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<p>单元测试框架分为Java平台下的测试框架和Android平台下的测试框架，Java平台下常用的框架有Junit，Mockito，Powermockito等，Android平台下的测试框架有Robolectric和Espresso等。<br>Junit运行在jvm上，一般自动化测试都会使用其他测试框架搭配Junit测试框架使用，Mockito框架可以解决单元测试中对象依赖的问题。Powermockito在功能上扩展了Mockito功能，Powermockito能够mock静态、final、私有等方法 ，这些在Mockito中不能完成的。Espresso是Google官方出的Android测试框架，语法简单，缺点是只能在真机上进行测试。Robolectric不需要借助Android手机，就能完成对Android代码的自动化测试。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h3 id="Junit测试框架"><a href="#Junit测试框架" class="headerlink" title="Junit测试框架"></a>Junit测试框架</h3><p>Junit测试的语法非常简单，如果使用Gradle进行打包，要集成该框架也很简单。只需要在相应模块的依赖中加入库的配置即可。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">dependencies {</div><div class="line"> testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12'</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>Junit测试中用得最多的当属Assert语法。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div><div class="line">34</div><div class="line">35</div><div class="line">36</div><div class="line">37</div><div class="line">38</div><div class="line">39</div><div class="line">40</div><div class="line">41</div><div class="line">42</div><div class="line">43</div><div class="line">44</div><div class="line">45</div><div class="line">46</div><div class="line">47</div><div class="line">48</div><div class="line">49</div><div class="line">50</div><div class="line">51</div><div class="line">52</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">public interface IFilter {</div><div class="line"> boolean isValidate(String content);</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">public class PhoneFilter implements IFilter {</div><div class="line"> private static final String PHONE_REGEX = "\\d{11}";</div><div class="line"> private Pattern mPattern;</div><div class="line"> private Matcher mMatcher;</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public PhoneFilter() {</div><div class="line"> mPattern = Pattern.compile(mRegex);</div><div class="line"> mMatcher = mPattern.matcher(" ");</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Override</div><div class="line"> public boolean isValidate(String content) {</div><div class="line"> if (content == null || content.isEmpty()) {</div><div class="line"> return false;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"> mMatcher.reset(content);</div><div class="line"> return mMatcher.matches();</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">public class PhoneFilterTest {</div><div class="line"> private IFilter filter;</div><div class="line"> private IFilter nullFilter = null;</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @BeforeClass</div><div class="line"> public void beforeClass() {</div><div class="line"> filter = new PhoneFilter();</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Test</div><div class="line"> public void test_isValidate() {</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertTrue(filter.isValidate("13991756543"));</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertTrue(filter.isValidate("00000000000"));</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertFalse(filter.isValidate("10086"));</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Test</div><div class="line"> public void test_Assert() {</div><div class="line"> String strExpect = "expect";</div><div class="line"> String strActual = "expect";</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals(strExpect,strActual);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertArrayEquals(strExpect.getBytes(),strActual.getBytes());</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertNotNull(strActual);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertNull(nullFilter);</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>上面是<code>PhoneFilter</code>及其测试类<code>PhoneFilterTest</code>。写单元测试的时候，测试的类名一般命名为原类名后加<code>Test</code>前缀，测试函数为原函数加<code>_test</code>前缀，测试函数上面必须加上标记<code>@Test</code>，并且必须为<code>public</code>的函数。然后根据实际情况使用<code>Assert</code>语句，常用的Assert语句为<code>assertEquals</code>，<code>assertTrue</code>，<code>assertFalse</code>，<code>assertNull</code>，<code>assertNotNull</code>。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@BeforeClass</div><div class="line">public void beforeClass() {</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">@Before</div><div class="line">public void before() {</div><div class="line"> filter = new PhoneFilter();</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">@After</div><div class="line">public void after() {</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">@AfterClass</div><div class="line">public void afterClass() {</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Junit框架中提供了能做初始化和清理的函数，<code>@Before</code>和<code>@After</code>在每个测试函数调用之前和之后都会执行，<code>@BeforeClass</code>和<code>@AfterClass</code>对于每个测试类只执行一次，函数名称可以随便改变。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)</div><div class="line">public void empty() {</div><div class="line"> new ArrayList<Object>().get(0);</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Junit框架对<code>Exception</code>的测试也提供了支持。</p>
<h3 id="Mockito框架"><a href="#Mockito框架" class="headerlink" title="Mockito框架"></a>Mockito框架</h3><blockquote>
<p>Mockito is a mocking framework that tastes really good. It lets you write beautiful tests with a clean & simple API.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>引用<a href="http://site.mockito.org/" target="_blank" rel="external">Mockito官网</a>的说法，Mockito是一个mocking的框架，可以做依赖隔离。项目中引入Mockito测试也很简单，只需要在加入下面的依赖即可。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">testCompile 'org.mockito:mockito-core:2.2.9'</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div><div class="line">34</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">public interface IFilter {</div><div class="line"> boolean isValidate(String content);</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">public class PhonePresenter {</div><div class="line"> private IFilter phoneFilter;</div><div class="line"> pulbic void setFilter(IFilter filter) {</div><div class="line"> phoneFilter = filter;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public boolean callPhone(String phoneNum) {</div><div class="line"> if (phoneFilter.isValidate(phoneNum)) {</div><div class="line"> //TODO:call phone logic</div><div class="line"> return true;</div><div class="line"> } else {</div><div class="line"> return false;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">public class PhonePresenterTest {</div><div class="line"> @Test</div><div class="line"> public void test_callPhone() {</div><div class="line"> PhonePresenter presenter = new PhonePresenter();</div><div class="line"> IFilter filter = Mockito.mock(IFilter.class);</div><div class="line"> Mockito.when(filter.isValidate("12345")).thenReturn(false);</div><div class="line"> Mockito.when(filter.isValidate("10086")).thenReturn(true);</div><div class="line"> presenter.setFilter(filter);</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> Assert.assertTrue(presenter.callPhone("10086"));</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertFalse(presenter.callPhone("12345"));</div><div class="line"> Mockito.verify(filter,Mockito.times(1)).isValidate("10086");</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>我们要对<code>callPhone</code>函数进行测试，函数中引用了<code>phoneFilter</code>,在该函数测试的时候，我们不希望<code>phoneFilter</code>内部逻辑的失败导致当前函数测试的失败，更糟糕的是，<code>phoneFilter</code>可能引用了Android库，我们没有办法去正常调用，这时候就可以使用<code>mock</code>来做依赖隔离。隔离后可以对函数调用结果做判断，也可以对<code>isValidate</code>函数是否执行了进行验证。 从这个例子也可以看出mock的两大功能。</p>
<ul>
<li>验证某个方法是否被调用，以及调用了多少次，参数是什么。</li>
<li>指定某个方法在各种情况下的返回值。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Robolectric框架"><a href="#Robolectric框架" class="headerlink" title="Robolectric框架"></a>Robolectric框架</h3><p>前面介绍Robolectric的时候提到过，Robolectric能够在jvm环境下测试Android代码，是怎么做到的呢。Robolectric通过实现一套jvm能运行的Android代码，然后在单元测试运行的时候去截取android相关的代码调用，然后转到他们的他们实现的代码去执行这个调用的过程。<br>加入依赖到Gradle脚本中就可以使用Robolectric了。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">testCompile 'org.robolectric:robolectric:3.1.4'</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>值得注意的是，在API23下面测试Activity相关的代码会报类似以下错误:<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: javax/microedition/khronos/opengles/GL</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>解决方案是在测试的类上指定API21。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner.class)</div><div class="line">@Config(constants = BuildConfig.class, sdk = 21)</div><div class="line">public class NSITestActivityTest {</div><div class="line"> private NSITestActivity testActivity;</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Before</div><div class="line"> public void setup() {</div><div class="line"> ShadowLog.stream = System.out;</div><div class="line"> testActivity = Robolectric.setupActivity(NSITestActivity.class);</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Test</div><div class="line"> public void test_start_activity() {</div><div class="line"> Button btnMvp = (Button) testActivity.findViewById(R.id.btn_test_mvp);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertNotNull(btnMvp);</div><div class="line"> btnMvp.performClick();</div><div class="line"> Intent expect = new Intent(testActivity, DemoActivity.class);</div><div class="line"> Intent actual = Shadows.shadowOf(testActivity).getNextStartedActivity();</div><div class="line">// Intent actual = ShadowApplication.getInstance().getNextStartedActivity();</div><div class="line">// Assert.assertEquals(expect, actual);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertTrue(actual.filterEquals(expect));</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>测试Android相关代码的时候，有几点需要注意。</p>
<ul>
<li>需要在测试类前面指定Runner为<code>RobolectricTestRunner.class</code>，早期的版本指定的是<code>RobolectricGradleTestRunner.class</code>，3.0以后一定要用前者。</li>
<li>需要指定<code>constants = BuildConfig.class</code></li>
<li>需要指定<code>sdk = 21</code>，原因如前面所述。</li>
</ul>
<p>在启动测试Activity的时候，判断Intent是否相等的时候，不能简单的使用<code>Assert.assertEquals(expect,actual)</code>，而应该使用<code>Assert.assertTrue(actual.filterEquals(expect))</code>。在3.0之前使用前者是能作出正确判断的，3.0之后使用前者会报错，错误信息如下:<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"></div><div class="line">java.lang.AssertionError: expected: android.content.Intent<Intent { cmp=com.nsip.android/.business.mvpDemo.DemoActivity }> but was: android.content.Intent<Intent { cmp=com.nsip.android/.business.mvpDemo.DemoActivity }></div><div class="line">Expected :android.content.Intent<Intent { cmp=com.nsip.android/.business.mvpDemo.DemoActivity }></div><div class="line">Actual :android.content.Intent<Intent { cmp=com.nsip.android/.business.mvpDemo.DemoActivity }></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>对于其他Android相关的测试类似于Activity的测试。<br>Activity代码如下：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div><div class="line">34</div><div class="line">35</div><div class="line">36</div><div class="line">37</div><div class="line">38</div><div class="line">39</div><div class="line">40</div><div class="line">41</div><div class="line">42</div><div class="line">43</div><div class="line">44</div><div class="line">45</div><div class="line">46</div><div class="line">47</div><div class="line">48</div><div class="line">49</div><div class="line">50</div><div class="line">51</div><div class="line">52</div><div class="line">53</div><div class="line">54</div><div class="line">55</div><div class="line">56</div><div class="line">57</div><div class="line">58</div><div class="line">59</div><div class="line">60</div><div class="line">61</div><div class="line">62</div><div class="line">63</div><div class="line">64</div><div class="line">65</div><div class="line">66</div><div class="line">67</div><div class="line">68</div><div class="line">69</div><div class="line">70</div><div class="line">71</div><div class="line">72</div><div class="line">73</div><div class="line">74</div><div class="line">75</div><div class="line">76</div><div class="line">77</div><div class="line">78</div><div class="line">79</div><div class="line">80</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">public class UTSampleActivity extends BaseActivity {</div><div class="line"> @BindView(R.id.tv_life_circle)</div><div class="line"> TextView tvLifeCircle;</div><div class="line"> @BindView(R.id.tv_about)</div><div class="line"> TextView btnAbout;</div><div class="line"> @BindView(R.id.tv_show_toast)</div><div class="line"> TextView btnShowToast;</div><div class="line"> @BindView(R.id.tv_show_dialog)</div><div class="line"> TextView btnShowDialog;</div><div class="line"> @BindView(R.id.tv_delay_task)</div><div class="line"> TextView btnDelayTask;</div><div class="line"> @BindView(R.id.tv_inverse)</div><div class="line"> TextView btnInverse;</div><div class="line"> @BindView(R.id.cb_state)</div><div class="line"> CheckBox cbState;</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public boolean isFinished = false;</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public static final String TAG = UTSampleActivity.class.getSimpleName();</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Override</div><div class="line"> protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {</div><div class="line"> super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);</div><div class="line"> setContentView(R.layout.unit_test_sample_layout);</div><div class="line"> ButterKnife.bind(this);</div><div class="line"> tvLifeCircle.setText("onCreate");</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Override</div><div class="line"> protected void onResume() {</div><div class="line"> super.onResume();</div><div class="line"> tvLifeCircle.setText("onResume");</div><div class="line"> Log.d(TAG,"sample activity resume");</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Override</div><div class="line"> protected void onPause() {</div><div class="line"> super.onPause();</div><div class="line"> tvLifeCircle.setText("onPause");</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Override</div><div class="line"> protected void onDestroy() {</div><div class="line"> super.onDestroy();</div><div class="line"> tvLifeCircle.setText("onDestroy");</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @OnClick(R.id.tv_about)</div><div class="line"> public void onClick() {</div><div class="line"> Intent intent = new Intent(UTSampleActivity.this, AboutActivity.class);</div><div class="line"> startActivity(intent);</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @OnClick({R.id.tv_show_toast, R.id.tv_show_dialog, R.id.tv_delay_task,</div><div class="line"> R.id.tv_inverse, R.id.cb_state})</div><div class="line"> public void onClick(View view) {</div><div class="line"> switch (view.getId()) {</div><div class="line"> case R.id.tv_show_toast:</div><div class="line"> Toast.makeText(view.getContext(), "toast info", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();</div><div class="line"> break;</div><div class="line"> case R.id.tv_show_dialog:</div><div class="line"> AlertDialog dialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(view.getContext())</div><div class="line"> .setMessage("Dialog Message")</div><div class="line"> .setTitle("Dialog")</div><div class="line"> .create();</div><div class="line"> dialog.show();</div><div class="line"> break;</div><div class="line"> case R.id.tv_delay_task:</div><div class="line"> isFinished = false;</div><div class="line"> mHander.postDelayed(() -> isFinished = true, 2000);</div><div class="line"> break;</div><div class="line"> case R.id.tv_inverse:</div><div class="line"> cbState.setChecked(!cbState.isChecked());</div><div class="line"> break;</div><div class="line"> case R.id.cb_state:</div><div class="line"> cbState.setChecked(!cbState.isChecked());</div><div class="line"> break;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>Activity对应的xml文件如下:<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div><div class="line">34</div><div class="line">35</div><div class="line">36</div><div class="line">37</div><div class="line">38</div><div class="line">39</div><div class="line">40</div><div class="line">41</div><div class="line">42</div><div class="line">43</div><div class="line">44</div><div class="line">45</div><div class="line">46</div><div class="line">47</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?></div><div class="line"><LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"</div><div class="line"> android:layout_width="match_parent"</div><div class="line"> android:layout_height="match_parent"</div><div class="line"> android:orientation="vertical"</div><div class="line"> android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"</div><div class="line"> android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"</div><div class="line"> android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"</div><div class="line"> android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <TextView</div><div class="line"> android:id="@+id/tv_life_circle"</div><div class="line"> style="@style/LDTDCommonButton"</div><div class="line"> android:text="life circle" /></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <TextView</div><div class="line"> android:id="@+id/tv_about"</div><div class="line"> style="@style/LDTDCommonButton"</div><div class="line"> android:text="About Page" /></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <TextView</div><div class="line"> android:id="@+id/tv_show_toast"</div><div class="line"> style="@style/LDTDCommonButton"</div><div class="line"> android:text="Show Toast" /></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <TextView</div><div class="line"> android:id="@+id/tv_show_dialog"</div><div class="line"> style="@style/LDTDCommonButton"</div><div class="line"> android:text="Show Dialog" /></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <TextView</div><div class="line"> android:id="@+id/tv_delay_task"</div><div class="line"> style="@style/LDTDCommonButton"</div><div class="line"> android:text="Delay Task" /></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <TextView</div><div class="line"> android:id="@+id/tv_inverse"</div><div class="line"> style="@style/LDTDCommonButton"</div><div class="line"> android:text="Inverse" /></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <CheckBox</div><div class="line"> android:id="@+id/cb_state"</div><div class="line"> android:layout_width="wrap_content"</div><div class="line"> android:layout_height="wrap_content"</div><div class="line"> android:checked="false"</div><div class="line"> android:text="state" /></div><div class="line"></LinearLayout></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>下面是对Android相关组件的测试，在测试的过程中可以设置日志的输出。这样代码中的日志和测试中的日志都会输出到同一个地方，非常方便。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@Before</div><div class="line">public void setup() throws URISyntaxException{</div><div class="line"> //输出日志</div><div class="line"> ShadowLog.stream = System.out;</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>测试整个Activity的生命周期需要用到ActivityController。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@Test</div><div class="line">public void testLifeCirecle() {</div><div class="line"> ActivityController<UTSampleActivity> controller = Robolectric.buildActivity(UTSampleActivity.class).create().start();</div><div class="line"> Activity sampleActivity = controller.get();</div><div class="line"> TextView tvlife = (TextView) sampleActivity.findViewById(R.id.tv_life_circle);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals("onCreate", tvlife.getText());</div><div class="line"> controller.resume();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals("onResume", tvlife.getText());</div><div class="line"> Log.d("lifeCircle","onResume");</div><div class="line"> controller.pause();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals("onPause", tvlife.getText());</div><div class="line"> controller.destroy();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals("onDestroy", tvlife.getText());</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>测试Toast是否弹出,这里在生成Activity的时候，并没有使用ActivityController，而是直接使用的setupActivity。两者之间的区别在于，通过Robolectric.setupActivity(UTSampleActivity.class)生成的instance在返回的时候就已经完成了onCreate、onStart、onResume这几个生命周期的回调了。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"></div><div class="line">@Test</div><div class="line">public void testToast() {</div><div class="line"> mSampleActivity = Robolectric.setupActivity(UTSampleActivity.class);</div><div class="line"> TextView btnToast = (TextView) mSampleActivity.findViewById(R.id.tv_show_toast);</div><div class="line"> btnToast.performClick();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals(ShadowToast.getTextOfLatestToast(), "toast info");</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>使用<code>ShadowLooper.runUiThreadTasksIncludingDelayedTasks()</code>可以让延时的任务立即执行。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@Test</div><div class="line">public void testDelayTask() {</div><div class="line"> TextView btnTask = (TextView) mSampleActivity.findViewById(R.id.tv_delay_task);</div><div class="line"> btnTask.performClick();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertFalse(mSampleActivity.isFinished);</div><div class="line"> ShadowLooper.runUiThreadTasksIncludingDelayedTasks();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertTrue(mSampleActivity.isFinished);</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Dialog测试</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"></div><div class="line">@Test</div><div class="line">public void testDialog() {</div><div class="line"> TextView btnDialog = (TextView) mSampleActivity.findViewById(R.id.tv_show_dialog);</div><div class="line"> btnDialog.performClick();</div><div class="line"> AlertDialog latestDialog = ShadowAlertDialog.getLatestAlertDialog();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertNotNull(latestDialog);</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>资源测试<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@Test</div><div class="line">public void testResource() {</div><div class="line"> Application application = RuntimeEnvironment.application;</div><div class="line"> String appName = application.getString(R.string.app_name);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals(appName, "LDTaskDemo");</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>Service类以及对应的测试类<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">public class SampleIntentService extends IntentService {</div><div class="line"> public SampleIntentService(String name) {</div><div class="line"> super(name);</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public SampleIntentService() {</div><div class="line"> this("defaultSampleIntentService");</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Override</div><div class="line"> protected void onHandleIntent(Intent intent) {</div><div class="line"> SharedPreferences.Editor editor = getApplicationContext().getSharedPreferences("example", MODE_PRIVATE).edit();</div><div class="line"> String extData = intent.getStringExtra("EXTRA_DATA");</div><div class="line"> if (extData != null && !extData.isEmpty()) {</div><div class="line"> editor.putString("SAMPLE_DATA", extData);</div><div class="line"> } else {</div><div class="line"> editor.putString("SAMPLE_DATA", "sample intent data");</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"> editor.apply();</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">@Test</div><div class="line"> public void testWriteData() {</div><div class="line"> Application application = RuntimeEnvironment.application;</div><div class="line"> RoboSharedPreferences roboSharedPreferences = (RoboSharedPreferences) application</div><div class="line"> .getSharedPreferences("example", Context.MODE_PRIVATE);</div><div class="line"> SampleIntentService intentService = new SampleIntentService();</div><div class="line"> Intent intent = new Intent();</div><div class="line"> intent.putExtra("EXTRA_DATA", "swx_sample");</div><div class="line"> intentService.onHandleIntent(intent);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals(roboSharedPreferences.getString("SAMPLE_DATA", ""), "swx_sample");</div><div class="line"> }</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>Checkbox测试<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@Test</div><div class="line">public void testCheckbox() {</div><div class="line"> TextView btnInverse = (TextView) mSampleActivity.findViewById(R.id.tv_inverse);</div><div class="line"> CheckBox cbState = (CheckBox) mSampleActivity.findViewById(R.id.cb_state);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertFalse(cbState.isChecked());</div><div class="line"> btnInverse.performClick();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertTrue(cbState.isChecked());</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> btnInverse.performClick();</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertFalse(cbState.isChecked());</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>对于Android中的每一个组件，Robolectric中都有对应的类。Application与ShadowApplication对应，Toast与ShadowToast对应等。Robolectric中也提供了方法自己去实现Shadow类，并提供方法在测试框架中调用自己实现的Shadow类。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">public class NSIEntry {</div><div class="line"> private float x = 0.0f;</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public NSIEntry() {</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public NSIEntry(float x) {</div><div class="line"> this.x = x;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public void setX(float x) {</div><div class="line"> this.x = x;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> public float getX() {</div><div class="line"> return x;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>首先实现对应的Shadow类，在类上加注释<code>Implements(xxx.class)</code>，在需要调用的方法前加注释<code>@Implementation</code>。<code>__constructor__</code>为其对应的构造函数。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@Implements(NSIEntry.class)</div><div class="line">public class ShadowEntry {</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Implementation</div><div class="line"> public float getX() {</div><div class="line"> return 0.618f;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Implementation</div><div class="line"> public void __constructor__() {</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Shadow类定义出来后，下面要做的就是在测试框架中去调用它。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner.class)</div><div class="line">@Config(constants = BuildConfig.class, shadows = {ShadowEntry.class})</div><div class="line">public class CustomShadowTest {</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> @Test</div><div class="line"> public void test_entry() {</div><div class="line"> //ShadowEntry将自动代替原始对象，调用Shadow对象的数据和行为</div><div class="line"> NSIEntry entry = new NSIEntry(2.0f);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals(0.618f, entry.getX(), 0.0001f);</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> //获取Entry对象对应的ShadowEntry</div><div class="line"> ShadowEntry shadowEntry = (ShadowEntry) ShadowExtractor.extract(entry);</div><div class="line"> Assert.assertEquals(0.618f, shadowEntry.getX(), 0.0001f);</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line">}</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>该测试是能通过的，构造的时候，传进去的值为2.0f，调用getX()的时候，被替换为Shadow类的函数调用，结果变为0.618。</p>
<h3 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h3><p>写单元测试的时候，一般用JUnit作为主要框架，Mockito在实现依赖隔离，对于Android代码的测试，可以引入Robolectric来进行测试。写单元测试并不难，要写出能被测试的代码比较难。</p>
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