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Elasticsearch knowledge (STARTER ONLY)

This area is to maintain a compendium of useful information when working with Elasticsearch.

Information on how to enable Elasticsearch and perform the initial indexing is in the Elasticsearch integration documentation.

Deep Dive

In June 2019, Mario de la Ossa hosted a Deep Dive (GitLab team members only: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/create-stage/issues/1) on GitLab's Elasticsearch integration to share his domain specific knowledge with anyone who may work in this part of the code base in the future. You can find the recording on YouTube, and the slides on Google Slides and in PDF. Everything covered in this deep dive was accurate as of GitLab 12.0, and while specific details may have changed since then, it should still serve as a good introduction.

In August 2020, a second Deep Dive was hosted, focusing on GitLab's specific architecture for multi-indices support. The recording on YouTube and the slides are available. Everything covered in this deep dive was accurate as of GitLab 13.3.

Supported Versions

See Version Requirements.

Developers making significant changes to Elasticsearch queries should test their features against all our supported versions.

Setting up development environment

See the Elasticsearch GDK setup instructions

Helpful Rake tasks

  • gitlab:elastic:test:index_size: Tells you how much space the current index is using, as well as how many documents are in the index.
  • gitlab:elastic:test:index_size_change: Outputs index size, reindexes, and outputs index size again. Useful when testing improvements to indexing size.

Additionally, if you need large repositories or multiple forks for testing, please consider following these instructions

How does it work?

The Elasticsearch integration depends on an external indexer. We ship an indexer written in Go. The user must trigger the initial indexing via a Rake task but, after this is done, GitLab itself will trigger reindexing when required via after_ callbacks on create, update, and destroy that are inherited from /ee/app/models/concerns/elastic/application_versioned_search.rb.

After initial indexing is complete, create, update, and delete operations for all models except projects (see #207494) are tracked in a Redis ZSET. A regular sidekiq-cron ElasticIndexBulkCronWorker processes this queue, updating many Elasticsearch documents at a time with the Bulk Request API.

Search queries are generated by the concerns found in ee/app/models/concerns/elastic. These concerns are also in charge of access control, and have been a historic source of security bugs so please pay close attention to them!

Existing Analyzers/Tokenizers/Filters

These are all defined in ee/lib/elastic/latest/config.rb

Analyzers

path_analyzer

Used when indexing blobs' paths. Uses the path_tokenizer and the lowercase and asciifolding filters.

Please see the path_tokenizer explanation below for an example.

sha_analyzer

Used in blobs and commits. Uses the sha_tokenizer and the lowercase and asciifolding filters.

Please see the sha_tokenizer explanation later below for an example.

code_analyzer

Used when indexing a blob's filename and content. Uses the whitespace tokenizer and the filters: code, lowercase, and asciifolding

The whitespace tokenizer was selected in order to have more control over how tokens are split. For example the string Foo::bar(4) needs to generate tokens like Foo and bar(4) in order to be properly searched.

Please see the code filter for an explanation on how tokens are split.

NOTE: Note: Currently the Elasticsearch code_analyzer doesn't account for all code cases.

code_search_analyzer

Not directly used for indexing, but rather used to transform a search input. Uses the whitespace tokenizer and the lowercase and asciifolding filters.

Tokenizers

sha_tokenizer

This is a custom tokenizer that uses the edgeNGram tokenizer to allow SHAs to be searchable by any sub-set of it (minimum of 5 chars).

Example:

240c29dc7e becomes:

  • 240c2
  • 240c29
  • 240c29d
  • 240c29dc
  • 240c29dc7
  • 240c29dc7e

path_tokenizer

This is a custom tokenizer that uses the path_hierarchy tokenizer with reverse: true in order to allow searches to find paths no matter how much or how little of the path is given as input.

Example:

'/some/path/application.js' becomes:

  • '/some/path/application.js'
  • 'some/path/application.js'
  • 'path/application.js'
  • 'application.js'

Filters

code

Uses a Pattern Capture token filter to split tokens into more easily searched versions of themselves.

Patterns:

  • "(\\p{Ll}+|\\p{Lu}\\p{Ll}+|\\p{Lu}+)": captures CamelCased and lowedCameCased strings as separate tokens
  • "(\\d+)": extracts digits
  • "(?=([\\p{Lu}]+[\\p{L}]+))": captures CamelCased strings recursively. Ex: ThisIsATest => [ThisIsATest, IsATest, ATest, Test]
  • '"((?:\\"|[^"]|\\")*)"': captures terms inside quotes, removing the quotes
  • "'((?:\\'|[^']|\\')*)'": same as above, for single-quotes
  • '\.([^.]+)(?=\.|\s|\Z)': separate terms with periods in-between
  • '([\p{L}_.-]+)': some common chars in file names to keep the whole filename intact (eg. my_file-ñame.txt)
  • '([\p{L}\d_]+)': letters, numbers and underscores are the most common tokens in programming. Always capture them greedily regardless of context.

Gotchas

  • Searches can have their own analyzers. Remember to check when editing analyzers
  • Character filters (as opposed to token filters) always replace the original character, so they're not a good choice as they can hinder exact searches

Zero downtime reindexing with multiple indices

NOTE: Note: This is not applicable yet as multiple indices functionality is not fully implemented.

Currently GitLab can only handle a single version of setting. Any setting/schema changes would require reindexing everything from scratch. Since reindexing can take a long time, this can cause search functionality downtime.

To avoid downtime, GitLab is working to support multiple indices that can function at the same time. Whenever the schema changes, the admin will be able to create a new index and reindex to it, while searches continue to go to the older, stable index. Any data updates will be forwarded to both indices. Once the new index is ready, an admin can mark it active, which will direct all searches to it, and remove the old index.

This is also helpful for migrating to new servers, e.g. moving to/from AWS.

Currently we are on the process of migrating to this new design. Everything is hardwired to work with one single version for now.

Architecture

The traditional setup, provided by elasticsearch-rails, is to communicate through its internal proxy classes. Developers would write model-specific logic in a module for the model to include in (e.g. SnippetsSearch). The __elasticsearch__ methods would return a proxy object, e.g.:

  • Issue.__elasticsearch__ returns an instance of Elasticsearch::Model::Proxy::ClassMethodsProxy
  • Issue.first.__elasticsearch__ returns an instance of Elasticsearch::Model::Proxy::InstanceMethodsProxy.

These proxy objects would talk to Elasticsearch server directly (see top half of the diagram).

Elasticsearch Architecture

In the planned new design, each model would have a pair of corresponding sub-classed proxy objects, in which model-specific logic is located. For example, Snippet would have SnippetClassProxy and SnippetInstanceProxy (being subclass of Elasticsearch::Model::Proxy::ClassMethodsProxy and Elasticsearch::Model::Proxy::InstanceMethodsProxy, respectively).

__elasticsearch__ would represent another layer of proxy object, keeping track of multiple actual proxy objects. It would forward method calls to the appropriate index. For example:

  • model.__elasticsearch__.search would be forwarded to the one stable index, since it is a read operation.
  • model.__elasticsearch__.update_document would be forwarded to all indices, to keep all indices up-to-date.

The global configurations per version are now in the Elastic::(Version)::Config class. You can change mappings there.

Creating new version of schema

NOTE: Note: This is not applicable yet as multiple indices functionality is not fully implemented.

Folders like ee/lib/elastic/v12p1 contain snapshots of search logic from different versions. To keep a continuous Git history, the latest version lives under ee/lib/elastic/latest, but its classes are aliased under an actual version (e.g. ee/lib/elastic/v12p3). When referencing these classes, never use the Latest namespace directly, but use the actual version (e.g. V12p3).

The version name basically follows GitLab's release version. If setting is changed in 12.3, we will create a new namespace called V12p3 (p stands for "point"). Raise an issue if there is a need to name a version differently.

If the current version is v12p1, and we need to create a new version for v12p3, the steps are as follows:

  1. Copy the entire folder of v12p1 as v12p3
  2. Change the namespace for files under v12p3 folder from V12p1 to V12p3 (which are still aliased to Latest)
  3. Delete v12p1 folder
  4. Copy the entire folder of latest as v12p1
  5. Change the namespace for files under v12p1 folder from Latest to V12p1
  6. Make changes to files under the latest folder as needed

Creating a new Global Search migration

This functionality was introduced by #234046.

NOTE: Note: This only supported for indices created with GitLab 13.0 or greater.

Migrations are stored in the ee/elastic/migrate/ folder with YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_migration_name.rb file name format, which is similar to Rails database migrations:

# frozen_string_literal: true

class MigrationName < Elastic::Migration
  # Important: Any update to the Elastic index mappings should be replicated in Elastic::Latest::Config

  def migrate
  end

  # Check if the migration has completed
  # Return true if completed, otherwise return false
  def completed?
  end
end

Applied migrations are stored in gitlab-#{RAILS_ENV}-migrations index. All unexecuted migrations are applied by the Elastic::MigrationWorker cron worker sequentially.

Any update to the Elastic index mappings should be replicated in Elastic::Latest::Config.

Performance Monitoring

Prometheus

GitLab exports Prometheus metrics relating to the number of requests and timing for all web/API requests and Sidekiq jobs, which can help diagnose performance trends and compare how Elasticsearch timing is impacting overall performance relative to the time spent doing other things.

Indexing queues

GitLab also exports Prometheus metrics for indexing queues, which can help diagnose performance bottlenecks and determine whether or not your GitLab instance or Elasticsearch server can keep up with the volume of updates.

Logs

All of the indexing happens in Sidekiq, so much of the relevant logs for the Elasticsearch integration can be found in sidekiq.log. In particular, all Sidekiq workers that make requests to Elasticsearch in any way will log the number of requests and time taken querying/writing to Elasticsearch. This can be useful to understand whether or not your cluster is keeping up with indexing.

Searching Elasticsearch is done via ordinary web workers handling requests. Any requests to load a page or make an API request, which then make requests to Elasticsearch, will log the number of requests and the time taken to production_json.log. These logs will also include the time spent on Database and Gitaly requests, which may help to diagnose which part of the search is performing poorly.

There are additional logs specific to Elasticsearch that are sent to elasticsearch.log that may contain information to help diagnose performance issues.

Performance Bar

Elasticsearch requests will be displayed in the Performance Bar, which can be used both locally in development and on any deployed GitLab instance to diagnose poor search performance. This will show the exact queries being made, which is useful to diagnose why a search might be slow.

Correlation ID and X-Opaque-Id

Our correlation ID is forwarded by all requests from Rails to Elasticsearch as the X-Opaque-Id header which allows us to track any tasks in the cluster back the request in GitLab.

Troubleshooting

Getting flood stage disk watermark [95%] exceeded

You might get an error such as

[2018-10-31T15:54:19,762][WARN ][o.e.c.r.a.DiskThresholdMonitor] [pval5Ct]
   flood stage disk watermark [95%] exceeded on
   [pval5Ct7SieH90t5MykM5w][pval5Ct][/usr/local/var/lib/elasticsearch/nodes/0] free: 56.2gb[3%],
   all indices on this node will be marked read-only

This is because you've exceeded the disk space threshold - it thinks you don't have enough disk space left, based on the default 95% threshold.

In addition, the read_only_allow_delete setting will be set to true. It will block indexing, forcemerge, etc

curl "http://localhost:9200/gitlab-development/_settings?pretty"

Add this to your elasticsearch.yml file:

# turn off the disk allocator
cluster.routing.allocation.disk.threshold_enabled: false

or

# set your own limits
cluster.routing.allocation.disk.threshold_enabled: true
cluster.routing.allocation.disk.watermark.flood_stage: 5gb   # ES 6.x only
cluster.routing.allocation.disk.watermark.low: 15gb
cluster.routing.allocation.disk.watermark.high: 10gb

Restart Elasticsearch, and the read_only_allow_delete will clear on it's own.

from "Disk-based Shard Allocation | Elasticsearch Reference" 5.6 and 6.x