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kopul4.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>The Copula</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 id="oben"><span class="red">Caibidil a <b>Ceathair</b>: The Copula (an Chopail)</span></h1>
<h1><i class="red">What is a copula</i></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr valign="TOP">
<td><a href="#wasist">what is a copula?</a>
<br>
<a href="#verw">uses of the copula</a>
<br>
<a href="#Besonderheiten">properties of the copula</a></td>
</tr></table>
<h2 id="wasist"><span class="red">what is a copula?</span></h2>
A copula is a word that connects the subject and predicate ("copulates").
<br>
If a "normal" verb is the predicate, one does not need an additional copula.[ <a href="#fn1" id="fnverweis1">1</a> ]
<br>
It occurs only if a noun, pronoun or adjective is the predicate.
<br>
In German the verb "sein" serves as the copula.
<br>
The correllating Irish verb <a href="bi.htm">bí</a> (present tense <b class="red">tá</b>) does <i>not</i> act as the copula (except with adjectives)!!
<br>
It is therefore <i>impossible</i>, to say
"*Tá mé an dochtúir = I am the doctor " !
<blockquote>(Unless one changes the predicate into a prepositional object: "tá mé i mo dhochtúir" = "I am in my doctorhood = I am a doctor." see <a href="bi_ina.htm">classificatory and identificatory clauses without the copula </a> or <a href="kopul2.htm">bí and is</a> further below.</blockquote>
<p>Instead of that there is an seperate <b>copula</b> (in the simple form <b class="red">is</b>), that does <b><i>not</i> count as a real verb</b>, although it is related to the German "ist" or English "is" and is also so translated. It is seen more as a <b>particle</b>, in the best case as a <a href="defekt.htm">defect verb</a>.
<h2 id="verw"><span class="red">uses of the copula</span></h2>
<p>The use of the copula is limited in Irish to the following, specific, yet frequently occurring uses:
<ul>
<li>coupling of the predicate noun and the subject in <a href="kopul5.htm#unbestimmtes%20Prädikat">classificatory</a> and <a href="kopul5.htm#bestimmtes%20Prädikat">identificatory clauses </a>
<br>
e.g.: <i>Is dochtúir é. = He is a doctor. Is é an dochtúir é. = He is the doctor.</i></li>
<li>certain <a href="kopul5.htm#adj">adjective uses </a>, especially
<ul type="disc">
<li>modal verb-like uses with prepositions le, do, etc.
<br>
e.g.: <i>Ba mhaith le Pól an carr. = Paul would like the car.</i></li>
<li>adjectives of subjective assessment and of equivalence.
<br>
e.g.: <i>Is ionann iad = They are the same. Is maith sin! = That is good!</i></li>
<li><a href="adjekt2.htm">comparative</a> (always with on of the copula forms is/ba or níos/ní ba)
<br>
e.g.: <i>an fear is mó = the biggest man </i> (the man that is the biggest)</li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="kopul5.htm#herkunft">origin-</a> and <a href="kopul5.htm#besitz">ownership</a> (with the prepositions as, de, le)
<br>
e.g.: <i>Is as Corcaigh sé = He is from Cork. Is le Pól an carr. = The car belongs to Paul.</i></li>
<li>to <a href="satz5.htm#treisiu">emphasize</a> single parts of speech and to loosen up the sentence structure (<i>cleft- and pseaudo-cleft clauses </i>)
<br>
e.g.: <i>Is é an fear a dhéanann na bróga = He's the man makes the shoes.</i> (That's the man who makes the shoes.)</li>
<li><a href="satz2.htm#ergaenzung">full queries </a> (questions with <a href="sonstig.htm#Fragewörter">interrogatives</a>). These always contain a copular construction, even if it's mostly not to be seen.
<br>
e.g.: <i>Cé a rinne sin? = Who did that?</i> (Who is it, that did that?)</li>
</ul>
<p><br>
<h2 id="Besonderheiten"><span class="red">properties of the copula</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>the copula exists only in 3 base forms:
<ul type="disc">
<li><b>present tense</b> (in part, at the same time the <i>future</i>) <b class="red">is</b></li>
<li><b>preterite</b> (same time <i>imperfect, conditional</i>) <b class="red">ba</b></li>
<li><b>subjunctive</b> (rare) <b class="red">gura</b></li>
</ul></li>
<li>the copula does <b>not</b> exist in the <i>imperative</i>. The copula also has no <i>"verbal noun"</i>.
<br>
Instead, transcriptions with <a href="bi.htm">bí</a> and the preposition <a href="i.htm">i</a> must be used. e.g. <i>Bí i d'fhear! = Be a man!, bheith ina fhear = to be a man </i> (see <a href="bi_ina.htm">identificatory and classificatory clauses without the copula</a>)</li>
<li>copular forms are <b>inflexible</b>, and not conjugable (all forms are actually the 3rd person singular).</li>
<li>after the copula, <b>personal pronouns</b> if the 3rd person in their "<b>object form</b>" follow (é, í, iad instead of sé, sí, siad)</li>
<li>instead of "verbal particles " (<i>ní, nach, go</i>, etc.) <b>compounds of the particle and copula</b> [ <a href="#fn2" id="fnverweis2">2</a> ] are used, that are often the same as the verbal particles in form. </li>
<li>in the form of (rarer) <b>conbinations with other words </b> like <b>conjunctions, prepositions etc.</b></li>
<li>in the present tense, all copular forms and compounds thereof cause neither lenition nor eclipsis.
<br>
in the preterite / conditional, the copula always causes lenition.</li>
<li>certain <b>different syntax rules </b> apply.
<br>
These follow also the basic syntax P-S-O:
<br>
In an Irish sentence, the predicate comes <i>first</i>, <i>then</i> the subject, then the object (<b>P-S-O</b>)
<br>
In copular clauses, the predicate is introduced by the copula. So: <b>copula - predicate - subject</b>. An object is not used.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<hr>
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="kopul1.htm">the copula</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
</center>
<hr>
<center><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<p>
<br><br><font size="-1">[ <a href="#fnverweis1" id="fn1">1</a> ]
<br>
The subject forms of the personal pronouns <i>sé,sí,siad</i> count as a combination of the copula <i>is</i> and the pronouns <i>é,í,iad</i>. This is how in every sentence with these pronouns the copula couples the predicate and subject. Also the relative form of the verb ending in -as in the combination with the copula is explained.
<br>
[ <a href="#fnverweis2" id="fn2">2</a> ]
<br>
The claim that these are "compunds" or copula-"forms" is simplified:
<br>
In reality, they are often normal verbal particles by which the copula is simply omitted (e.g. <i>ní</i> insted of *<i>"ní is"</i>).
<br>
The "missing" copular form is also the reason why that after the particles one doesn't lenite or eclipse: (<i>ní maith liom</i> not *<i>"ní mhaith liom"</i>).
<br>
Although the copula mostla as the form (ba) is omitted after particles also in the preterite , the lenition caused by the absent <i>ba</i> remains: (e.g.: <i>níor mhaith liom</i>), so the instigator of the lenition is here actually not <i>níor</i> but the "missing in action " <i>ba</i>!
<br>
Real fusions are e.g. <i>más</i> (má + is) and those ending in <i>-b, -bh</i> (as a contrationc of <i>ba</i>, or. lenited <i>bha</i>), mostly only preceding a vowel: <i>níor<u>bh</u> é an fear</i> instead of *<i>"níor <u>bha</u> é an fear"</i>
</font>
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