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Which Word Formation Rules?

Word Formation Rules (WFRs) were conceived according to the** Item-and-Arrangement **(IA) model, which considers word forms either as simple (non-derived) morphemes or as a sequence of morphemes (base and affixes) having both form and meaning (Hockett 1954). IA was chosen as the theoretical model supporting WFL for two main reasons: first, it emphasises the semantic significance of affixal elements as they are found in the lexicon; secondly, IA was the model adopted by other derivational lexica like Word Manager (Domenig and ten Hacken, 1992), after which WFL was designed.

There are two types of word formation processes in Latin: derivation and compounding.

Derivation can be further split into:

1) Affixation, where one or more morphemes, called affixes, can be attached to the base of a word. Affixation can be of two types, and can involve (or not) a change of part of speech:

  • Prefixation: where the affix is attached before the base.
  • Suffixation: where the affix is attached after the base.

2) Conversion, where the derived word incurs only in a change of part of speech without the addition of any affix.

Compounding is the formation of a new lexeme from two or more lexemes.

Prefixation

In general, we consider prefixes those morphemes that are often equivalent to a preposition, which are attached to the beginning of a word, e.g. ad, ab, ex, prae etc. as indicated by Oxford Latin Dictionary.

Moreover, we have included among prefixes all those numeral affixes that are considered prefixes by the Oxford Latin Dictionary. These are bi-, tri-, quadri-.

The following is a list of prefixes that can be found in WFL:

  • a(b)-
  • ad-
  • am(b)(i)-
  • ante-
  • archi-
  • bi-
  • circum-
  • con-
  • contra-
  • de-
  • dis-
  • e(x)-
  • ec-
  • extra-
  • in (entering)-
  • inter-
  • intro-
  • multi-
  • ne-
  • ob-
  • per-
  • post-
  • prae-
  • praeter-
  • pro-
  • quadri-
  • re-
  • retro-
  • se-/sed-/so-
  • semi-
  • sub-
  • subter-
  • super-
  • tra(ns)-
  • tri-

Suffixation

A suffix is an affix that is placed after the stem of a word, to form another word.

A list of suffixes that can be found in WFL:

  • (at)im
  • (i)cul
  • (i/a)n
  • (i/e)ll
  • (t)io(n)
  • (t)iu
  • (t)or
  • (t)ric
  • (t)ur
  • ac
  • ace
  • al
  • an
  • ar
  • at
  • atil
  • bil
  • bund
  • cell/cill
  • cr
  • cul
  • e
  • edo/edin
  • el
  • et
  • far
  • fex
  • go/gin
  • i
  • ic
  • ici
  • id
  • il
  • iss
  • ist
  • it
  • iti
  • itud/itudin
  • men/min
  • ment
  • n
  • ol
  • or
  • os
  • ri
  • sc
  • str
  • tas/tat
  • tori
  • tr
  • udo/udin
  • ul
  • uncul
  • ur

Conversion

We have included change of inflection class, or gender, such as masculine to feminine, or 3rd declension to 1st declension, among N-to-N conversions.

examples: aera N1 < aes N3:n

Conversions in WFL are of the following kind:

  • V-To-V
  • V-To-N
  • V-To-A
  • V-To-I
  • N-To-V
  • N-To-N
  • N-To-A
  • N-To-I
  • A-To-V
  • A-To-N
  • A-To-I
  • I-To-A
  • PR-To-N

Compounding

Compound words collected in WFL are created through 59 WFRs.

  • A+A=A
  • A+A=N
  • A+I=I
  • A+N=A
  • A+N=I
  • A+N=N
  • A+PR=PR
  • A+V=A
  • A+V=N
  • A+V=V
  • I+A=A
  • I+A=I
  • I+I=I
  • I+N=A
  • I+N=I
  • I+N=N
  • I+N=N
  • I+PR=A
  • I+PR=I
  • I+PR=PR
  • I+V=A
  • I+V=I
  • I+V=N
  • I+V=V
  • N+A=A
  • N+A=N
  • N+I=I
  • N+N=A
  • N+N=N
  • N+V=A
  • N+V=I
  • N+V=N
  • N+V=V
  • PR+A=A
  • PR+A=N
  • PR+A=PR
  • PR+I=I
  • PR+I=PR
  • PR+N=A
  • PR+N=I
  • PR+PR=I
  • PR+PR=PR
  • PR+V=N
  • PR+V=PR
  • PR+V=PR
  • PR+V=V
  • V+A=A
  • V+N=A
  • V+N=I
  • V+N=N
  • V+PR=PR
  • V+V=A
  • V+V=N
  • V+V=V