i><br>
Munster (Dingle) and Connacht: <i>den sagart</i>, Ulster, rest of Munster: <i>den
tsagart = of the priest</i>
<h2 id="ce"><i class="red">article with cé</i></h2>
<p>The article fuses also with cé meaning "which": cé + an = <b class="red">cén</b>,
but cé + na = <b class="red">cé na</b> <br>
e.g.: <i>Cén fáth?</i> = which reason (or short: why), <i>cén
fear</i> = which man, <i>cé na fir</i> = which men </p>
<h2 id="aussprache"><i class="red">pronunciation of the article</i></h2>
<p>The vowel of the article is always unstressed, and hence neutral [@]. <br>
Preceding those words beginning with a <b>consonant</b> the <b class="red">-n</b>
of the article<b> <span class="red">an</span></b> is not spoken, so, as if
one would write <b class="red">a'</b>. <br>
e.g.: <i>the woman = an bhean</i> [@ v'æn], <i>the man = an fear</i> [@
f'ær] <br>
Preceding<b> a vowel and fh</b> the <b class="red">-n</b> is
also spoken, it is slender or broad, depending on the following sound. <br>
e.g.: <i>the work = an obair</i> [@nob@r'], <i>of the man = an fhir</i> [@n'ir'],
<i>of the fish = an éisc</i> [@n'e:shk'] <br>
Preceding a <b>t-prefix</b> the <b class="red">-n</b> remains
unvoiced: <br>
e.g.: <i>the fish = an t-iasc</i> [@ t'i@sk] <br>
The <b>article <span class="red">na</span></b> is spoken [n@]. <br>
e.g.: <i>the fish = na héisc</i> [n@ he:shk']
<h2 id="anwendung"><i class="red">usage of the article</i></h2>
<p><i>differences to German:</i>
<ol type="1">
<li>The article appears also with previously unmentioned definite nouns (in
German mostly indefinite articles are used here)
<ul type="square">
<li><i>Tháinig an fear isteach = "A" man came in.</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Always accompanying the demonstrative pronoun <b class="red">seo,
sin, úd</b>
<ul type="square">
<li><i>an teach seo, an teach sin, an teach úd = this/that house</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>if a definite noun is further described by a definite genitive attribute,
there is and article <i>only</i> preceding the attribute (if necessary), but
never in front of the antecedent), e.g.
<ul type="square">
<li><i>teach Sheáin = Seán's house</i> (no way - <i>an</i>
teach Sheáin!)</li>
<li><i>teach an dochtúra = <u>the</u> doctor's house</i> (no way
- <i>an</i> teach an dochtúra!)</li>
<li><i>fear na mná móire = <u>the</u> big woman's husband
</i> (no way - <i>an</i> fear na mná móire) </li>
</ul>
A statement like <i>"<u>a</u> house of the doctor"</i> must be formed with
prepositions: <i>teach don dochtúir</i></li>
<li>the first noun keeps the article by a demonstrative pronoun:
<ul type="square">
<li><i>an teach seo an dhochtúra = <u>this</u> house of the doctor</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>preceding titles and similar ways of addressing people
<ul type="square">
<li><i>an Dochtúir Ó Murchú = Dr.Murphy, an tAthair
Ua Duinnín = Father O'Dinneen, an tUasal Seán de Burca =
Mr. John Burke</i>)</li>
<li>not if the indicator behind the name is in appositive: <i>Seán
gabha = Seán the smith</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>preceding <a href="ainm.htm#sloin">surnames</a> in general use without a
first name:
<ul type="square">
<li><i>an Breatnach = (Mr.) Walsh, an Dónallach = (Mr.) Ó
Dónaill/O'Donnell</i></li>
<li><i>na Breatnaigh = the Walshs, na Dónallaigh = the O'Donnells</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>in many place-, river- and especially most country names
<ul type="square">
<li><i>an Fhrainc = France, an Astráil = Australia, an Ghearmáin
= Germany, an Life = Liffey, an tSionainn = Shannon</i></li>
<li>preceding Éire (Ireland), Albain (Scotland) and Gaillimh (Galway)
the article is only genitive: e.g. <i>Poblacht na hÉireann, Gaeilge
na hAlban, Contae na Gaillimhe</i> <br>
in the case of Éire for official terms, often no article: <i>Dáil
Éireann, Tuaisceart Éireann (= Northern Ireland)</i> but:
<i>Tuaisceart na hÉireann (= the North of Irleand)</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>for set feasts
<ul type="square">
<li><i>an Nollaig = Christmas, an Cháisc = Easter, an Chincis = Pentacose,
an Inid = Shrovetide, an Carghas = Lent</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>with seasons, day- and month names
<ul type="square">
<li><i>an tEarrach = Spring, an Luan = Monday, an Feabhra = February</i></li>
<li>not in the adjectivial genitive: (<i>lá Márta = a March
day, oíche geimhridh = a winter night</i>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>meaning "per"
<ul type="square">
<li><i>deich bpunt an ceann = 10 pounds per head</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>in copular classification clauses with an attributive adjective (despite
the indefinite pronoun!)
<ul type="square">
<li><i>is deas an duine é = he is a(!) nice person.</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>with cé (<b class="red">cén, cé na, cé
hiad na</b>) meaning "which"</li>
<li>with the antecedents of a relative clause, the article is often omitted:
<i>teach a chonaic mé = the house that I saw.</i></li>
<li>abstract and generalising nouns are (except in idiomat. expressions) mostly
with the article: an t-ocras = hunger (but: tá ocras orm = I'm hungry),
an maith agus an t-olc = good and evil, an duine = man (as such)</li>
<li>to indicate a class in the sg. (<i>an saidhbhir = the rich</i>)</li>
<li>to indicate a large amount/quantity: <i>na mílte = thousands, an
iomarca = too many</i></li>
<li><b class="red">an ... ag ...</b> serves often as a substitute
for possessive pronuns, then always with a <a href="sonstig.htm#Dempron">demonstrative
pronoun</a>, <a href="adjekt2.htm">comparative</a> and <a href="zahl4.htm#ord">ordinal
numbers </a>:
<ul type="square">
<li><i>an teach seo agamsa = this, my house; an iníon is óige
aici = her youngest daughter; an chéad mhac aige = his first son</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<center>
<a href="#suas" title="nach oben">suas</a><br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a><br>
</center>
<hr>
<center>
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font>
</center>
<p><br><br>[ <a href="#fnverweis1" id="fn1">1</a> ]
<br>
<font size="-1"> The forms of the prepositions ending in -s preceding articles
acquire the -s from an otherwise lost initial sound s- the historical article
form <b>sindos</b>. <br>
<b>Leis an</b> is etymologcally from le + sindu/-a. (sindu is die masculine
dative form, feminine is sinda) <br>
The forms <b>sa, san</b> (originally from <b>ins an</b> < in + sindu/-a)
remain only due to parts of the article. </font>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
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