escodegen.js

/*
  Copyright (C) 2012-2014 Yusuke Suzuki <utatane.tea@gmail.com>
  Copyright (C) 2015 Ingvar Stepanyan <me@rreverser.com>
  Copyright (C) 2014 Ivan Nikulin <ifaaan@gmail.com>
  Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Michael Ficarra <escodegen.copyright@michael.ficarra.me>
  Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Mathias Bynens <mathias@qiwi.be>
  Copyright (C) 2013 Irakli Gozalishvili <rfobic@gmail.com>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Robert Gust-Bardon <donate@robert.gust-bardon.org>
  Copyright (C) 2012 John Freeman <jfreeman08@gmail.com>
  Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Ariya Hidayat <ariya.hidayat@gmail.com>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Joost-Wim Boekesteijn <joost-wim@boekesteijn.nl>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Kris Kowal <kris.kowal@cixar.com>
  Copyright (C) 2012 Arpad Borsos <arpad.borsos@googlemail.com>

  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
  AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
  ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY
  DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
  (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
  LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
  ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
  (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
  THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

/*global exports:true, require:true, global:true*/
(function () {
    'use strict';

    var Syntax,
        Precedence,
        BinaryPrecedence,
        SourceNode,
        estraverse,
        esutils,
        isArray,
        base,
        indent,
        json,
        renumber,
        hexadecimal,
        quotes,
        escapeless,
        newline,
        space,
        parentheses,
        semicolons,
        safeConcatenation,
        directive,
        extra,
        parse,
        sourceMap,
        sourceCode,
        preserveBlankLines,
        FORMAT_MINIFY,
        FORMAT_DEFAULTS;

    estraverse = require('estraverse');
    esutils = require('esutils');

    Syntax = estraverse.Syntax;

    // Generation is done by generateExpression.
    function isExpression(node) {
        return CodeGenerator.Expression.hasOwnProperty(node.type);
    }

    // Generation is done by generateStatement.
    function isStatement(node) {
        return CodeGenerator.Statement.hasOwnProperty(node.type);
    }

    Precedence = {
        Sequence: 0,
        Yield: 1,
        Await: 1,
        Assignment: 1,
        Conditional: 2,
        ArrowFunction: 2,
        LogicalOR: 3,
        LogicalAND: 4,
        BitwiseOR: 5,
        BitwiseXOR: 6,
        BitwiseAND: 7,
        Equality: 8,
        Relational: 9,
        BitwiseSHIFT: 10,
        Additive: 11,
        Multiplicative: 12,
        Unary: 13,
        Postfix: 14,
        Call: 15,
        New: 16,
        TaggedTemplate: 17,
        Member: 18,
        Primary: 19
    };

    BinaryPrecedence = {
        '||': Precedence.LogicalOR,
        '&&': Precedence.LogicalAND,
        '|': Precedence.BitwiseOR,
        '^': Precedence.BitwiseXOR,
        '&': Precedence.BitwiseAND,
        '==': Precedence.Equality,
        '!=': Precedence.Equality,
        '===': Precedence.Equality,
        '!==': Precedence.Equality,
        'is': Precedence.Equality,
        'isnt': Precedence.Equality,
        '<': Precedence.Relational,
        '>': Precedence.Relational,
        '<=': Precedence.Relational,
        '>=': Precedence.Relational,
        'in': Precedence.Relational,
        'instanceof': Precedence.Relational,
        '<<': Precedence.BitwiseSHIFT,
        '>>': Precedence.BitwiseSHIFT,
        '>>>': Precedence.BitwiseSHIFT,
        '+': Precedence.Additive,
        '-': Precedence.Additive,
        '*': Precedence.Multiplicative,
        '%': Precedence.Multiplicative,
        '/': Precedence.Multiplicative
    };

    //Flags
    var F_ALLOW_IN = 1,
        F_ALLOW_CALL = 1 << 1,
        F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW = 1 << 2,
        F_FUNC_BODY = 1 << 3,
        F_DIRECTIVE_CTX = 1 << 4,
        F_SEMICOLON_OPT = 1 << 5;

    //Expression flag sets
    //NOTE: Flag order:
    // F_ALLOW_IN
    // F_ALLOW_CALL
    // F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW
    var E_FTT = F_ALLOW_CALL | F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW,
        E_TTF = F_ALLOW_IN | F_ALLOW_CALL,
        E_TTT = F_ALLOW_IN | F_ALLOW_CALL | F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW,
        E_TFF = F_ALLOW_IN,
        E_FFT = F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW,
        E_TFT = F_ALLOW_IN | F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW;

    //Statement flag sets
    //NOTE: Flag order:
    // F_ALLOW_IN
    // F_FUNC_BODY
    // F_DIRECTIVE_CTX
    // F_SEMICOLON_OPT
    var S_TFFF = F_ALLOW_IN,
        S_TFFT = F_ALLOW_IN | F_SEMICOLON_OPT,
        S_FFFF = 0x00,
        S_TFTF = F_ALLOW_IN | F_DIRECTIVE_CTX,
        S_TTFF = F_ALLOW_IN | F_FUNC_BODY;

    function getDefaultOptions() {
        // default options
        return {
            indent: null,
            base: null,
            parse: null,
            comment: false,
            format: {
                indent: {
                    style: '    ',
                    base: 0,
                    adjustMultilineComment: false
                },
                newline: '\n',
                space: ' ',
                json: false,
                renumber: false,
                hexadecimal: false,
                quotes: 'single',
                escapeless: false,
                compact: false,
                parentheses: true,
                semicolons: true,
                safeConcatenation: false,
                preserveBlankLines: false
            },
            moz: {
                comprehensionExpressionStartsWithAssignment: false,
                starlessGenerator: false
            },
            sourceMap: null,
            sourceMapRoot: null,
            sourceMapWithCode: false,
            directive: false,
            raw: true,
            verbatim: null,
            sourceCode: null
        };
    }

    function stringRepeat(str, num) {
        var result = '';

        for (num |= 0; num > 0; num >>>= 1, str += str) {
            if (num & 1) {
                result += str;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    isArray = Array.isArray;
    if (!isArray) {
        isArray = function isArray(array) {
            return Object.prototype.toString.call(array) === '[object Array]';
        };
    }

    function hasLineTerminator(str) {
        return (/[\r\n]/g).test(str);
    }

    function endsWithLineTerminator(str) {
        var len = str.length;
        return len && esutils.code.isLineTerminator(str.charCodeAt(len - 1));
    }

    function merge(target, override) {
        var key;
        for (key in override) {
            if (override.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
                target[key] = override[key];
            }
        }
        return target;
    }

    function updateDeeply(target, override) {
        var key, val;

        function isHashObject(target) {
            return typeof target === 'object' && target instanceof Object && !(target instanceof RegExp);
        }

        for (key in override) {
            if (override.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
                val = override[key];
                if (isHashObject(val)) {
                    if (isHashObject(target[key])) {
                        updateDeeply(target[key], val);
                    } else {
                        target[key] = updateDeeply({}, val);
                    }
                } else {
                    target[key] = val;
                }
            }
        }
        return target;
    }

    function generateNumber(value) {
        var result, point, temp, exponent, pos;

        if (value !== value) {
            throw new Error('Numeric literal whose value is NaN');
        }
        if (value < 0 || (value === 0 && 1 / value < 0)) {
            throw new Error('Numeric literal whose value is negative');
        }

        if (value === 1 / 0) {
            return json ? 'null' : renumber ? '1e400' : '1e+400';
        }

        result = '' + value;
        if (!renumber || result.length < 3) {
            return result;
        }

        point = result.indexOf('.');
        if (!json && result.charCodeAt(0) === 0x30  /* 0 */ && point === 1) {
            point = 0;
            result = result.slice(1);
        }
        temp = result;
        result = result.replace('e+', 'e');
        exponent = 0;
        if ((pos = temp.indexOf('e')) > 0) {
            exponent = +temp.slice(pos + 1);
            temp = temp.slice(0, pos);
        }
        if (point >= 0) {
            exponent -= temp.length - point - 1;
            temp = +(temp.slice(0, point) + temp.slice(point + 1)) + '';
        }
        pos = 0;
        while (temp.charCodeAt(temp.length + pos - 1) === 0x30  /* 0 */) {
            --pos;
        }
        if (pos !== 0) {
            exponent -= pos;
            temp = temp.slice(0, pos);
        }
        if (exponent !== 0) {
            temp += 'e' + exponent;
        }
        if ((temp.length < result.length ||
                    (hexadecimal && value > 1e12 && Math.floor(value) === value && (temp = '0x' + value.toString(16)).length < result.length)) &&
                +temp === value) {
            result = temp;
        }

        return result;
    }

    // Generate valid RegExp expression.
    // This function is based on https://github.com/Constellation/iv Engine

    function escapeRegExpCharacter(ch, previousIsBackslash) {
        // not handling '\' and handling \u2028 or \u2029 to unicode escape sequence
        if ((ch & ~1) === 0x2028) {
            return (previousIsBackslash ? 'u' : '\\u') + ((ch === 0x2028) ? '2028' : '2029');
        } else if (ch === 10 || ch === 13) {  // \n, \r
            return (previousIsBackslash ? '' : '\\') + ((ch === 10) ? 'n' : 'r');
        }
        return String.fromCharCode(ch);
    }

    function generateRegExp(reg) {
        var match, result, flags, i, iz, ch, characterInBrack, previousIsBackslash;

        result = reg.toString();

        if (reg.source) {
            // extract flag from toString result
            match = result.match(/\/([^/]*)$/);
            if (!match) {
                return result;
            }

            flags = match[1];
            result = '';

            characterInBrack = false;
            previousIsBackslash = false;
            for (i = 0, iz = reg.source.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                ch = reg.source.charCodeAt(i);

                if (!previousIsBackslash) {
                    if (characterInBrack) {
                        if (ch === 93) {  // ]
                            characterInBrack = false;
                        }
                    } else {
                        if (ch === 47) {  // /
                            result += '\\';
                        } else if (ch === 91) {  // [
                            characterInBrack = true;
                        }
                    }
                    result += escapeRegExpCharacter(ch, previousIsBackslash);
                    previousIsBackslash = ch === 92;  // \
                } else {
                    // if new RegExp("\\\n') is provided, create /\n/
                    result += escapeRegExpCharacter(ch, previousIsBackslash);
                    // prevent like /\\[/]/
                    previousIsBackslash = false;
                }
            }

            return '/' + result + '/' + flags;
        }

        return result;
    }

    function escapeAllowedCharacter(code, next) {
        var hex;

        if (code === 0x08  /* \b */) {
            return '\\b';
        }

        if (code === 0x0C  /* \f */) {
            return '\\f';
        }

        if (code === 0x09  /* \t */) {
            return '\\t';
        }

        hex = code.toString(16).toUpperCase();
        if (json || code > 0xFF) {
            return '\\u' + '0000'.slice(hex.length) + hex;
        } else if (code === 0x0000 && !esutils.code.isDecimalDigit(next)) {
            return '\\0';
        } else if (code === 0x000B  /* \v */) { // '\v'
            return '\\x0B';
        } else {
            return '\\x' + '00'.slice(hex.length) + hex;
        }
    }

    function escapeDisallowedCharacter(code) {
        if (code === 0x5C  /* \ */) {
            return '\\\\';
        }

        if (code === 0x0A  /* \n */) {
            return '\\n';
        }

        if (code === 0x0D  /* \r */) {
            return '\\r';
        }

        if (code === 0x2028) {
            return '\\u2028';
        }

        if (code === 0x2029) {
            return '\\u2029';
        }

        throw new Error('Incorrectly classified character');
    }

    function escapeDirective(str) {
        var i, iz, code, quote;

        quote = quotes === 'double' ? '"' : '\'';
        for (i = 0, iz = str.length; i < iz; ++i) {
            code = str.charCodeAt(i);
            if (code === 0x27  /* ' */) {
                quote = '"';
                break;
            } else if (code === 0x22  /* " */) {
                quote = '\'';
                break;
            } else if (code === 0x5C  /* \ */) {
                ++i;
            }
        }

        return quote + str + quote;
    }

    function escapeString(str) {
        var result = '', i, len, code, singleQuotes = 0, doubleQuotes = 0, single, quote;

        for (i = 0, len = str.length; i < len; ++i) {
            code = str.charCodeAt(i);
            if (code === 0x27  /* ' */) {
                ++singleQuotes;
            } else if (code === 0x22  /* " */) {
                ++doubleQuotes;
            } else if (code === 0x2F  /* / */ && json) {
                result += '\\';
            } else if (esutils.code.isLineTerminator(code) || code === 0x5C  /* \ */) {
                result += escapeDisallowedCharacter(code);
                continue;
            } else if (!esutils.code.isIdentifierPartES5(code) && (json && code < 0x20  /* SP */ || !json && !escapeless && (code < 0x20  /* SP */ || code > 0x7E  /* ~ */))) {
                result += escapeAllowedCharacter(code, str.charCodeAt(i + 1));
                continue;
            }
            result += String.fromCharCode(code);
        }

        single = !(quotes === 'double' || (quotes === 'auto' && doubleQuotes < singleQuotes));
        quote = single ? '\'' : '"';

        if (!(single ? singleQuotes : doubleQuotes)) {
            return quote + result + quote;
        }

        str = result;
        result = quote;

        for (i = 0, len = str.length; i < len; ++i) {
            code = str.charCodeAt(i);
            if ((code === 0x27  /* ' */ && single) || (code === 0x22  /* " */ && !single)) {
                result += '\\';
            }
            result += String.fromCharCode(code);
        }

        return result + quote;
    }

    /**
     * flatten an array to a string, where the array can contain
     * either strings or nested arrays
     */
    function flattenToString(arr) {
        var i, iz, elem, result = '';
        for (i = 0, iz = arr.length; i < iz; ++i) {
            elem = arr[i];
            result += isArray(elem) ? flattenToString(elem) : elem;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * convert generated to a SourceNode when source maps are enabled.
     */
    function toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(generated, node) {
        if (!sourceMap) {
            // with no source maps, generated is either an
            // array or a string.  if an array, flatten it.
            // if a string, just return it
            if (isArray(generated)) {
                return flattenToString(generated);
            } else {
                return generated;
            }
        }
        if (node == null) {
            if (generated instanceof SourceNode) {
                return generated;
            } else {
                node = {};
            }
        }
        if (node.loc == null) {
            return new SourceNode(null, null, sourceMap, generated, node.name || null);
        }
        return new SourceNode(node.loc.start.line, node.loc.start.column, (sourceMap === true ? node.loc.source || null : sourceMap), generated, node.name || null);
    }

    function noEmptySpace() {
        return (space) ? space : ' ';
    }

    function join(left, right) {
        var leftSource,
            rightSource,
            leftCharCode,
            rightCharCode;

        leftSource = toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(left).toString();
        if (leftSource.length === 0) {
            return [right];
        }

        rightSource = toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(right).toString();
        if (rightSource.length === 0) {
            return [left];
        }

        leftCharCode = leftSource.charCodeAt(leftSource.length - 1);
        rightCharCode = rightSource.charCodeAt(0);

        if ((leftCharCode === 0x2B  /* + */ || leftCharCode === 0x2D  /* - */) && leftCharCode === rightCharCode ||
            esutils.code.isIdentifierPartES5(leftCharCode) && esutils.code.isIdentifierPartES5(rightCharCode) ||
            leftCharCode === 0x2F  /* / */ && rightCharCode === 0x69  /* i */) { // infix word operators all start with `i`
            return [left, noEmptySpace(), right];
        } else if (esutils.code.isWhiteSpace(leftCharCode) || esutils.code.isLineTerminator(leftCharCode) ||
                esutils.code.isWhiteSpace(rightCharCode) || esutils.code.isLineTerminator(rightCharCode)) {
            return [left, right];
        }
        return [left, space, right];
    }

    function addIndent(stmt, indent) {
        var baseSourceNode = typeof indent === 'undefined' ? base : indent;
        // use SourceNode so it does not break source-maps mappings
        // this will make sure that the line is kept when indentation is added
        if (sourceMap) {
            baseSourceNode = new SourceNode(
                stmt.line,
                0,
                stmt.source || null,
                base,
                null
            );
        }
        return [baseSourceNode, stmt];
    }

    function withIndent(fn) {
        var previousBase;
        previousBase = base;
        base += indent;
        fn(base);
        base = previousBase;
    }

    function calculateSpaces(str) {
        var i;
        for (i = str.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
            if (esutils.code.isLineTerminator(str.charCodeAt(i))) {
                break;
            }
        }
        return (str.length - 1) - i;
    }

    function adjustMultilineComment(value, specialBase) {
        var array, i, len, line, j, spaces, previousBase, sn;

        array = value.split(/\r\n|[\r\n]/);
        spaces = Number.MAX_VALUE;

        // first line doesn't have indentation
        for (i = 1, len = array.length; i < len; ++i) {
            line = array[i];
            j = 0;
            while (j < line.length && esutils.code.isWhiteSpace(line.charCodeAt(j))) {
                ++j;
            }
            if (spaces > j) {
                spaces = j;
            }
        }

        if (typeof specialBase !== 'undefined') {
            // pattern like
            // {
            //   var t = 20;  /*
            //                 * this is comment
            //                 */
            // }
            previousBase = base;
            if (array[1][spaces] === '*') {
                specialBase += ' ';
            }
            base = specialBase;
        } else {
            if (spaces & 1) {
                // /*
                //  *
                //  */
                // If spaces are odd number, above pattern is considered.
                // We waste 1 space.
                --spaces;
            }
            previousBase = base;
        }

        for (i = 1, len = array.length; i < len; ++i) {
            sn = toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(addIndent(array[i].slice(spaces)));
            array[i] = sourceMap ? sn.join('') : sn;
        }

        base = previousBase;

        return array.join('\n');
    }

    function generateComment(comment, specialBase) {
        if (comment.type === 'Line') {
            if (endsWithLineTerminator(comment.value)) {
                return '//' + comment.value;
            } else {
                // Always use LineTerminator
                var result = '//' + comment.value;
                if (!preserveBlankLines) {
                    result += '\n';
                }
                return result;
            }
        }
        if (extra.format.indent.adjustMultilineComment && /[\n\r]/.test(comment.value)) {
            return adjustMultilineComment('/*' + comment.value + '*/', specialBase);
        }
        return '/*' + comment.value + '*/';
    }

    function addComments(stmt, result) {
        var i, len, comment, save, tailingToStatement, specialBase, fragment,
            extRange, range, prevRange, prefix, infix, suffix, count;

        if (stmt.leadingComments && stmt.leadingComments.length > 0) {
            save = result;

            if (preserveBlankLines) {
                comment = stmt.leadingComments[0];
                result = [];

                extRange = comment.extendedRange;
                range = comment.range;

                prefix = sourceCode.substring(extRange[0], range[0]);
                count = (prefix.match(/\n/g) || []).length;
                if (count > 0) {
                    result.push(stringRepeat('\n', count));
                    result.push(addIndent(generateComment(comment)));
                } else {
                    result.push(prefix);
                    result.push(generateComment(comment));
                }

                prevRange = range;

                for (i = 1, len = stmt.leadingComments.length; i < len; i++) {
                    comment = stmt.leadingComments[i];
                    range = comment.range;

                    infix = sourceCode.substring(prevRange[1], range[0]);
                    count = (infix.match(/\n/g) || []).length;
                    result.push(stringRepeat('\n', count));
                    result.push(addIndent(generateComment(comment)));

                    prevRange = range;
                }

                suffix = sourceCode.substring(range[1], extRange[1]);
                count = (suffix.match(/\n/g) || []).length;
                result.push(stringRepeat('\n', count));
            } else {
                comment = stmt.leadingComments[0];
                result = [];
                if (safeConcatenation && stmt.type === Syntax.Program && stmt.body.length === 0) {
                    result.push('\n');
                }
                result.push(generateComment(comment));
                if (!endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                    result.push('\n');
                }

                for (i = 1, len = stmt.leadingComments.length; i < len; ++i) {
                    comment = stmt.leadingComments[i];
                    fragment = [generateComment(comment)];
                    if (!endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(fragment).toString())) {
                        fragment.push('\n');
                    }
                    result.push(addIndent(fragment));
                }
            }

            result.push(addIndent(save));
        }

        if (stmt.trailingComments) {

            if (preserveBlankLines) {
                comment = stmt.trailingComments[0];
                extRange = comment.extendedRange;
                range = comment.range;

                prefix = sourceCode.substring(extRange[0], range[0]);
                count = (prefix.match(/\n/g) || []).length;

                if (count > 0) {
                    result.push(stringRepeat('\n', count));
                    result.push(addIndent(generateComment(comment)));
                } else {
                    result.push(prefix);
                    result.push(generateComment(comment));
                }
            } else {
                tailingToStatement = !endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString());
                specialBase = stringRepeat(' ', calculateSpaces(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded([base, result, indent]).toString()));
                for (i = 0, len = stmt.trailingComments.length; i < len; ++i) {
                    comment = stmt.trailingComments[i];
                    if (tailingToStatement) {
                        // We assume target like following script
                        //
                        // var t = 20;  /**
                        //               * This is comment of t
                        //               */
                        if (i === 0) {
                            // first case
                            result = [result, indent];
                        } else {
                            result = [result, specialBase];
                        }
                        result.push(generateComment(comment, specialBase));
                    } else {
                        result = [result, addIndent(generateComment(comment))];
                    }
                    if (i !== len - 1 && !endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                        result = [result, '\n'];
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    function generateBlankLines(start, end, result) {
        var j, newlineCount = 0;

        for (j = start; j < end; j++) {
            if (sourceCode[j] === '\n') {
                newlineCount++;
            }
        }

        for (j = 1; j < newlineCount; j++) {
            result.push(newline);
        }
    }

    function parenthesize(text, current, should) {
        if (current < should) {
            return ['(', text, ')'];
        }
        return text;
    }

    function generateVerbatimString(string) {
        var i, iz, result;
        result = string.split(/\r\n|\n/);
        for (i = 1, iz = result.length; i < iz; i++) {
            result[i] = newline + base + result[i];
        }
        return result;
    }

    function generateVerbatim(expr, precedence) {
        var verbatim, result, prec;
        verbatim = expr[extra.verbatim];

        if (typeof verbatim === 'string') {
            result = parenthesize(generateVerbatimString(verbatim), Precedence.Sequence, precedence);
        } else {
            // verbatim is object
            result = generateVerbatimString(verbatim.content);
            prec = (verbatim.precedence != null) ? verbatim.precedence : Precedence.Sequence;
            result = parenthesize(result, prec, precedence);
        }

        return toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result, expr);
    }

    function CodeGenerator() {
    }

    // Helpers.

    CodeGenerator.prototype.maybeBlock = function(stmt, flags) {
        var result, noLeadingComment, that = this;

        noLeadingComment = !extra.comment || !stmt.leadingComments;

        if (stmt.type === Syntax.BlockStatement && noLeadingComment) {
            return [space, this.generateStatement(stmt, flags)];
        }

        if (stmt.type === Syntax.EmptyStatement && noLeadingComment) {
            return ';';
        }

        withIndent(function () {
            result = [
                newline,
                addIndent(that.generateStatement(stmt, flags))
            ];
        });

        return result;
    };

    CodeGenerator.prototype.maybeBlockSuffix = function (stmt, result) {
        var ends = endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString());
        if (stmt.type === Syntax.BlockStatement && (!extra.comment || !stmt.leadingComments) && !ends) {
            return [result, space];
        }
        if (ends) {
            return [result, base];
        }
        return [result, newline, base];
    };

    function generateIdentifier(node) {
        return toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(node.name, node);
    }

    function generateAsyncPrefix(node, spaceRequired) {
        return node.async ? 'async' + (spaceRequired ? noEmptySpace() : space) : '';
    }

    function generateStarSuffix(node) {
        var isGenerator = node.generator && !extra.moz.starlessGenerator;
        return isGenerator ? '*' + space : '';
    }

    function generateMethodPrefix(prop) {
        var func = prop.value;
        if (func.async) {
            return generateAsyncPrefix(func, !prop.computed);
        } else {
            // avoid space before method name
            return generateStarSuffix(func) ? '*' : '';
        }
    }

    CodeGenerator.prototype.generatePattern = function (node, precedence, flags) {
        if (node.type === Syntax.Identifier) {
            return generateIdentifier(node);
        }
        return this.generateExpression(node, precedence, flags);
    };

    CodeGenerator.prototype.generateFunctionParams = function (node) {
        var i, iz, result, hasDefault;

        hasDefault = false;

        if (node.type === Syntax.ArrowFunctionExpression &&
                !node.rest && (!node.defaults || node.defaults.length === 0) &&
                node.params.length === 1 && node.params[0].type === Syntax.Identifier) {
            // arg => { } case
            result = [generateAsyncPrefix(node, true), generateIdentifier(node.params[0])];
        } else {
            result = node.type === Syntax.ArrowFunctionExpression ? [generateAsyncPrefix(node, false)] : [];
            result.push('(');
            if (node.defaults) {
                hasDefault = true;
            }
            for (i = 0, iz = node.params.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                if (hasDefault && node.defaults[i]) {
                    // Handle default values.
                    result.push(this.generateAssignment(node.params[i], node.defaults[i], '=', Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT));
                } else {
                    result.push(this.generatePattern(node.params[i], Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT));
                }
                if (i + 1 < iz) {
                    result.push(',' + space);
                }
            }

            if (node.rest) {
                if (node.params.length) {
                    result.push(',' + space);
                }
                result.push('...');
                result.push(generateIdentifier(node.rest));
            }

            result.push(')');
        }

        return result;
    };

    CodeGenerator.prototype.generateFunctionBody = function (node) {
        var result, expr;

        result = this.generateFunctionParams(node);

        if (node.type === Syntax.ArrowFunctionExpression) {
            result.push(space);
            result.push('=>');
        }

        if (node.expression) {
            result.push(space);
            expr = this.generateExpression(node.body, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT);
            if (expr.toString().charAt(0) === '{') {
                expr = ['(', expr, ')'];
            }
            result.push(expr);
        } else {
            result.push(this.maybeBlock(node.body, S_TTFF));
        }

        return result;
    };

    CodeGenerator.prototype.generateIterationForStatement = function (operator, stmt, flags) {
        var result = ['for' + space + '('], that = this;
        withIndent(function () {
            if (stmt.left.type === Syntax.VariableDeclaration) {
                withIndent(function () {
                    result.push(stmt.left.kind + noEmptySpace());
                    result.push(that.generateStatement(stmt.left.declarations[0], S_FFFF));
                });
            } else {
                result.push(that.generateExpression(stmt.left, Precedence.Call, E_TTT));
            }

            result = join(result, operator);
            result = [join(
                result,
                that.generateExpression(stmt.right, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT)
            ), ')'];
        });
        result.push(this.maybeBlock(stmt.body, flags));
        return result;
    };

    CodeGenerator.prototype.generatePropertyKey = function (expr, computed) {
        var result = [];

        if (computed) {
            result.push('[');
        }

        result.push(this.generateExpression(expr, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));

        if (computed) {
            result.push(']');
        }

        return result;
    };

    CodeGenerator.prototype.generateAssignment = function (left, right, operator, precedence, flags) {
        if (Precedence.Assignment < precedence) {
            flags |= F_ALLOW_IN;
        }

        return parenthesize(
            [
                this.generateExpression(left, Precedence.Call, flags),
                space + operator + space,
                this.generateExpression(right, Precedence.Assignment, flags)
            ],
            Precedence.Assignment,
            precedence
        );
    };

    CodeGenerator.prototype.semicolon = function (flags) {
        if (!semicolons && flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT) {
            return '';
        }
        return ';';
    };

    // Statements.

    CodeGenerator.Statement = {

        BlockStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            var range, content, result = ['{', newline], that = this;

            withIndent(function () {
                // handle functions without any code
                if (stmt.body.length === 0 && preserveBlankLines) {
                    range = stmt.range;
                    if (range[1] - range[0] > 2) {
                        content = sourceCode.substring(range[0] + 1, range[1] - 1);
                        if (content[0] === '\n') {
                            result = ['{'];
                        }
                        result.push(content);
                    }
                }

                var i, iz, fragment, bodyFlags;
                bodyFlags = S_TFFF;
                if (flags & F_FUNC_BODY) {
                    bodyFlags |= F_DIRECTIVE_CTX;
                }

                for (i = 0, iz = stmt.body.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    if (preserveBlankLines) {
                        // handle spaces before the first line
                        if (i === 0) {
                            if (stmt.body[0].leadingComments) {
                                range = stmt.body[0].leadingComments[0].extendedRange;
                                content = sourceCode.substring(range[0], range[1]);
                                if (content[0] === '\n') {
                                    result = ['{'];
                                }
                            }
                            if (!stmt.body[0].leadingComments) {
                                generateBlankLines(stmt.range[0], stmt.body[0].range[0], result);
                            }
                        }

                        // handle spaces between lines
                        if (i > 0) {
                            if (!stmt.body[i - 1].trailingComments  && !stmt.body[i].leadingComments) {
                                generateBlankLines(stmt.body[i - 1].range[1], stmt.body[i].range[0], result);
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    if (i === iz - 1) {
                        bodyFlags |= F_SEMICOLON_OPT;
                    }

                    if (stmt.body[i].leadingComments && preserveBlankLines) {
                        fragment = that.generateStatement(stmt.body[i], bodyFlags);
                    } else {
                        fragment = addIndent(that.generateStatement(stmt.body[i], bodyFlags));
                    }

                    result.push(fragment);
                    if (!endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(fragment).toString())) {
                        if (preserveBlankLines && i < iz - 1) {
                            // don't add a new line if there are leading coments
                            // in the next statement
                            if (!stmt.body[i + 1].leadingComments) {
                                result.push(newline);
                            }
                        } else {
                            result.push(newline);
                        }
                    }

                    if (preserveBlankLines) {
                        // handle spaces after the last line
                        if (i === iz - 1) {
                            if (!stmt.body[i].trailingComments) {
                                generateBlankLines(stmt.body[i].range[1], stmt.range[1], result);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            });

            result.push(addIndent('}'));
            return result;
        },

        BreakStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            if (stmt.label) {
                return 'break ' + stmt.label.name + this.semicolon(flags);
            }
            return 'break' + this.semicolon(flags);
        },

        ContinueStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            if (stmt.label) {
                return 'continue ' + stmt.label.name + this.semicolon(flags);
            }
            return 'continue' + this.semicolon(flags);
        },

        ClassBody: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result = [ '{', newline], that = this;

            withIndent(function (indent) {
                var i, iz;

                for (i = 0, iz = stmt.body.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    result.push(
                        addIndent(
                            that.generateExpression(stmt.body[i], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                            indent
                        )
                    );
                    if (i + 1 < iz) {
                        result.push(newline);
                    }
                }
            });

            if (!endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                result.push(newline);
            }
            result.push(base);
            result.push('}');
            return result;
        },

        ClassDeclaration: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, fragment;
            result  = ['class'];
            if (stmt.id) {
                result = join(result, this.generateExpression(stmt.id, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));
            }
            if (stmt.superClass) {
                fragment = join('extends', this.generateExpression(stmt.superClass, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT));
                result = join(result, fragment);
            }
            result.push(space);
            result.push(this.generateStatement(stmt.body, S_TFFT));
            return result;
        },

        DirectiveStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            if (extra.raw && stmt.raw) {
                return stmt.raw + this.semicolon(flags);
            }
            return escapeDirective(stmt.directive) + this.semicolon(flags);
        },

        DoWhileStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            // Because `do 42 while (cond)` is Syntax Error. We need semicolon.
            var result = join('do', this.maybeBlock(stmt.body, S_TFFF));
            result = this.maybeBlockSuffix(stmt.body, result);
            return join(result, [
                'while' + space + '(',
                this.generateExpression(stmt.test, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                ')' + this.semicolon(flags)
            ]);
        },

        CatchClause: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, that = this;
            withIndent(function () {
                var guard;

                result = [
                    'catch' + space + '(',
                    that.generateExpression(stmt.param, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                    ')'
                ];

                if (stmt.guard) {
                    guard = that.generateExpression(stmt.guard, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT);
                    result.splice(2, 0, ' if ', guard);
                }
            });
            result.push(this.maybeBlock(stmt.body, S_TFFF));
            return result;
        },

        DebuggerStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            return 'debugger' + this.semicolon(flags);
        },

        EmptyStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            return ';';
        },

        ExportDefaultDeclaration: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result = [ 'export' ], bodyFlags;

            bodyFlags = (flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT) ? S_TFFT : S_TFFF;

            // export default HoistableDeclaration[Default]
            // export default AssignmentExpression[In] ;
            result = join(result, 'default');
            if (isStatement(stmt.declaration)) {
                result = join(result, this.generateStatement(stmt.declaration, bodyFlags));
            } else {
                result = join(result, this.generateExpression(stmt.declaration, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT) + this.semicolon(flags));
            }
            return result;
        },

        ExportNamedDeclaration: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result = [ 'export' ], bodyFlags, that = this;

            bodyFlags = (flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT) ? S_TFFT : S_TFFF;

            // export VariableStatement
            // export Declaration[Default]
            if (stmt.declaration) {
                return join(result, this.generateStatement(stmt.declaration, bodyFlags));
            }

            // export ExportClause[NoReference] FromClause ;
            // export ExportClause ;
            if (stmt.specifiers) {
                if (stmt.specifiers.length === 0) {
                    result = join(result, '{' + space + '}');
                } else if (stmt.specifiers[0].type === Syntax.ExportBatchSpecifier) {
                    result = join(result, this.generateExpression(stmt.specifiers[0], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));
                } else {
                    result = join(result, '{');
                    withIndent(function (indent) {
                        var i, iz;
                        result.push(newline);
                        for (i = 0, iz = stmt.specifiers.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                            result.push(
                                addIndent(
                                    that.generateExpression(stmt.specifiers[i], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                                    indent
                                )
                            );
                            if (i + 1 < iz) {
                                result.push(',' + newline);
                            }
                        }
                    });
                    if (!endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                        result.push(newline);
                    }
                    result.push(base + '}');
                }

                if (stmt.source) {
                    result = join(result, [
                        'from' + space,
                        // ModuleSpecifier
                        this.generateExpression(stmt.source, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                        this.semicolon(flags)
                    ]);
                } else {
                    result.push(this.semicolon(flags));
                }
            }
            return result;
        },

        ExportAllDeclaration: function (stmt, flags) {
            // export * FromClause ;
            return [
                'export' + space,
                '*' + space,
                'from' + space,
                // ModuleSpecifier
                this.generateExpression(stmt.source, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                this.semicolon(flags)
            ];
        },

        ExpressionStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, fragment;

            function isClassPrefixed(fragment) {
                var code;
                if (fragment.slice(0, 5) !== 'class') {
                    return false;
                }
                code = fragment.charCodeAt(5);
                return code === 0x7B  /* '{' */ || esutils.code.isWhiteSpace(code) || esutils.code.isLineTerminator(code);
            }

            function isFunctionPrefixed(fragment) {
                var code;
                if (fragment.slice(0, 8) !== 'function') {
                    return false;
                }
                code = fragment.charCodeAt(8);
                return code === 0x28 /* '(' */ || esutils.code.isWhiteSpace(code) || code === 0x2A  /* '*' */ || esutils.code.isLineTerminator(code);
            }

            function isAsyncPrefixed(fragment) {
                var code, i, iz;
                if (fragment.slice(0, 5) !== 'async') {
                    return false;
                }
                if (!esutils.code.isWhiteSpace(fragment.charCodeAt(5))) {
                    return false;
                }
                for (i = 6, iz = fragment.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    if (!esutils.code.isWhiteSpace(fragment.charCodeAt(i))) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (i === iz) {
                    return false;
                }
                if (fragment.slice(i, i + 8) !== 'function') {
                    return false;
                }
                code = fragment.charCodeAt(i + 8);
                return code === 0x28 /* '(' */ || esutils.code.isWhiteSpace(code) || code === 0x2A  /* '*' */ || esutils.code.isLineTerminator(code);
            }

            result = [this.generateExpression(stmt.expression, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT)];
            // 12.4 '{', 'function', 'class' is not allowed in this position.
            // wrap expression with parentheses
            fragment = toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString();
            if (fragment.charCodeAt(0) === 0x7B  /* '{' */ ||  // ObjectExpression
                    isClassPrefixed(fragment) ||
                    isFunctionPrefixed(fragment) ||
                    isAsyncPrefixed(fragment) ||
                    (directive && (flags & F_DIRECTIVE_CTX) && stmt.expression.type === Syntax.Literal && typeof stmt.expression.value === 'string')) {
                result = ['(', result, ')' + this.semicolon(flags)];
            } else {
                result.push(this.semicolon(flags));
            }
            return result;
        },

        ImportDeclaration: function (stmt, flags) {
            // ES6: 15.2.1 valid import declarations:
            //     - import ImportClause FromClause ;
            //     - import ModuleSpecifier ;
            var result, cursor, that = this;

            // If no ImportClause is present,
            // this should be `import ModuleSpecifier` so skip `from`
            // ModuleSpecifier is StringLiteral.
            if (stmt.specifiers.length === 0) {
                // import ModuleSpecifier ;
                return [
                    'import',
                    space,
                    // ModuleSpecifier
                    this.generateExpression(stmt.source, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                    this.semicolon(flags)
                ];
            }

            // import ImportClause FromClause ;
            result = [
                'import'
            ];
            cursor = 0;

            // ImportedBinding
            if (stmt.specifiers[cursor].type === Syntax.ImportDefaultSpecifier) {
                result = join(result, [
                        this.generateExpression(stmt.specifiers[cursor], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT)
                ]);
                ++cursor;
            }

            if (stmt.specifiers[cursor]) {
                if (cursor !== 0) {
                    result.push(',');
                }

                if (stmt.specifiers[cursor].type === Syntax.ImportNamespaceSpecifier) {
                    // NameSpaceImport
                    result = join(result, [
                            space,
                            this.generateExpression(stmt.specifiers[cursor], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT)
                    ]);
                } else {
                    // NamedImports
                    result.push(space + '{');

                    if ((stmt.specifiers.length - cursor) === 1) {
                        // import { ... } from "...";
                        result.push(space);
                        result.push(this.generateExpression(stmt.specifiers[cursor], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));
                        result.push(space + '}' + space);
                    } else {
                        // import {
                        //    ...,
                        //    ...,
                        // } from "...";
                        withIndent(function (indent) {
                            var i, iz;
                            result.push(newline);
                            for (i = cursor, iz = stmt.specifiers.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                                result.push(
                                    addIndent(
                                        that.generateExpression(stmt.specifiers[i], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                                        indent
                                    )
                                );
                                if (i + 1 < iz) {
                                    result.push(',' + newline);
                                }
                            }
                        });
                        if (!endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                            result.push(newline);
                        }
                        result.push(base + '}' + space);
                    }
                }
            }

            result = join(result, [
                'from' + space,
                // ModuleSpecifier
                this.generateExpression(stmt.source, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                this.semicolon(flags)
            ]);
            return result;
        },

        VariableDeclarator: function (stmt, flags) {
            var itemFlags = (flags & F_ALLOW_IN) ? E_TTT : E_FTT;
            if (stmt.init) {
                return [
                    this.generateExpression(stmt.id, Precedence.Assignment, itemFlags),
                    space,
                    '=',
                    space,
                    this.generateExpression(stmt.init, Precedence.Assignment, itemFlags)
                ];
            }
            return this.generatePattern(stmt.id, Precedence.Assignment, itemFlags);
        },

        VariableDeclaration: function (stmt, flags) {
            // VariableDeclarator is typed as Statement,
            // but joined with comma (not LineTerminator).
            // So if comment is attached to target node, we should specialize.
            var result, i, iz, node, bodyFlags, that = this;

            result = [ stmt.kind ];

            bodyFlags = (flags & F_ALLOW_IN) ? S_TFFF : S_FFFF;

            function block() {
                node = stmt.declarations[0];
                if (extra.comment && node.leadingComments) {
                    result.push('\n');
                    result.push(addIndent(that.generateStatement(node, bodyFlags)));
                } else {
                    result.push(noEmptySpace());
                    result.push(that.generateStatement(node, bodyFlags));
                }

                for (i = 1, iz = stmt.declarations.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    node = stmt.declarations[i];
                    if (extra.comment && node.leadingComments) {
                        result.push(',' + newline);
                        result.push(addIndent(that.generateStatement(node, bodyFlags)));
                    } else {
                        result.push(',' + space);
                        result.push(that.generateStatement(node, bodyFlags));
                    }
                }
            }

            if (stmt.declarations.length > 1) {
                withIndent(block);
            } else {
                block();
            }

            result.push(this.semicolon(flags));

            return result;
        },

        ThrowStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            return [join(
                'throw',
                this.generateExpression(stmt.argument, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT)
            ), this.semicolon(flags)];
        },

        TryStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, i, iz, guardedHandlers;

            result = ['try', this.maybeBlock(stmt.block, S_TFFF)];
            result = this.maybeBlockSuffix(stmt.block, result);

            if (stmt.handlers) {
                // old interface
                for (i = 0, iz = stmt.handlers.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    result = join(result, this.generateStatement(stmt.handlers[i], S_TFFF));
                    if (stmt.finalizer || i + 1 !== iz) {
                        result = this.maybeBlockSuffix(stmt.handlers[i].body, result);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                guardedHandlers = stmt.guardedHandlers || [];

                for (i = 0, iz = guardedHandlers.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    result = join(result, this.generateStatement(guardedHandlers[i], S_TFFF));
                    if (stmt.finalizer || i + 1 !== iz) {
                        result = this.maybeBlockSuffix(guardedHandlers[i].body, result);
                    }
                }

                // new interface
                if (stmt.handler) {
                    if (isArray(stmt.handler)) {
                        for (i = 0, iz = stmt.handler.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                            result = join(result, this.generateStatement(stmt.handler[i], S_TFFF));
                            if (stmt.finalizer || i + 1 !== iz) {
                                result = this.maybeBlockSuffix(stmt.handler[i].body, result);
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        result = join(result, this.generateStatement(stmt.handler, S_TFFF));
                        if (stmt.finalizer) {
                            result = this.maybeBlockSuffix(stmt.handler.body, result);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (stmt.finalizer) {
                result = join(result, ['finally', this.maybeBlock(stmt.finalizer, S_TFFF)]);
            }
            return result;
        },

        SwitchStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, fragment, i, iz, bodyFlags, that = this;
            withIndent(function () {
                result = [
                    'switch' + space + '(',
                    that.generateExpression(stmt.discriminant, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                    ')' + space + '{' + newline
                ];
            });
            if (stmt.cases) {
                bodyFlags = S_TFFF;
                for (i = 0, iz = stmt.cases.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    if (i === iz - 1) {
                        bodyFlags |= F_SEMICOLON_OPT;
                    }
                    fragment = addIndent(this.generateStatement(stmt.cases[i], bodyFlags));
                    result.push(fragment);
                    if (!endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(fragment).toString())) {
                        result.push(newline);
                    }
                }
            }
            result.push(addIndent('}'));
            return result;
        },

        SwitchCase: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, fragment, i, iz, bodyFlags, that = this;
            withIndent(function () {
                if (stmt.test) {
                    result = [
                        join('case', that.generateExpression(stmt.test, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT)),
                        ':'
                    ];
                } else {
                    result = ['default:'];
                }

                i = 0;
                iz = stmt.consequent.length;
                if (iz && stmt.consequent[0].type === Syntax.BlockStatement) {
                    fragment = that.maybeBlock(stmt.consequent[0], S_TFFF);
                    result.push(fragment);
                    i = 1;
                }

                if (i !== iz && !endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                    result.push(newline);
                }

                bodyFlags = S_TFFF;
                for (; i < iz; ++i) {
                    if (i === iz - 1 && flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT) {
                        bodyFlags |= F_SEMICOLON_OPT;
                    }
                    fragment = addIndent(that.generateStatement(stmt.consequent[i], bodyFlags));
                    result.push(fragment);
                    if (i + 1 !== iz && !endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(fragment).toString())) {
                        result.push(newline);
                    }
                }
            });
            return result;
        },

        IfStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, bodyFlags, semicolonOptional, that = this;
            withIndent(function () {
                result = [
                    'if' + space + '(',
                    that.generateExpression(stmt.test, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                    ')'
                ];
            });
            semicolonOptional = flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT;
            bodyFlags = S_TFFF;
            if (semicolonOptional) {
                bodyFlags |= F_SEMICOLON_OPT;
            }
            if (stmt.alternate) {
                result.push(this.maybeBlock(stmt.consequent, S_TFFF));
                result = this.maybeBlockSuffix(stmt.consequent, result);
                if (stmt.alternate.type === Syntax.IfStatement) {
                    result = join(result, ['else ', this.generateStatement(stmt.alternate, bodyFlags)]);
                } else {
                    result = join(result, join('else', this.maybeBlock(stmt.alternate, bodyFlags)));
                }
            } else {
                result.push(this.maybeBlock(stmt.consequent, bodyFlags));
            }
            return result;
        },

        ForStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, that = this;
            withIndent(function () {
                result = ['for' + space + '('];
                if (stmt.init) {
                    if (stmt.init.type === Syntax.VariableDeclaration) {
                        result.push(that.generateStatement(stmt.init, S_FFFF));
                    } else {
                        // F_ALLOW_IN becomes false.
                        result.push(that.generateExpression(stmt.init, Precedence.Sequence, E_FTT));
                        result.push(';');
                    }
                } else {
                    result.push(';');
                }

                if (stmt.test) {
                    result.push(space);
                    result.push(that.generateExpression(stmt.test, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));
                    result.push(';');
                } else {
                    result.push(';');
                }

                if (stmt.update) {
                    result.push(space);
                    result.push(that.generateExpression(stmt.update, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));
                    result.push(')');
                } else {
                    result.push(')');
                }
            });

            result.push(this.maybeBlock(stmt.body, flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT ? S_TFFT : S_TFFF));
            return result;
        },

        ForInStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            return this.generateIterationForStatement('in', stmt, flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT ? S_TFFT : S_TFFF);
        },

        ForOfStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            return this.generateIterationForStatement('of', stmt, flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT ? S_TFFT : S_TFFF);
        },

        LabeledStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            return [stmt.label.name + ':', this.maybeBlock(stmt.body, flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT ? S_TFFT : S_TFFF)];
        },

        Program: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, fragment, i, iz, bodyFlags;
            iz = stmt.body.length;
            result = [safeConcatenation && iz > 0 ? '\n' : ''];
            bodyFlags = S_TFTF;
            for (i = 0; i < iz; ++i) {
                if (!safeConcatenation && i === iz - 1) {
                    bodyFlags |= F_SEMICOLON_OPT;
                }

                if (preserveBlankLines) {
                    // handle spaces before the first line
                    if (i === 0) {
                        if (!stmt.body[0].leadingComments) {
                            generateBlankLines(stmt.range[0], stmt.body[i].range[0], result);
                        }
                    }

                    // handle spaces between lines
                    if (i > 0) {
                        if (!stmt.body[i - 1].trailingComments && !stmt.body[i].leadingComments) {
                            generateBlankLines(stmt.body[i - 1].range[1], stmt.body[i].range[0], result);
                        }
                    }
                }

                fragment = addIndent(this.generateStatement(stmt.body[i], bodyFlags));
                result.push(fragment);
                if (i + 1 < iz && !endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(fragment).toString())) {
                    if (preserveBlankLines) {
                        if (!stmt.body[i + 1].leadingComments) {
                            result.push(newline);
                        }
                    } else {
                        result.push(newline);
                    }
                }

                if (preserveBlankLines) {
                    // handle spaces after the last line
                    if (i === iz - 1) {
                        if (!stmt.body[i].trailingComments) {
                            generateBlankLines(stmt.body[i].range[1], stmt.range[1], result);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return result;
        },

        FunctionDeclaration: function (stmt, flags) {
            return [
                generateAsyncPrefix(stmt, true),
                'function',
                generateStarSuffix(stmt) || noEmptySpace(),
                stmt.id ? generateIdentifier(stmt.id) : '',
                this.generateFunctionBody(stmt)
            ];
        },

        ReturnStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            if (stmt.argument) {
                return [join(
                    'return',
                    this.generateExpression(stmt.argument, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT)
                ), this.semicolon(flags)];
            }
            return ['return' + this.semicolon(flags)];
        },

        WhileStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, that = this;
            withIndent(function () {
                result = [
                    'while' + space + '(',
                    that.generateExpression(stmt.test, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                    ')'
                ];
            });
            result.push(this.maybeBlock(stmt.body, flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT ? S_TFFT : S_TFFF));
            return result;
        },

        WithStatement: function (stmt, flags) {
            var result, that = this;
            withIndent(function () {
                result = [
                    'with' + space + '(',
                    that.generateExpression(stmt.object, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                    ')'
                ];
            });
            result.push(this.maybeBlock(stmt.body, flags & F_SEMICOLON_OPT ? S_TFFT : S_TFFF));
            return result;
        }

    };

    merge(CodeGenerator.prototype, CodeGenerator.Statement);

    // Expressions.

    CodeGenerator.Expression = {

        SequenceExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, i, iz;
            if (Precedence.Sequence < precedence) {
                flags |= F_ALLOW_IN;
            }
            result = [];
            for (i = 0, iz = expr.expressions.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                result.push(this.generateExpression(expr.expressions[i], Precedence.Assignment, flags));
                if (i + 1 < iz) {
                    result.push(',' + space);
                }
            }
            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.Sequence, precedence);
        },

        AssignmentExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return this.generateAssignment(expr.left, expr.right, expr.operator, precedence, flags);
        },

        ArrowFunctionExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return parenthesize(this.generateFunctionBody(expr), Precedence.ArrowFunction, precedence);
        },

        ConditionalExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            if (Precedence.Conditional < precedence) {
                flags |= F_ALLOW_IN;
            }
            return parenthesize(
                [
                    this.generateExpression(expr.test, Precedence.LogicalOR, flags),
                    space + '?' + space,
                    this.generateExpression(expr.consequent, Precedence.Assignment, flags),
                    space + ':' + space,
                    this.generateExpression(expr.alternate, Precedence.Assignment, flags)
                ],
                Precedence.Conditional,
                precedence
            );
        },

        LogicalExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return this.BinaryExpression(expr, precedence, flags);
        },

        BinaryExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, currentPrecedence, fragment, leftSource;
            currentPrecedence = BinaryPrecedence[expr.operator];

            if (currentPrecedence < precedence) {
                flags |= F_ALLOW_IN;
            }

            fragment = this.generateExpression(expr.left, currentPrecedence, flags);

            leftSource = fragment.toString();

            if (leftSource.charCodeAt(leftSource.length - 1) === 0x2F /* / */ && esutils.code.isIdentifierPartES5(expr.operator.charCodeAt(0))) {
                result = [fragment, noEmptySpace(), expr.operator];
            } else {
                result = join(fragment, expr.operator);
            }

            fragment = this.generateExpression(expr.right, currentPrecedence + 1, flags);

            if (expr.operator === '/' && fragment.toString().charAt(0) === '/' ||
            expr.operator.slice(-1) === '<' && fragment.toString().slice(0, 3) === '!--') {
                // If '/' concats with '/' or `<` concats with `!--`, it is interpreted as comment start
                result.push(noEmptySpace());
                result.push(fragment);
            } else {
                result = join(result, fragment);
            }

            if (expr.operator === 'in' && !(flags & F_ALLOW_IN)) {
                return ['(', result, ')'];
            }
            return parenthesize(result, currentPrecedence, precedence);
        },

        CallExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, i, iz;
            // F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW becomes false.
            result = [this.generateExpression(expr.callee, Precedence.Call, E_TTF)];
            result.push('(');
            for (i = 0, iz = expr['arguments'].length; i < iz; ++i) {
                result.push(this.generateExpression(expr['arguments'][i], Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT));
                if (i + 1 < iz) {
                    result.push(',' + space);
                }
            }
            result.push(')');

            if (!(flags & F_ALLOW_CALL)) {
                return ['(', result, ')'];
            }
            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.Call, precedence);
        },

        NewExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, length, i, iz, itemFlags;
            length = expr['arguments'].length;

            // F_ALLOW_CALL becomes false.
            // F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW may become false.
            itemFlags = (flags & F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW && !parentheses && length === 0) ? E_TFT : E_TFF;

            result = join(
                'new',
                this.generateExpression(expr.callee, Precedence.New, itemFlags)
            );

            if (!(flags & F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW) || parentheses || length > 0) {
                result.push('(');
                for (i = 0, iz = length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    result.push(this.generateExpression(expr['arguments'][i], Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT));
                    if (i + 1 < iz) {
                        result.push(',' + space);
                    }
                }
                result.push(')');
            }

            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.New, precedence);
        },

        MemberExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, fragment;

            // F_ALLOW_UNPARATH_NEW becomes false.
            result = [this.generateExpression(expr.object, Precedence.Call, (flags & F_ALLOW_CALL) ? E_TTF : E_TFF)];

            if (expr.computed) {
                result.push('[');
                result.push(this.generateExpression(expr.property, Precedence.Sequence, flags & F_ALLOW_CALL ? E_TTT : E_TFT));
                result.push(']');
            } else {
                if (expr.object.type === Syntax.Literal && typeof expr.object.value === 'number') {
                    fragment = toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString();
                    // When the following conditions are all true,
                    //   1. No floating point
                    //   2. Don't have exponents
                    //   3. The last character is a decimal digit
                    //   4. Not hexadecimal OR octal number literal
                    // we should add a floating point.
                    if (
                            fragment.indexOf('.') < 0 &&
                            !/[eExX]/.test(fragment) &&
                            esutils.code.isDecimalDigit(fragment.charCodeAt(fragment.length - 1)) &&
                            !(fragment.length >= 2 && fragment.charCodeAt(0) === 48)  // '0'
                            ) {
                        result.push('.');
                    }
                }
                result.push('.');
                result.push(generateIdentifier(expr.property));
            }

            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.Member, precedence);
        },

        MetaProperty: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result;
            result = [];
            if (typeof expr.meta === 'string') {
              result.push(expr.meta);
            } else {
              result.push(expr.meta.name);
            }

            result.push('.');

            if (typeof expr.property === 'string') {
              result.push(expr.property);
            } else {
              result.push(expr.property.name);
            }

            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.Member, precedence);
        },

        UnaryExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, fragment, rightCharCode, leftSource, leftCharCode;
            fragment = this.generateExpression(expr.argument, Precedence.Unary, E_TTT);

            if (space === '') {
                result = join(expr.operator, fragment);
            } else {
                result = [expr.operator];
                if (expr.operator.length > 2) {
                    // delete, void, typeof
                    // get `typeof []`, not `typeof[]`
                    result = join(result, fragment);
                } else {
                    // Prevent inserting spaces between operator and argument if it is unnecessary
                    // like, `!cond`
                    leftSource = toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString();
                    leftCharCode = leftSource.charCodeAt(leftSource.length - 1);
                    rightCharCode = fragment.toString().charCodeAt(0);

                    if (((leftCharCode === 0x2B  /* + */ || leftCharCode === 0x2D  /* - */) && leftCharCode === rightCharCode) ||
                            (esutils.code.isIdentifierPartES5(leftCharCode) && esutils.code.isIdentifierPartES5(rightCharCode))) {
                        result.push(noEmptySpace());
                        result.push(fragment);
                    } else {
                        result.push(fragment);
                    }
                }
            }
            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.Unary, precedence);
        },

        YieldExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result;
            if (expr.delegate) {
                result = 'yield*';
            } else {
                result = 'yield';
            }
            if (expr.argument) {
                result = join(
                    result,
                    this.generateExpression(expr.argument, Precedence.Yield, E_TTT)
                );
            }
            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.Yield, precedence);
        },

        AwaitExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result = join(
                expr.all ? 'await*' : 'await',
                this.generateExpression(expr.argument, Precedence.Await, E_TTT)
            );
            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.Await, precedence);
        },

        UpdateExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            if (expr.prefix) {
                return parenthesize(
                    [
                        expr.operator,
                        this.generateExpression(expr.argument, Precedence.Unary, E_TTT)
                    ],
                    Precedence.Unary,
                    precedence
                );
            }
            return parenthesize(
                [
                    this.generateExpression(expr.argument, Precedence.Postfix, E_TTT),
                    expr.operator
                ],
                Precedence.Postfix,
                precedence
            );
        },

        FunctionExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result = [
                generateAsyncPrefix(expr, true),
                'function'
            ];
            if (expr.id) {
                result.push(generateStarSuffix(expr) || noEmptySpace());
                result.push(generateIdentifier(expr.id));
            } else {
                result.push(generateStarSuffix(expr) || space);
            }
            result.push(this.generateFunctionBody(expr));
            return result;
        },

        ArrayPattern: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return this.ArrayExpression(expr, precedence, flags, true);
        },

        ArrayExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags, isPattern) {
            var result, multiline, that = this;
            if (!expr.elements.length) {
                return '[]';
            }
            multiline = isPattern ? false : expr.elements.length > 1;
            result = ['[', multiline ? newline : ''];
            withIndent(function (indent) {
                var i, iz;
                for (i = 0, iz = expr.elements.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    if (!expr.elements[i]) {
                        if (multiline) {
                            result.push(indent);
                        }
                        if (i + 1 === iz) {
                            result.push(',');
                        }
                    } else {
                        var fragment = that.generateExpression(expr.elements[i], Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT);
                        if (multiline) {
                            result.push(addIndent(fragment, indent));
                        } else {
                            result.push(fragment);
                        }
                    }
                    if (i + 1 < iz) {
                        result.push(',' + (multiline ? newline : space));
                    }
                }
            });
            if (multiline && !endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                result.push(newline);
            }
            result.push(multiline ? base : '');
            result.push(']');
            return result;
        },

        RestElement: function(expr, precedence, flags) {
            return '...' + this.generatePattern(expr.argument);
        },

        ClassExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, fragment;
            result = ['class'];
            if (expr.id) {
                result = join(result, this.generateExpression(expr.id, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));
            }
            if (expr.superClass) {
                fragment = join('extends', this.generateExpression(expr.superClass, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT));
                result = join(result, fragment);
            }
            result.push(space);
            result.push(this.generateStatement(expr.body, S_TFFT));
            return result;
        },

        MethodDefinition: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, fragment;
            if (expr['static']) {
                result = ['static' + space];
            } else {
                result = [];
            }
            if (expr.kind === 'get' || expr.kind === 'set') {
                fragment = [
                    join(expr.kind, this.generatePropertyKey(expr.key, expr.computed)),
                    this.generateFunctionBody(expr.value)
                ];
            } else {
                fragment = [
                    generateMethodPrefix(expr),
                    this.generatePropertyKey(expr.key, expr.computed),
                    this.generateFunctionBody(expr.value)
                ];
            }
            return join(result, fragment);
        },

        Property: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            if (expr.kind === 'get' || expr.kind === 'set') {
                return [
                    expr.kind, noEmptySpace(),
                    this.generatePropertyKey(expr.key, expr.computed),
                    this.generateFunctionBody(expr.value)
                ];
            }

            if (expr.shorthand && expr.value.type === 'Identifier') {
                return this.generatePropertyKey(expr.key, expr.computed);
            }

            if (expr.shorthand && expr.value.type !== 'Identifier') {
                return this.generateExpression(expr.value, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT);
            }

            if (expr.method) {
                return [
                    generateMethodPrefix(expr),
                    this.generatePropertyKey(expr.key, expr.computed),
                    this.generateFunctionBody(expr.value)
                ];
            }

            return [
                this.generatePropertyKey(expr.key, expr.computed),
                ':' + space,
                this.generateExpression(expr.value, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT)
            ];
        },

        ObjectExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var multiline, result, fragment, that = this;

            if (!expr.properties.length) {
                return '{}';
            }
            multiline = expr.properties.length > 1;

            withIndent(function () {
                fragment = that.generateExpression(expr.properties[0], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT);
            });

            if (!multiline) {
                // issues 4
                // Do not transform from
                //   dejavu.Class.declare({
                //       method2: function () {}
                //   });
                // to
                //   dejavu.Class.declare({method2: function () {
                //       }});
                if (!hasLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(fragment).toString())) {
                    return [ '{', space, fragment, space, '}' ];
                }
            }

            withIndent(function (indent) {
                var i, iz;
                result = [ '{', newline, addIndent(fragment, indent) ];

                if (multiline) {
                    result.push(',' + newline);
                    for (i = 1, iz = expr.properties.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                        result.push(addIndent(
                            that.generateExpression(expr.properties[i], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT),
                            indent
                        ));
                        if (i + 1 < iz) {
                            result.push(',' + newline);
                        }
                    }
                }
            });

            if (!endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                result.push(newline);
            }
            result.push(base);
            result.push('}');
            return result;
        },

        AssignmentPattern: function(expr, precedence, flags) {
            return this.generateAssignment(expr.left, expr.right, '=', precedence, flags);
        },

        ObjectPattern: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, i, iz, multiline, property, that = this;
            if (!expr.properties.length) {
                return '{}';
            }

            multiline = false;
            if (expr.properties.length === 1) {
                property = expr.properties[0];
                if (property.value.type !== Syntax.Identifier) {
                    multiline = true;
                }
            } else {
                for (i = 0, iz = expr.properties.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    property = expr.properties[i];
                    if (!property.shorthand) {
                        multiline = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            result = ['{', multiline ? newline : '' ];

            withIndent(function (indent) {
                var i, iz;
                for (i = 0, iz = expr.properties.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                    var fragment = that.generateExpression(expr.properties[i], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT);
                    if (multiline) {
                        result.push(addIndent(fragment, indent));
                    } else {
                        result.push(fragment);
                    }
                    if (i + 1 < iz) {
                        result.push(',' + (multiline ? newline : space));
                    }
                }
            });

            if (multiline && !endsWithLineTerminator(toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString())) {
                result.push(newline);
            }
            result.push(multiline ? base : '');
            result.push('}');
            return result;
        },

        ThisExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return 'this';
        },

        Super: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return 'super';
        },

        Identifier: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return generateIdentifier(expr);
        },

        ImportDefaultSpecifier: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return generateIdentifier(expr.id || expr.local);
        },

        ImportNamespaceSpecifier: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result = ['*'];
            var id = expr.id || expr.local;
            if (id) {
                result.push(space + 'as' + noEmptySpace() + generateIdentifier(id));
            }
            return result;
        },

        ImportSpecifier: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var imported = expr.imported;
            var result = [ imported.name ];
            var local = expr.local;
            if (local && local.name !== imported.name) {
                result.push(noEmptySpace() + 'as' + noEmptySpace() + generateIdentifier(local));
            }
            return result;
        },

        ExportSpecifier: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var local = expr.local;
            var result = [ local.name ];
            var exported = expr.exported;
            if (exported && exported.name !== local.name) {
                result.push(noEmptySpace() + 'as' + noEmptySpace() + generateIdentifier(exported));
            }
            return result;
        },

        Literal: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var raw;
            if (expr.hasOwnProperty('raw') && parse && extra.raw) {
                try {
                    raw = parse(expr.raw).body[0].expression;
                    if (raw.type === Syntax.Literal) {
                        if (raw.value === expr.value) {
                            return expr.raw;
                        }
                    }
                } catch (e) {
                    // not use raw property
                }
            }

            if (expr.value === null) {
                return 'null';
            }

            if (typeof expr.value === 'string') {
                return escapeString(expr.value);
            }

            if (typeof expr.value === 'number') {
                return generateNumber(expr.value);
            }

            if (typeof expr.value === 'boolean') {
                return expr.value ? 'true' : 'false';
            }

            if (expr.regex) {
              return '/' + expr.regex.pattern + '/' + expr.regex.flags;
            }
            return generateRegExp(expr.value);
        },

        GeneratorExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return this.ComprehensionExpression(expr, precedence, flags);
        },

        ComprehensionExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            // GeneratorExpression should be parenthesized with (...), ComprehensionExpression with [...]
            // Due to https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=883468 position of expr.body can differ in Spidermonkey and ES6

            var result, i, iz, fragment, that = this;
            result = (expr.type === Syntax.GeneratorExpression) ? ['('] : ['['];

            if (extra.moz.comprehensionExpressionStartsWithAssignment) {
                fragment = this.generateExpression(expr.body, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT);
                result.push(fragment);
            }

            if (expr.blocks) {
                withIndent(function () {
                    for (i = 0, iz = expr.blocks.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                        fragment = that.generateExpression(expr.blocks[i], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT);
                        if (i > 0 || extra.moz.comprehensionExpressionStartsWithAssignment) {
                            result = join(result, fragment);
                        } else {
                            result.push(fragment);
                        }
                    }
                });
            }

            if (expr.filter) {
                result = join(result, 'if' + space);
                fragment = this.generateExpression(expr.filter, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT);
                result = join(result, [ '(', fragment, ')' ]);
            }

            if (!extra.moz.comprehensionExpressionStartsWithAssignment) {
                fragment = this.generateExpression(expr.body, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT);

                result = join(result, fragment);
            }

            result.push((expr.type === Syntax.GeneratorExpression) ? ')' : ']');
            return result;
        },

        ComprehensionBlock: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var fragment;
            if (expr.left.type === Syntax.VariableDeclaration) {
                fragment = [
                    expr.left.kind, noEmptySpace(),
                    this.generateStatement(expr.left.declarations[0], S_FFFF)
                ];
            } else {
                fragment = this.generateExpression(expr.left, Precedence.Call, E_TTT);
            }

            fragment = join(fragment, expr.of ? 'of' : 'in');
            fragment = join(fragment, this.generateExpression(expr.right, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));

            return [ 'for' + space + '(', fragment, ')' ];
        },

        SpreadElement: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return [
                '...',
                this.generateExpression(expr.argument, Precedence.Assignment, E_TTT)
            ];
        },

        TaggedTemplateExpression: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var itemFlags = E_TTF;
            if (!(flags & F_ALLOW_CALL)) {
                itemFlags = E_TFF;
            }
            var result = [
                this.generateExpression(expr.tag, Precedence.Call, itemFlags),
                this.generateExpression(expr.quasi, Precedence.Primary, E_FFT)
            ];
            return parenthesize(result, Precedence.TaggedTemplate, precedence);
        },

        TemplateElement: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            // Don't use "cooked". Since tagged template can use raw template
            // representation. So if we do so, it breaks the script semantics.
            return expr.value.raw;
        },

        TemplateLiteral: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            var result, i, iz;
            result = [ '`' ];
            for (i = 0, iz = expr.quasis.length; i < iz; ++i) {
                result.push(this.generateExpression(expr.quasis[i], Precedence.Primary, E_TTT));
                if (i + 1 < iz) {
                    result.push('${' + space);
                    result.push(this.generateExpression(expr.expressions[i], Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT));
                    result.push(space + '}');
                }
            }
            result.push('`');
            return result;
        },

        ModuleSpecifier: function (expr, precedence, flags) {
            return this.Literal(expr, precedence, flags);
        }

    };

    merge(CodeGenerator.prototype, CodeGenerator.Expression);

    CodeGenerator.prototype.generateExpression = function (expr, precedence, flags) {
        var result, type;

        type = expr.type || Syntax.Property;

        if (extra.verbatim && expr.hasOwnProperty(extra.verbatim)) {
            return generateVerbatim(expr, precedence);
        }

        result = this[type](expr, precedence, flags);


        if (extra.comment) {
            result = addComments(expr, result);
        }
        return toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result, expr);
    };

    CodeGenerator.prototype.generateStatement = function (stmt, flags) {
        var result,
            fragment;

        result = this[stmt.type](stmt, flags);

        // Attach comments

        if (extra.comment) {
            result = addComments(stmt, result);
        }

        fragment = toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).toString();
        if (stmt.type === Syntax.Program && !safeConcatenation && newline === '' &&  fragment.charAt(fragment.length - 1) === '\n') {
            result = sourceMap ? toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result).replaceRight(/\s+$/, '') : fragment.replace(/\s+$/, '');
        }

        return toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(result, stmt);
    };

    function generateInternal(node) {
        var codegen;

        codegen = new CodeGenerator();
        if (isStatement(node)) {
            return codegen.generateStatement(node, S_TFFF);
        }

        if (isExpression(node)) {
            return codegen.generateExpression(node, Precedence.Sequence, E_TTT);
        }

        throw new Error('Unknown node type: ' + node.type);
    }

    function generate(node, options) {
        var defaultOptions = getDefaultOptions(), result, pair;

        if (options != null) {
            // Obsolete options
            //
            //   `options.indent`
            //   `options.base`
            //
            // Instead of them, we can use `option.format.indent`.
            if (typeof options.indent === 'string') {
                defaultOptions.format.indent.style = options.indent;
            }
            if (typeof options.base === 'number') {
                defaultOptions.format.indent.base = options.base;
            }
            options = updateDeeply(defaultOptions, options);
            indent = options.format.indent.style;
            if (typeof options.base === 'string') {
                base = options.base;
            } else {
                base = stringRepeat(indent, options.format.indent.base);
            }
        } else {
            options = defaultOptions;
            indent = options.format.indent.style;
            base = stringRepeat(indent, options.format.indent.base);
        }
        json = options.format.json;
        renumber = options.format.renumber;
        hexadecimal = json ? false : options.format.hexadecimal;
        quotes = json ? 'double' : options.format.quotes;
        escapeless = options.format.escapeless;
        newline = options.format.newline;
        space = options.format.space;
        if (options.format.compact) {
            newline = space = indent = base = '';
        }
        parentheses = options.format.parentheses;
        semicolons = options.format.semicolons;
        safeConcatenation = options.format.safeConcatenation;
        directive = options.directive;
        parse = json ? null : options.parse;
        sourceMap = options.sourceMap;
        sourceCode = options.sourceCode;
        preserveBlankLines = options.format.preserveBlankLines && sourceCode !== null;
        extra = options;

        if (sourceMap) {
            if (!exports.browser) {
                // We assume environment is node.js
                // And prevent from including source-map by browserify
                SourceNode = require('source-map').SourceNode;
            } else {
                SourceNode = global.sourceMap.SourceNode;
            }
            // convert newline to a SourceNode in order to work with sourceMaps
            newline = toSourceNodeWhenNeeded(newline);
        }

        result = generateInternal(node);

        if (!sourceMap) {
            pair = {code: result.toString(), map: null};
            return options.sourceMapWithCode ? pair : pair.code;
        }


        pair = result.toStringWithSourceMap({
            file: options.file,
            sourceRoot: options.sourceMapRoot
        });

        if (options.sourceContent) {
            pair.map.setSourceContent(options.sourceMap,
                                      options.sourceContent);
        }

        if (options.sourceMapWithCode) {
            return pair;
        }

        return pair.map.toString();
    }

    FORMAT_MINIFY = {
        indent: {
            style: '',
            base: 0
        },
        renumber: true,
        hexadecimal: true,
        quotes: 'auto',
        escapeless: true,
        compact: true,
        parentheses: false,
        semicolons: false
    };

    FORMAT_DEFAULTS = getDefaultOptions().format;

    exports.version = require('./package.json').version;
    exports.generate = generate;
    exports.attachComments = estraverse.attachComments;
    exports.Precedence = updateDeeply({}, Precedence);
    exports.browser = false;
    exports.FORMAT_MINIFY = FORMAT_MINIFY;
    exports.FORMAT_DEFAULTS = FORMAT_DEFAULTS;
}());
/* vim: set sw=4 ts=4 et tw=80 : */