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<p>《学会提问》一书是批判性思维领域的经典之作，书中的批判性思维主要针对阅读而言。批判性思维主要包涵三个方面：（1）有一套相互关联、环环相扣的关键问题意识；（2）提出和回答关键问题的能力；（3）积极主动的利用关键问题的强烈愿望。常见的思维方式可以分成海绵式思维方式和淘金式思维方式，海绵式思维方式是指接受信息的时候一股脑儿全部接收过来，能够记清楚一些小细节；淘金式思维方式是指接收知识的时候会与知识展开互动，有选择的去接收知识。批判性思维方式就是淘金式的思维方式。</p>
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<p>当今社会充满了各种信息，获取海量的信息和过去比较起来变得轻而易举，如果无差异的接收信息，会导致接收到信息千头万绪，很难将信息转变为对自己的知识。这就要求我们熟练掌握批判性思维方式，提升获取信息的能力。锻炼自己的批判性思维需要从论题、结论、理由三个方面入手，这也是本书的核心。</p>
<p>论题是指讨论或者证明的问题，论题是后续的驱动力，论题分为描述性论题和规定性论题，描述性论题试图还原世界本身是什么样的，而规定性论题提出世界应该是什么样的。比如音乐是否有助于提高人的数学能力？xx大学的科研水平怎么样？都属于描述性论题。公立学校应不应教授智能设计？对于医疗补助的欺诈应该采取什么样的措施？属于规范性论题。只有理解了他人想阐明的问题，才能有的放矢的去批判接收对方观点。</p>
<p>结论是对论题的回答，是作者对论题持有的观点，结论一般有比较明显的特征，会有特定的指示词，“因此”，“表明”，“由此可知”等都代表后面跟着的有可能是结论。结论的位置一般出现在文章的开头或者结尾部分。</p>
<p>结论要成为结论，必须有理由的支撑，理由就是用来证明结论的看法、证据、隐喻、类比和其他陈述。理由是模具，结论根据理由成型。从理由到结论的过程叫推理。推理的过程如果不严谨，结论就不可信，我们所需要做的，就是分析推理的过程，思考结论是否合理。</p>
<p>推理的过程有时候并不是显而易见的，需要补充一些推理过程中的假设，才能从理由推导出结论。假设分为价值观假设和描述性假设。价值观假设和前面提到过的规定性论题是相关的，描述性假设和描述性论题是相关的。比如，工作场合要提供差别工资制，就暗含了相对于合作的价值观来说更加认同竞争的价值观。推理的过程中，必不可少的要用到各种证据，要时刻对各种各样证据的可信度持怀疑态度。直觉，典型案例，个人经历，当事人的证词都是效力比较弱的证据。数据一般被认为是比较有说服力的证据，但是也要慎重考虑，面对数据证据的时候，要多考虑绝对数据和相对数据的区别。</p>
<p>整本书各个章节的结构相对统一，都是先抛出问题，然后阐述问题，阐述的过程中会有很多案例，会提醒读者论证的时候需要注意哪些地方，每章的结尾有三道练习题，针对本章的主题进行训练。书的前几章结构很紧凑，后面有点过于细节，稍显啰嗦。整体来说，是一本需要阅读后反复运用才能掌握的书。</p>
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