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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<!-- THIS FILE WAS GENERATED BY A SCRIPT: DO NOT EDIT IT! -->
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
<!-- jQuery CDN -->
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.0.min.js"></script>
<!-- Bootstrap Js CDN -->
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var status = 'on';
$(document).ready(function () {
$('#sidebarCollapse').on('click', function () {
$('#sidebar').toggleClass('active');
if (status == 'on') {
$('#sidebarText').text("Expand Side Nav");
status = 'off';
} else {
$('#sidebarText').text("Collapse Side Nav");
status = 'on';
}
});
});
</script>
<title>
Language Description
</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="wrapper">
<!-- Sidebar Holder -->
<nav id="sidebar">
<div id="sidebarCollapse">
<div class="sidebar-header">
<h1>Emu86</h1>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled components">
<li>
<a href="index.html">
<i class="glyphicon glyphicon-home"></i>
Home
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#serverSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
<i class="glyphicon glyphicon-hdd"></i>
Servers
</a>
<ul class="collapse list-unstyled nested" id="serverSubmenu">
<li>
<a href="http://www.emu86.org/">
Emu86 Production Server
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://emu86.pythonanywhere.com/">
Emu86 Development Server
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#documentSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
<i class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></i>
Documentation
</a>
<ul class="collapse list-unstyled nested" id="documentSubmenu">
<li>
<a href="help.html">
Language Description
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="EmuPresent.html">
Emu86 Presentation
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="IntegratingJenkinsWGithubSlack.pdf">
Our Jenkins Setup
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#programsSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
<i class="glyphicon glyphicon-duplicate"></i>
Sample Programs
</a>
<ul class="collapse list-unstyled nested" id="programsSubmenu">
<li>
<a href ="area.html">
Calculate area of a rectangle
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="arithmetic_expression.html">
Calculate an arithmetic expression
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="arithmetic_shift.html">
Arithmetic shift
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="array.html">
Declare an array
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="array_average_test.html">
Calculate average of an array of numbers
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="cel_to_fah.html">
Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="change_array_elem_test.html">
Change array elements below min to set minimum
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="data.html">
How to use the .data section
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="int_square_root.html">
Calculate square root of a number
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="key_test.html">
Uses our keyboard interrupt
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="log.html">
Calculate log in base 2
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="loop.html">
A simple loop
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="mem_register_test.html">
Store values into memory
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="power.html">
Raise a number to a power
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="sum_test.html">
Add two numbers
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86">
<i class="glyphicon glyphicon-list-alt"></i>
Source Code
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<div id="content">
<h1>
Language Description
</h1>
<div class="module">
<details>
<summary class="sum2">
About Emu86
</summary>
<p>
This is an open source project written by Gene Callahan, Abhishek
Ramchandran, Varun Chopra, Nathan Conroy, Cindy Lee, and Nanda
Kishore Kalidindi. The goal is to create a simple learning tool to
introduce students to assembly language programming in a class on,
say, operating systems or compilers, where the focus is not
assembly language, and actually using an assembler would be a
distraction from the main theme of the course. It includes a
(growing) subset of x86 assembler instructions. It currently
supports 2 x86 flavors: Intel and AT&T assembly language.
<br />
As of right now, we do not cover these AT&T addressing modes:
(%ebx, %eax, 2) and var(, 1). If needed, please contact us.
</p>
<details>
<summary class="sum3">
x86 Assembly Guide
</summary>
<p>
Here is a page from the University of Virginia Computer
Science Department that gives a basic guide to Intel x86
assembly language, which we have followed in creating
our emulator:
<br />
<a
href="https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/cs216/guides/x86.html">
Guide to Intel x86 assembly.
</a>
<br/> <br/>
In addition, here is a page from the Yale FLINT Group that
gives a basic guide to AT&T x86 assembly language.
<br />
<a
href="http://flint.cs.yale.edu/cs421/papers/x86-asm/asm.html">
Guide to AT&T x86 assembly.
</a>
</p>
</details>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum2">
Sample Programs
</summary>
<p>
Here are some sample programs written in our emulator, as
illustrations of what can, at the moment, can be accomplished
with it. (Of course, far lengthier programs are possible, but
student exercises would typically be brief, like these
samples.)
</p>
<details>
<summary class="sum3">
Intel Programs
</summary>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/area.asm">
Calculate area of a rectangle
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/arithmetic_expression.asm">
Calculate an arithmetic expression
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/arithmetic_shift.asm">
Arithmetic shift
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/array.asm">
Declare an array
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/array_average_test.asm">
Calculate average of an array of numbers
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/cel_to_fah.asm">
Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/change_array_elem_test.asm">
Change array elements below min to set minimum
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/data.asm">
How to use the .data section
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/int_square_root.asm">
Calculate square root of a number
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/key_test.asm">
Uses our keyboard interrupt
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/log.asm">
Calculate log in base 2
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/loop.asm">
A simple loop
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/mem_register_test.asm">
Store values into memory
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/power.asm">
Raise a number to a power
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/Intel/sum_test.asm">
Add two numbers
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum3">
AT&T Programs
</summary>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/area.asm">
Calculate area of a rectangle
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/arithmetic_expression.asm">
Calculate an arithmetic expression
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/arithmetic_shift.asm">
Arithmetic shift
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/array.asm">
Declare an array
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/array_average_test.asm">
Calculate average of an array of numbers
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/cel_to_fah.asm">
Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/change_array_elem_test.asm">
Change array elements below min to set minimum
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/data.asm">
How to use the .data section
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/int_square_root.asm">
Calculate square root of a number
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/key_test.asm">
Uses our keyboard interrupt
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/log.asm">
Calculate log in base 2
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/loop.asm">
A simple loop
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/mem_register_test.asm">
Store values into memory
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/power.asm">
Raise a number to a power
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/ATT/sum_test.asm">
Add two numbers
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum3">
MIPS Assembler Programs
</summary>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/area.asm">
Calculate area of a rectangle
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/arithmetic_expression.asm">
Calculate an arithmetic expression
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/arithmetic_shift.asm">
Arithmetic shift
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/array.asm">
Declare an array
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/array_average_test.asm">
Calculate average of an array of numbers
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/cel_to_fah.asm">
Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/change_array_elem_test.asm">
Change array elements below min to set minimum
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/data.asm">
How to use the .data section
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/int_square_root.asm">
Calculate square root of a number
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/log.asm">
Calculate log in base 2
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/loop.asm">
A simple loop
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/power.asm">
Raise a number to a power
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_ASM/sum_test.asm">
Add two numbers
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum3">
MIPS Mnemonic Machine Language Programs
</summary>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/area.asm">
Calculate area of a rectangle
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/arithmetic_expression.asm">
Calculate an arithmetic expression
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/arithmetic_shift.asm">
Arithmetic shift
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/array.asm">
Declare an array
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/array_average_test.asm">
Calculate average of an array of numbers
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/cel_to_fah.asm">
Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/change_array_elem_test.asm">
Change array elements below min to set minimum
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/data.asm">
How to use the .data section
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/int_square_root.asm">
Calculate square root of a number
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/log.asm">
Calculate log in base 2
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/loop.asm">
A simple loop
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/power.asm">
Raise a number to a power
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href ="https://github.com/gcallah/Emu86/blob/master/tests/MIPS_MML/sum_test.asm">
Add two numbers
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</details>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum2">
The Data Section
</summary>
<p>
This section is preceded by the directive ".data". <i>If</i>
you have a data section, you must start the program section
with the directive ".text". The data section allows the
declaration of names for memory locations.
</p>
<p>We attempted to read from templates/data.txt but failed.</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum2">
Instructions Available
</summary>
<p>
Some of these are only partially done, i.e., some variant of
an instruction may not work. We will do our best to note that
where possible.
<br>
In the syntax descriptions, we have:
</p>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
con: constant
</li>
<li>
lbl: label
</li>
<li>
mem: memory location
<br>
A memory location may be designated by [num], where
<i>num</i> is the actual address, or by [reg], where
<i>reg</i> holds the memory address.
</li>
<li>
reg: register
</li>
</ul>
<details>
<summary class="sum3">
Intel
</summary>
<details>
<summary class="sum4">
Interrupts
</summary>
<hr>
<h4>
int
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
INT con
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
The behavior of INT depends on both its "con" operand
as well as the value of the EAX register. See the descriptions
of specific interrupt commands below.
We will build various "interrupt" handlers as needed.
At present, we only have two:
INT 22, with EAX set to 0, to get a key from
the keyboard. And we only pretend the key is from the keyboard,
since we are running on the Internet, and can't read the user's
keyboard.
And INT 32, to exit the program. There should be a 0 in EAX.
</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum4">
Data Movement
</summary>
<hr>
<h4>
mov
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
MOV reg, reg
</li>
<li>
MOV reg, con
</li>
<li>
MOV reg, mem
</li>
<li>
MOV mem, reg
</li>
<li>
MOV mem, mem
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Copies the value of op2 to the location mentioned in op1.
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
pop
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
POP reg
</li>
<li>
POP mem
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
POPS the topmost value out of the stack.
Decrements the stack pointer.
Can move the stack value to a memory location or register.
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
push
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
PUSH reg
</li>
<li>
PUSH con
</li>
<li>
PUSH mem
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
PUSHES the value into the stack with reference to the stack
pointer position (ESP). Increments the stack pointer automatically,
everytime a PUSH is called. Callable to store a memory value,
register value, and constant value to the stack.
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
lea
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
</ul>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum4">
Control Flow
</summary>
<hr>
<h4>
cmp
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
CMP reg, reg
</li>
<li>
CMP reg, mem
</li>
<li>
CMP reg, con
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Compares op1 and op2, and sets (right now) the SF and ZF flags.
It is not clear at this moment how to
treat the OF and CF flags in Python,
since Python integer arithmetic never carries or overflows!
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
jmp
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
JMP lbl
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h4>
je
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
JE lbl
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Jumps if ZF is one. <br>
Equivalent name: JZ
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
jne
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
JNE lbl
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Jumps if ZF is zero. <br>
Equivalent name: JNZ
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
jg
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
JG lbl
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Jumps if SF == 0 and ZF == 0. <br>
Equivalent name: JLNE
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
jge
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
JGE lbl
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Jumps if SF == 0.
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
jl
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
JL lbl
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Jumps if SF == 1. <br>
Equivalent name: JGNE
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
jle
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
JLE lbl
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Jumps if SF == 1 or ZF == 1.
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
call
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
CALL lbl
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Pushes value of EIP to stack and jumps to the internal subroutine.
</p>
<hr>
<h4>
ret
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
RET
</li>
</ul>
<h5>Description</h5>
<p>
Pops value from stack to EIP and returns control to the
the line after the subroutine call.
</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary class="sum4">
Arithmetic and Logic
</summary>
<hr>
<h4>
add
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
ADD reg, reg
</li>
<li>
ADD reg, mem
</li>
<li>
ADD reg, con
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h4>
sub
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
SUB reg, reg
</li>
<li>
SUB reg, mem
</li>
<li>
SUB reg, con
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h4>
imul
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
IMUL reg, reg
</li>
<li>
IMUL reg, mem
</li>
<li>
IMUL reg, con
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h4>
and
</h4>
<h5>Syntax</h5>
<ul class="nested">
<li>
AND reg, reg
</li>
<li>
AND reg, mem
</li>
<li>
AND reg, con
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h4>
or