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gettext_pp.pm
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#! /bin/false
# vim: set autoindent shiftwidth=4 tabstop=4:
# Pure Perl implementation of Uniforum message translation.
# Copyright (C) 2002-2017 Guido Flohr <[email protected]>,
# all rights reserved.
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package Locale::gettext_pp;
use strict;
require 5.004;
use vars qw ($__gettext_pp_default_dir
$__gettext_pp_textdomain
$__gettext_pp_domain_bindings
$__gettext_pp_domain_codeset_bindings
$__gettext_pp_domains
$__gettext_pp_recoders
$__gettext_pp_unavailable_dirs
$__gettext_pp_domain_cache
$__gettext_pp_alias_cache
$__gettext_pp_context_glue);
use locale;
use File::Spec;
use Locale::Messages;
BEGIN {
$__gettext_pp_textdomain = 'messages';
$__gettext_pp_domain_bindings = {};
$__gettext_pp_domain_codeset_bindings = {};
$__gettext_pp_domains = {};
$__gettext_pp_recoders = {};
$__gettext_pp_unavailable_dirs = {};
$__gettext_pp_domain_cache = {};
$__gettext_pp_alias_cache = {};
# The separator between msgctxt and msgid in a .mo file. */
$__gettext_pp_context_glue = "\004";
$__gettext_pp_default_dir = '';
for my $dir (qw (/usr/share/locale /usr/local/share/locale)) {
if (-d $dir) {
$__gettext_pp_default_dir = $dir;
last;
}
}
}
BEGIN {
require POSIX;
require Exporter;
use IO::Handle;
require Locale::Recode;
local $@;
my ($has_messages, $five_ok);
$has_messages = eval '&POSIX::LC_MESSAGES';
unless (defined $has_messages && length $has_messages) {
$five_ok = ! grep {my $x = eval "&POSIX::$_" || 0; $x eq '5';}
qw (LC_CTYPE
LC_NUMERIC
LC_TIME
LC_COLLATE
LC_MONETARY
LC_ALL);
if ($five_ok) {
$five_ok = POSIX::setlocale (5, '');
}
}
if (defined $has_messages && length $has_messages) {
eval <<'EOF';
sub LC_MESSAGES()
{
local $!; # Do not clobber errno!
return &POSIX::LC_MESSAGES;
}
EOF
} elsif ($five_ok) {
eval <<'EOF';
sub LC_MESSAGES()
{
local $!; # Do not clobber errno!
# Hack: POSIX.pm deems LC_MESSAGES an invalid macro until
# Perl 5.8.0. However, on LC_MESSAGES should be 5 ...
return 5;
}
EOF
} else {
eval <<'EOF';
sub LC_MESSAGES()
{
local $!; # Do not clobber errno!
# This fallback value is widely used,
# when LC_MESSAGES is not available.
return 1729;
}
EOF
}
}
use vars qw (%EXPORT_TAGS @EXPORT_OK @ISA $VERSION);
%EXPORT_TAGS = (locale_h => [ qw (
gettext
dgettext
dcgettext
ngettext
dngettext
dcngettext
pgettext
dpgettext
dcpgettext
npgettext
dnpgettext
dcnpgettext
textdomain
bindtextdomain
bind_textdomain_codeset
)
],
libintl_h => [ qw (LC_CTYPE
LC_NUMERIC
LC_TIME
LC_COLLATE
LC_MONETARY
LC_MESSAGES
LC_ALL)
],
);
@EXPORT_OK = qw (gettext
dgettext
dcgettext
ngettext
dngettext
dcngettext
pgettext
dpgettext
dcpgettext
npgettext
dnpgettext
dcnpgettext
textdomain
bindtextdomain
bind_textdomain_codeset
nl_putenv
setlocale
LC_CTYPE
LC_NUMERIC
LC_TIME
LC_COLLATE
LC_MONETARY
LC_MESSAGES
LC_ALL);
@ISA = qw (Exporter);
my $has_nl_langinfo;
sub __load_catalog;
sub __load_domain;
sub __locale_category;
sub __untaint_plural_header;
sub __compile_plural_function;
sub LC_NUMERIC()
{
&POSIX::LC_NUMERIC;
}
sub LC_CTYPE()
{
&POSIX::LC_CTYPE;
}
sub LC_TIME()
{
&POSIX::LC_TIME;
}
sub LC_COLLATE()
{
&POSIX::LC_COLLATE;
}
sub LC_MONETARY()
{
&POSIX::LC_MONETARY;
}
sub LC_ALL()
{
&POSIX::LC_ALL;
}
sub textdomain(;$)
{
my $new_domain = shift;
$__gettext_pp_textdomain = $new_domain if defined $new_domain &&
length $new_domain;
return $__gettext_pp_textdomain;
}
sub bindtextdomain($;$)
{
my ($domain, $directory) = @_;
my $retval;
if (defined $domain && length $domain) {
if (defined $directory && length $directory) {
$retval = $__gettext_pp_domain_bindings->{$domain}
= $directory;
} elsif (exists $__gettext_pp_domain_bindings->{$domain}) {
$retval = $__gettext_pp_domain_bindings->{$domain};
} else {
$retval = $__gettext_pp_default_dir;
}
$retval = '/usr/share/locale' unless defined $retval &&
length $retval;
return $retval;
} else {
return;
}
}
sub bind_textdomain_codeset($;$)
{
my ($domain, $codeset) = @_;
if (defined $domain && length $domain) {
if (defined $codeset && length $codeset) {
return $__gettext_pp_domain_codeset_bindings->{$domain} = $codeset;
} elsif (exists $__gettext_pp_domain_codeset_bindings->{$domain}) {
return $__gettext_pp_domain_codeset_bindings->{$domain};
}
}
return;
}
sub gettext($)
{
my ($msgid) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ('', undef, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}
sub dgettext($$)
{
my ($domainname, $msgid) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ($domainname, undef, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}
sub dcgettext($$$)
{
my ($domainname, $msgid, $category) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ($domainname, undef, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}
sub ngettext($$$)
{
my ($msgid, $msgid_plural, $n) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ('', undef, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, undef);
}
sub dngettext($$$$)
{
my ($domainname, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ($domainname, undef, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, undef);
}
sub dcngettext($$$$$)
{
my ($domainname, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, $category) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ($domainname, undef, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, , $category);
}
sub pgettext($$)
{
my ($msgctxt, $msgid) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ('', $msgctxt, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}
sub dpgettext($$$)
{
my ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}
sub dcpgettext($$$$)
{
my ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $category) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, undef, undef, undef);
}
sub npgettext($$$$)
{
my ($msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ('', $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, undef);
}
sub dnpgettext($$$$$)
{
my ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n) = @_;
return dcnpgettext ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, undef);
}
# This is the actual implementation of dncpgettext. It is also used by the
# corresponding function in Locale::gettext_dumb.
sub _dcnpgettext_impl {
my ($domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $n, $category,
$locale) = @_;
return unless defined $msgid;
my $plural = defined $msgid_plural;
Locale::Messages::turn_utf_8_off($msgid);
Locale::Messages::turn_utf_8_off($msgctxt) if defined $msgctxt;
my $msg_ctxt_id = defined $msgctxt ? join($__gettext_pp_context_glue, ($msgctxt, $msgid)) : $msgid;
local $!; # Do not clobber errno!
# This is also done in __load_domain but we need a proper value.
$domainname = $__gettext_pp_textdomain
unless defined $domainname && length $domainname;
# Category is always LC_MESSAGES (other categories are ignored).
my $category_name = 'LC_MESSAGES';
$category = LC_MESSAGES;
my $domains = __load_domain ($domainname, $category, $category_name,
$locale);
my @trans = ();
my $domain;
my $found;
foreach my $this_domain (@$domains) {
if ($this_domain && defined $this_domain->{messages}->{$msg_ctxt_id}) {
@trans = @{$this_domain->{messages}->{$msg_ctxt_id}};
shift @trans;
$domain = $this_domain;
$found = 1;
last;
}
}
@trans = ($msgid, $msgid_plural) unless @trans;
my $trans = $trans[0];
if ($plural) {
if ($domain) {
my $nplurals = 0;
($nplurals, $plural) = &{$domain->{plural_func}} ($n);
$plural = 0 unless defined $plural;
$nplurals = 0 unless defined $nplurals;
$plural = 0 if $nplurals <= $plural;
} else {
$plural = $n != 1 || 0;
}
$trans = $trans[$plural] if defined $trans[$plural];
}
if ($found && defined $domain->{po_header}->{charset}) {
my $input_codeset = $domain->{po_header}->{charset};
# Convert into output charset.
my $output_codeset = $__gettext_pp_domain_codeset_bindings->{$domainname};
$output_codeset = $ENV{OUTPUT_CHARSET} unless defined $output_codeset;
$output_codeset = __get_codeset ($category, $category_name,
$domain->{locale_id})
unless defined $output_codeset;
unless (defined $output_codeset) {
# Still no point.
my $lc_ctype = __locale_category (POSIX::LC_CTYPE(),
'LC_CTYPE');
$output_codeset = $1
if $lc_ctype =~ /^[a-z]{2}(?:_[A-Z]{2})?\.([^@]+)/;
}
# No point. :-(
$output_codeset = $domain->{po_header}->{charset}
unless defined $output_codeset;
if (exists $__gettext_pp_domain_cache->{$output_codeset}) {
$output_codeset = $__gettext_pp_domain_cache->{$output_codeset};
} else {
$output_codeset = 'utf-8' if lc $output_codeset eq 'utf8';
$output_codeset =
$__gettext_pp_domain_cache->{$output_codeset} =
Locale::Recode->resolveAlias ($output_codeset);
}
if (defined $output_codeset &&
$output_codeset ne $domain->{po_header}->{charset}) {
# We have to convert.
my $recoder;
if (exists
$__gettext_pp_recoders->{$input_codeset}->{$output_codeset}) {
$recoder = $__gettext_pp_recoders->{$input_codeset}->{$output_codeset};
} else {
$recoder =
$__gettext_pp_recoders->{$input_codeset}->{$output_codeset} =
Locale::Recode->new (from => $input_codeset,
to => $output_codeset,
);
}
$recoder->recode ($trans);
}
}
return $trans;
}
sub dcnpgettext ($$$$$$) {
return &_dcnpgettext_impl;
}
sub nl_putenv ($)
{
my ($envspec) = @_;
return unless defined $envspec;
return unless length $envspec;
return if substr ($envspec, 0, 1) eq '=';
my ($var, $value) = split /=/, $envspec, 2;
# In Perl we *could* set empty environment variables even under
# MS-DOS, but for compatibility reasons, we implement the
# brain-damaged behavior of the Microsoft putenv().
if ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
$value = '' unless defined $value;
if (length $value) {
$ENV{$var} = $value;
} else {
delete $ENV{$var};
}
} else {
if (defined $value) {
$ENV{$var} = $value;
} else {
delete $ENV{$var};
}
}
return 1;
}
sub setlocale($;$) {
require POSIX;
&POSIX::setlocale;
}
sub __selected_locales {
my ($locale, $category, $category_name) = @_;
my @locales;
my $cache_key;
if (defined $ENV{LANGUAGE} && length $ENV{LANGUAGE}) {
@locales = split /:/, $ENV{LANGUAGE};
$cache_key = $ENV{LANGUAGE};
} elsif (!defined $locale) {
# The system does not have LC_MESSAGES. Guess the value.
@locales = $cache_key = __locale_category ($category,
$category_name);
} else {
@locales = $cache_key = $locale;
}
return $cache_key, @locales;
}
sub __extend_locales {
my (@locales) = @_;
my @tries = @locales;
my %locale_lookup = map { $_ => $_ } @tries;
foreach my $locale (@locales) {
if ($locale =~ /^([a-z][a-z])
(?:(_[A-Z][A-Z])?
(\.[-_A-Za-z0-9]+)?
)?
(\@[-_A-Za-z0-9]+)?$/x) {
if (defined $3) {
defined $2 ?
push @tries, $1 . $2 . $3 : push @tries, $1 . $3;
$locale_lookup{$tries[-1]} = $locale;
}
if (defined $2) {
push @tries, $1 . $2;
$locale_lookup{$1 . $2} = $locale;
}
if (defined $1) {
push @tries, $1 if defined $1;
$locale_lookup{$1} = $locale;
}
}
}
return \@tries, \%locale_lookup;
}
sub __load_domain {
my ($domainname, $category, $category_name, $locale) = @_;
# If no locale was selected for the requested locale category,
# l10n is disabled completely. This matches the behavior of GNU
# gettext.
if ($category != LC_MESSAGES) {
# Not supported.
return [];
}
if (!defined $locale && $category != 1729) {
$locale = POSIX::setlocale ($category);
if (!defined $locale || 'C' eq $locale || 'POSIX' eq $locale) {
return [];
}
}
$domainname = $__gettext_pp_textdomain
unless defined $domainname && length $domainname;
my $dir = bindtextdomain ($domainname, '');
$dir = $__gettext_pp_default_dir unless defined $dir && length $dir;
return [] unless defined $dir && length $dir;
my ($cache_key, @locales) = __selected_locales $locale, $category, $category_name;
# Have we looked that one up already?
my $domains = $__gettext_pp_domain_cache->{$dir}->{$cache_key}->{$category_name}->{$domainname};
return $domains if defined $domains;
return [] unless @locales;
my @dirs = ($dir);
my ($tries, $lookup) = __extend_locales @locales;
push @dirs, $__gettext_pp_default_dir
if $__gettext_pp_default_dir && $dir ne $__gettext_pp_default_dir;
my %seen;
my %loaded;
foreach my $basedir (@dirs) {
foreach my $try (@$tries) {
# If we had already found a catalog for "xy_XY", do not try it
# again.
next if $loaded{$try};
my $fulldir = File::Spec->catfile($basedir, $try, $category_name);
next if $seen{$fulldir}++;
# If the cache for unavailable directories is removed,
# the three lines below should be replaced by:
# 'next unless -d $fulldir;'
next if $__gettext_pp_unavailable_dirs->{$fulldir};
++$__gettext_pp_unavailable_dirs->{$fulldir} and next
unless -d $fulldir;
my $filename = File::Spec->catfile($fulldir, "$domainname.mo");
my $domain = __load_catalog $filename, $try;
next unless $domain;
$loaded{$try} = 1;
$domain->{locale_id} = $lookup->{$try};
push @$domains, $domain;
}
}
$domains = [] unless defined $domains;
$__gettext_pp_domain_cache->{$dir}
->{$cache_key}
->{$category_name}
->{$domainname} = $domains;
return $domains;
}
sub __load_catalog
{
my ($filename, $locale) = @_;
# Alternatively we could check the filename for evil characters ...
# (Important for CGIs).
return unless -f $filename && -r $filename;
local $/;
local *HANDLE;
open HANDLE, "<$filename"
or return;
binmode HANDLE;
my $raw = <HANDLE>;
close HANDLE;
# Corrupted?
return if ! defined $raw || length $raw < 28;
my $filesize = length $raw;
# Read the magic number in order to determine the byte order.
my $domain = {
filename => $filename
};
my $unpack = 'N';
$domain->{magic} = unpack $unpack, substr $raw, 0, 4;
if ($domain->{magic} == 0xde120495) {
$unpack = 'V';
} elsif ($domain->{magic} != 0x950412de) {
return;
}
my $domain_unpack = $unpack x 6;
my ($revision, $num_strings, $msgids_off, $msgstrs_off,
$hash_size, $hash_off) =
unpack (($unpack x 6), substr $raw, 4, 24);
my $major = $revision >> 16;
return if $major != 0; # Invalid revision number.
$domain->{revision} = $revision;
$domain->{num_strings} = $num_strings;
$domain->{msgids_off} = $msgids_off;
$domain->{msgstrs_off} = $msgstrs_off;
$domain->{hash_size} = $hash_size;
$domain->{hash_off} = $hash_off;
return if $msgids_off + 4 * $num_strings > $filesize;
return if $msgstrs_off + 4 * $num_strings > $filesize;
my @orig_tab = unpack (($unpack x (2 * $num_strings)),
substr $raw, $msgids_off, 8 * $num_strings);
my @trans_tab = unpack (($unpack x (2 * $num_strings)),
substr $raw, $msgstrs_off, 8 * $num_strings);
my $messages = {};
for (my $count = 0; $count < 2 * $num_strings; $count += 2) {
my $orig_length = $orig_tab[$count];
my $orig_offset = $orig_tab[$count + 1];
my $trans_length = $trans_tab[$count];
my $trans_offset = $trans_tab[$count + 1];
return if $orig_offset + $orig_length > $filesize;
return if $trans_offset + $trans_length > $filesize;
my @origs = split /\000/, substr $raw, $orig_offset, $orig_length;
my @trans = split /\000/, substr $raw, $trans_offset, $trans_length;
# The singular is the key, the plural plus all translations is the
# value.
my $msgid = $origs[0];
$msgid = '' unless defined $msgid && length $msgid;
my $msgstr = [ $origs[1], @trans ];
$messages->{$msgid} = $msgstr;
}
$domain->{messages} = $messages;
# Try to find po header information.
my $po_header = {};
my $null_entry = $messages->{''}->[1];
if ($null_entry) {
my @lines = split /\n/, $null_entry;
foreach my $line (@lines) {
my ($key, $value) = split /:/, $line, 2;
$key =~ s/-/_/g;
$po_header->{lc $key} = $value;
}
}
$domain->{po_header} = $po_header;
if (exists $domain->{po_header}->{content_type}) {
my $content_type = $domain->{po_header}->{content_type};
if ($content_type =~ s/.*=//) {
$domain->{po_header}->{charset} = $content_type;
}
}
my $code = $domain->{po_header}->{plural_forms} || '';
# Whitespace, locale-independent.
my $s = '[ \011-\015]';
# Untaint the plural header.
# Keep line breaks as is (Perl 5_005 compatibility).
$code = $domain->{po_header}->{plural_forms}
= __untaint_plural_header $code;
$domain->{plural_func} = __compile_plural_function $code;
unless (defined $domain->{po_header}->{charset}
&& length $domain->{po_header}->{charset}
&& $locale =~ /^(?:[a-z][a-z])
(?:(?:_[A-Z][A-Z])?
(\.[-_A-Za-z0-9]+)?
)?
(?:\@[-_A-Za-z0-9]+)?$/x) {
$domain->{po_header}->{charset} = $1;
}
if (defined $domain->{po_header}->{charset}) {
$domain->{po_header}->{charset} =
Locale::Recode->resolveAlias ($domain->{po_header}->{charset});
}
return $domain;
}
sub __locale_category
{
my ($category, $category_name) = @_;
local $@;
# See https://github.com/gflohr/libintl-perl/issues/14!
no if $] >= 5.022, warnings => 'locale';
my $value = eval {POSIX::setlocale ($category)};
# We support only XPG syntax, i. e.
# language[_territory[.codeset]][@modifier].
undef $value unless (defined $value &&
length $value &&
$value =~ /^[a-z][a-z]
(?:_[A-Z][A-Z]
(?:\.[-_A-Za-z0-9]+)?
)?
(?:\@[-_A-Za-z0-9]+)?$/x);
unless ($value) {
$value = $ENV{LC_ALL};
$value = $ENV{$category_name} unless defined $value && length $value;
$value = $ENV{LANG} unless defined $value && length $value;
return 'C' unless defined $value && length $value;
}
return $value if $value ne 'C' && $value ne 'POSIX';
}
sub __get_codeset
{
my ($category, $category_name, $locale_id) = @_;
local $@;
unless (defined $has_nl_langinfo) {
eval {
require I18N::Langinfo;
};
$has_nl_langinfo = !$@;
}
if ($has_nl_langinfo) {
# Try to set the locale via the specified id.
my $saved_locale = eval { POSIX::setlocale (LC_ALL) };
my $had_lc_all = exists $ENV{LC_ALL};
my $saved_lc_all = $ENV{LC_ALL} if $had_lc_all;
# Now try to set the locale via the environment. There is no
# point in calling the langinfo routines if this fails.
$ENV{LC_ALL} = $locale_id;
my $codeset;
my $lc_all = eval { POSIX::setlocale (LC_ALL, $locale_id); };
$codeset = I18N::Langinfo::langinfo (I18N::Langinfo::CODESET())
if defined $lc_all;
# Restore environment.
if ($saved_locale) {
eval { POSIX::setlocale (LC_ALL, $saved_locale); }
}
if ($had_lc_all) {
$ENV{LC_ALL} = $saved_lc_all if $had_lc_all;
} else {
delete $ENV{LC_ALL};
}
return $codeset;
}
return;
}
sub __untaint_plural_header {
my ($code) = @_;
# Whitespace, locale-independent.
my $s = '[ \t\r\n\013\014]';
if ($code =~ m{^($s*
nplurals$s*=$s*[0-9]+
$s*;$s*
plural$s*=$s*(?:$s|[-\?\|\&=!<>+*/\%:;a-zA-Z0-9_\(\)])+
)}xms) {
return $1;
}
return '';
}
sub __compile_plural_function {
my ($code) = @_;
# The leading and trailing space is necessary to be able to match
# against word boundaries.
my $plural_func;
if (length $code) {
my $code = ' ' . $code . ' ';
$code =~
s/(?<=[^_a-zA-Z0-9])[_a-z][_A-Za-z0-9]*(?=[^_a-zA-Z0-9])/\$$&/gs;
$code = "sub { my \$n = shift || 0;
my (\$plural, \$nplurals);
$code;
return (\$nplurals, \$plural ? \$plural : 0); }";
# Now try to evaluate the code. There is no need to run the code in
# a Safe compartment. The above substitutions should have destroyed
# all evil code. Corrections are welcome!
#warn $code;
$plural_func = eval $code;
#warn $@ if $@;
undef $plural_func if $@;
}
# Default is Germanic plural (which is incorrect for French).
$plural_func = eval "sub { (2, 1 != shift || 0) }" unless $plural_func;
return $plural_func;
}
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
Locale::gettext_pp - Pure Perl Implementation of Uniforum Message Translation
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use Locale::gettext_pp qw(:locale_h :libintl_h);
gettext $msgid;
dgettext $domainname, $msgid;
dcgettext $domainname, $msgid, LC_MESSAGES;
ngettext $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count;
dngettext $domainname, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count;
dcngettext $domainname, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count, LC_MESSAGES;
pgettext $msgctxt, $msgid;
dpgettext $domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid;
dcpgettext $domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, LC_MESSAGES;
npgettext $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count;
dnpgettext $domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count;
dcnpgettext $domainname, $msgctxt, $msgid, $msgid_plural, $count, LC_MESSAGES;
textdomain $domainname;
bindtextdomain $domainname, $directory;
bind_textdomain_codeset $domainname, $encoding;
my $category = LC_CTYPE;
my $category = LC_NUMERIC;
my $category = LC_TIME;
my $category = LC_COLLATE;
my $category = LC_MONETARY;
my $category = LC_MESSAGES;
my $category = LC_ALL;
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The module B<Locale::gettext_pp> is the low-level interface to
message translation according to the Uniforum approach that is
for example used in GNU gettext and Sun's Solaris.
Normally you should not use this module directly, but the high
level interface Locale::TextDomain(3) that provides a much simpler
interface. This description is therefore deliberately kept
brief. Please refer to the GNU gettext documentation available at
L<http://www.gnu.org/manual/gettext/> for in-depth and background
information on the topic.
=head1 FUNCTIONS
The module exports by default nothing. Every function has to be
imported explicitely or via an export tag (L<"EXPORT TAGS">).
=over 4
=item B<gettext MSGID>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<dgettext TEXTDOMAIN, MSGID>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<dcgettext TEXTDOMAIN, MSGID, CATEGORY>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<ngettext MSGID, MSGID_PLURAL, COUNT>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<dngettext TEXTDOMAIN, MSGID, MSGID_PLURAL, COUNT>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<dcngettext TEXTDOMAIN, MSGID, MSGID_PLURAL, COUNT, CATEGORY>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<pgettext MSGCTXT, MSGID>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<dpgettext TEXTDOMAIN, MSGCTXT, MSGID>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<dcpgettext TEXTDOMAIN, MSGCTXT, MSGID, CATEGORY>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<npgettext MSGCTXT, MSGID, MSGID_PLURAL, COUNT>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<dnpgettext TEXTDOMAIN, MSGCTXT, MSGID, MSGID_PLURAL, COUNT>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<dcnpgettext TEXTDOMAIN, MSGCTXT, MSGID, MSGID_PLURAL, COUNT, CATEGORY>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<textdomain TEXTDOMAIN>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<bindtextdomain TEXTDOMAIN, DIRECTORY>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<bind_textdomain_codeset TEXTDOMAIN, ENCODING>
=item B<nl_putenv ENVSPEC>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=item B<setlocale>
See L<Locale::Messages/FUNCTIONS>.
=back
=head1 CONSTANTS
You can (maybe) get the same constants from POSIX(3); see there for
a detailed description
=over 4