data-formatted.json

[
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Christopher Columbus"
      },
      {
        "line":"Italian-born navigator who founded fame when he landed in the Americans (October 12,1492)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sat sail on behalf of Spain with three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and his flagship, the Santa Maria"
      },
      {
        "line":"Originally, he had sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find a water route to Asia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Columbus was convinced that he had found the waterway that he sought and that the Americans were actually an extension of China"
      },
      {
        "line":"Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Amerigo Vespucci"
      },
      {
        "line":"Italian member of a Portuguese expedition"
      },
      {
        "line":"Explored South American"
      },
      {
        "line":"Discovery suggested that the expedition had found a \"New World\""
      },
      {
        "line":"After an account of Vespucci's 1497 expedition was published, a cartographer mistakenly thought that Vespucci had lad the expedition and had landed on the New World before Christopher Columbus; the cartographer named the continent America"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Treaty of Tordesillas"
      },
      {
        "line":"Commitment between Spain and Portugal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Crated a papal line of Demarcation, which divided the New World: east of the line of it for Spain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Later, the Papal line affected colonization in Africa and Asia"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"New Spain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Spain's tightly controlled empire in the New World"
      },
      {
        "line":"To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards developed a system of large manors (encomiendas) using Native American slaves under conquistadors"
      },
      {
        "line":"With the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Mercantilism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that colonies existed to serve the mother country"
      },
      {
        "line":"Founded on the belief that the world's wealth was sharply limited and, therefore, one nation's gain was another nation's loss"
      },
      {
        "line":"Each nation's goal was to export more than it imported in a favorable balance of trade; the difference would be made up in their possession of gold and silver, witch would make the nation strong both economically and militarily"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mercantilists believed economic activity should be regulated by the government"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Queen Elizabeth I"
      },
      {
        "line":"Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne"
      },
      {
        "line":"Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World"
      },
      {
        "line":"Brought on a war response from Spain in the form of the Spanish Armada"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Spanish Armada"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Armada was defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault"
      },
      {
        "line":"England's victory over Spanish forces established England as an emerging sea power; it was one of the great achievements of Queen Elizabeth I"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defeat helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Types of Colonies in the New World"
      },
      {
        "line":"In a charter colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation and, based on an agreed-upon charter, electors among the colonists would control the government"
      },
      {
        "line":"A royal colony had a governor selected by England's king; he would serve in the leadership role and choose additional, lesser officers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proprietary colonies were owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the king; the proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the property"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"English Puritanism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology"
      },
      {
        "line":"Puritans were Calvinist in their religious beliefs; they believed in predestination and in the authority of Scripture over papal authority"
      },
      {
        "line":"Though Kind Henry VIII had set out to separate from papal authority in favor of his own Church of England, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained"
      },
      {
        "line":"Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers because of their Calvinist ideology; they sought to make the England Church \"pure\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Puritanism would echo throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Dutch West India Company"
      },
      {
        "line":"The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York"
      },
      {
        "line":"Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois"
      },
      {
        "line":"Instituted the patron system, in which large estates were given to wealth men who transported at lease fifty families to New Netherland to tend the land; few took on the opportunity"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Sir Walter Raleigh"
      },
      {
        "line":"Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement"
      },
      {
        "line":"Returned to England to secure additional supplies; on his return, he found the colony deserted; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settles"
      },
      {
        "line":"After the failure at Roanoke, Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English interest in American colonization was submerged for fifteen years"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"St. Augustine, Florida"
      },
      {
        "line":"French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion; they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida"
      },
      {
        "line":"Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic church"
      },
      {
        "line":"Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants"
      },
      {
        "line":"The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Charter Colonies (Joint-Stock) and \"Starving Time\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Charter colonies were associations that sought trade, exploration, and colonization overseas"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jamestown (1607) was the first charter colony"
      },
      {
        "line":"\"Starving Time\" describes a period in the 1600s during which many colonists died and others considered returning to England"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jamestown"
      },
      {
        "line":"Named for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth's successor in England"
      },
      {
        "line":"James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New World"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, swampy location led to disease & contaminated water sources"
      },
      {
        "line":"Despite location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith's harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony kept it from collapsing"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Indenture System"
      },
      {
        "line":"Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company"
      },
      {
        "line":"Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept come legal rights"
      },
      {
        "line":"However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements; system led to harsh and brutal treatment"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Rolfe"
      },
      {
        "line":"English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia, married Pocahontas"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"House of Burgesses"
      },
      {
        "line":"Representative assembly in Virginia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Election to a seat was limited to voting members of that charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote"
      },
      {
        "line":"First representative house in America"
      },
      {
        "line":"Instituted private ownership of land; maintained rights of colonists"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"First Families of Virginia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wealth and socially prominent families in Virginia who by 1776 had been in America for four to five generations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Included the Lees, Carters, and Fitzhughs"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Headright System"
      },
      {
        "line":"System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists; it promised them parcels of land (roughly fifty acres) to emigrate to America"
      },
      {
        "line":"Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Separatists and Plymouth"
      },
      {
        "line":"Separatists were Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must separate from it"
      },
      {
        "line":"One group of Separatists suffering government harassment fled to Holland, then to America"
      },
      {
        "line":"Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower; they became known as the Pilgrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown Harbor, setting in what became Plymouth, Massachusetts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by the majority"
      },
      {
        "line":"William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Plymouth Colony's first governor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Massachusetts Bay Company"
      },
      {
        "line":"Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping King James I"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model Christian society"
      },
      {
        "line":"These Puritans carefully organized their venture and, upon arriving in Massachusetts, did not undergo the \"starving time\" that had often plagued other first-year colonies"
      },
      {
        "line":"The government of Massachusetts developed to include a governor and a representative assembly"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Delaware"
      },
      {
        "line":"Dutch patrons established the first settlement in Delaware"
      },
      {
        "line":"That settlement was destroyed by Native American attacks"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late 1630s"
      },
      {
        "line":"Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership, ending with English ownership in 1674"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Proprietors and Maryland"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proprietors owned colonies, with direct responsibility to the king"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proprietors were supposed to provide opportunity for Royal control and to decrease the practice of granting charters for charter colonies"
      },
      {
        "line":"In practice, proprietary colonies turned out much like the charter colonies because settlers insisted on self-government"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1632, under George Calvert (Lord Baltimore), Maryland became the first proprietary colony as a refuge for English Catholics"
      },
      {
        "line":"To protect the catholic minority, Calvert's son encouraged religious toleration and established a representative assembly"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Anne Hutchinson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Claimed to have special revelations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan doctrine"
      },
      {
        "line":"The leadership of New England excused her of antinomian teachings; antinomianism is the belief that salvation is attained through faith and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moral laws"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony"
      },
      {
        "line":"With her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638); Aquidneck is now known as Rhode Island"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Roger Williams and Rhode Island"
      },
      {
        "line":"Williams was a Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists"
      },
      {
        "line":"Williams bought land from the Native Americans and founded Providence in 1636; it was soon populated by his many followers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Rhode Island formed as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area"
      },
      {
        "line":"Through Roger Williams, the colony granted complete religious toleration"
      },
      {
        "line":"Tented to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes called \"Rogue's Island\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Suffered constant political turmoil"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"English Civil War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Conflict was based in the struggle between King Charles I (son of King James I) and the English Parliament"
      },
      {
        "line":"Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament argued that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king"
      },
      {
        "line":"Parliament's members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of religion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to outright conflict between Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Maryland Act of Toleration"
      },
      {
        "line":"Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland"
      },
      {
        "line":"Granted after Protestant became governor"
      },
      {
        "line":"Important precedent for later characterization of the United States and its Constitution"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Connecticut"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley; they had slight religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachusetts"
      },
      {
        "line":"The major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the Connecticut colony"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1639, the colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders; these laws provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote"
      },
      {
        "line":"When the corporate colony was established and recognized by England, its charter was founded on the Fundament Orders"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Fundaments Orders are an important example of the growth of political democracy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Carolinas"
      },
      {
        "line":"King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the twenty-year Puritan revolution in England"
      },
      {
        "line":"In hopes of attracting settles, the proprietors planned for a hierarchical society"
      },
      {
        "line":"Experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo; this proved unworkable and the Carolinas grew slowly"
      },
      {
        "line":"Large groups of colonists in the Carolinas came from Barbados; the form of slavery that this group employed proved to be very harsh"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"New York and New Jersey"
      },
      {
        "line":"Last Dutch governor of New York was Peter Stuyvesant"
      },
      {
        "line":"After the British conquered the Dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the title to the lands to his brother, James, Duke of York"
      },
      {
        "line":"James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Residents continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this promise when he became James II, King of England"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Quakers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Quakers believed human religious institutions were, for the most part, unnecessary"
      },
      {
        "line":"They believed they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible"
      },
      {
        "line":"They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors"
      },
      {
        "line":"Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in Both Britain and America"
      },
      {
        "line":"They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that valued independence and social equality"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"William Penn"
      },
      {
        "line":"Founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Penn advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land"
      },
      {
        "line":"Guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom"
      },
      {
        "line":"Settlers flocked to Pennsylvania from all over Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Black Slaves in the 1600s"
      },
      {
        "line":"Because slaves were only a small percentage of the population, they began at almost slaves the same level of indentured servants"
      },
      {
        "line":"Later in the century, African-Americans came to see as lifelong slaves whose status would be inherited by their children"
      },
      {
        "line":"Increased importation and population of African-Americans in the southern colonies began"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Locke and Natural Law"
      },
      {
        "line":"Locke was a major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Isaac Newton theorized Natural Law in the realm of science; Locke followed him, trying to identify Natural Law in the human realm"
      },
      {
        "line":"Natural Law included the rights of life, liberty, and property"
      },
      {
        "line":"Locke's assertion of Natural Law changed the perspective of the social contract theory; he believed that if the above rights were not protected, governments could be overthrown justly"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prior to Locke, their existed a theory of social contract--- people accept certain restrictions on themselves for the benefit of their society; these restrictions are upheld by a sovereign power"
      },
      {
        "line":"Locke's ideas became the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders such as Benjamin Franklin"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)"
      },
      {
        "line":"European merchants purchased African slaves with goods manufactured in Europe or imported from Asian colonies"
      },
      {
        "line":"These merchants sold slaves in the Caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Caribbean commodities were later sold in Europe and North America"
      },
      {
        "line":"Useful for all parties because it was an exchange of goods, not money"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Navigation Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Certain goods shipped from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World port"
      },
      {
        "line":"Enumerated goods from the colonies like sugar, cotton, tobacco, were to be provided only to England"
      },
      {
        "line":"Served as the foundation of England's worldwide commercial system"
      },
      {
        "line":"Though for the benefit of all subjects of the British Empire, its provisions benefited some New World colonies at the expense of others"
      },
      {
        "line":"Intended as a weapon in England's ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to increased tension between Britain and the colonies"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Effects of the Navigation Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hurt the residents of the Chesapeake by driving down the price of tobacco"
      },
      {
        "line":"Transferred wealth from America to Britain by increasing the prices Americans had to pay for British goods and lowering the prices Americans received for the goods they produced"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mercantilism also helped bring on a series of wars between England and Holland in the late 1600s"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Bacon's Rebellion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Virginia's Royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to un the colony for the benefit of Britain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Nathaniel Bacon was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Bacon objected to the rights granted to Virginia's wealthy inner circle and was angered by Governor Berkeley's inability to protect Virginia from attacks by the Native Americans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes, increasing his popularity; Berkeley had him arrested"
      },
      {
        "line":"Soon after, Bacon gathered his forces, opposed the Royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown to defend his forces; position"
      },
      {
        "line":"With British military, Berkeley ended the rebellion"
      },
      {
        "line":"After bacon's rebellion, American colonies turned increasingly away from indentured servants and toward slave labor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"New Hampshire"
      },
      {
        "line":"King Charles established it as a Royal colony"
      },
      {
        "line":"The colony remained economically dependent on Massachusetts; Britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741"
      },
      {
        "line":"Weeks before the signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from Britain"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Glorious Revolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Internal British struggle that replaced the Catholic King James II with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange"
      },
      {
        "line":"Inspired colonial uprisings in New York and Maryland against ruling Royal governors who pressed for more control"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to the overthrow of the Dominion of New England, the control authority imposed by Britain of colonists"
      },
      {
        "line":"William and Mary's new government generally accepted these actions, permitting the growth of colonial institutions and culture"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Half-Way Covenant"
      },
      {
        "line":"Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who had the personal experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Previously, only the children of those who had experienced conversion could participate"
      },
      {
        "line":"Reflected the decline of piety New Englanders"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Salem Witch Trials"
      },
      {
        "line":"Several young girls in Salem Village claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of certain neighbors"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some twenty persons were executed"
      },
      {
        "line":"Puritan ministers finally intervened to stop the executions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Writer Arthur Miller produced The Crucible (1953), a retelling of the Salem Witch Trials and a reflective commentary on the witch-hunts of Joseph McCarthy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Wool Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"All wool that was produced in the colonies could only be exported to Britain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Act restricted Ireland in its wool manufacturing, resulting in many Irish immigrants moving to the American colonies"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Act was meant to protect Britain's own exports of wool at the expense of both the colonies and Ireland"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Enlightenment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Connects to the idea of Deism, in which the universe was created by God and then abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerted and all things were explainable by reason"
      },
      {
        "line":"Enlightenment philosophy dictated that human reason was adequate o solve mankind's problems and correspondingly, much less faith was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe"
      },
      {
        "line":"Idea moved from Europe to become the New World's seed of culture, intellectualism, and society"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some important Enlightenment writers include John Locke (Principia Mathematica, 1687), Isaac Newton (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689), and Rene Descartes, whose basic tenet of philosophical theory existed in the phrase \"I think, therefore, I am.\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Georgia"
      },
      {
        "line":"James Oglethorpe, and English philanthropist and soldier, chartered the colony"
      },
      {
        "line":"Settlers included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some settlers were financed by the colony's board of trustees, including bands of prisoners from British jails"
      },
      {
        "line":"After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a bugger between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida"
      },
      {
        "line":"Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Peter Zenger"
      },
      {
        "line":"German American newspaper publisher and printer"
      },
      {
        "line":"His acquittal of libel charges in New York City (1735) established a legal precedent for freedom of the press"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren reinvigorated free press rights; the case of New York Times v. Sullivan(1964) strengthened the protection of the press against libel cases brought by public figures"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The First Great Awakening"
      },
      {
        "line":"A series of emotional religious revivals occurring throughout the colonies and prevalent in New England"
      },
      {
        "line":"Preachers proclaimed a message of personal repentance and faith to avoid hell"
      },
      {
        "line":"Suggested an equality between and authority (God) and a fixed standard (the Bible)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Helped lay the foundation for a written \"contract,\" which would be important to the establishment of the future United States Constitution"
      },
      {
        "line":"George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards became the most dynamic preachers of the Great Awakening"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Effects of the Great Awakening"
      },
      {
        "line":"American's religious community came to be divided between those who rejected the Great Awakening and those who accepted it"
      },
      {
        "line":"More denominations of Christianity were formed"
      },
      {
        "line":"While the Awakening created conflict among those who argued the points of religion, its ideas helped build connections between people living in different colonies"
      },
      {
        "line":"A number of colleges were founded by those who accepted the Great Awakening, including Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jonathan Edwards"
      },
      {
        "line":"Preacher of the Great Wakening who emphasized personal religious experience, predestination, and dependence of man upon God and divine grace"
      },
      {
        "line":"One of his well-read sermons was \"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God\""
      },
      {
        "line":"While Edwards is known for being one of the most prominent Calvinists, the Great Wakening was partially responsible for spreading the idea that salvation was possible without predestined election, and important Calvinist belief"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Albany Plan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial government; the plan was later rejected by the colonial legislatures as demanding too great a surrender of power"
      },
      {
        "line":"While the other colonies showed no support for the idea, it was an important precedent for the concept of united in the face of a common enemy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"French and Indian War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over land in the Ohio region"
      },
      {
        "line":"It was on of a series of wars fought between France and England throughout the world at the time"
      },
      {
        "line":"Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain grained control of Canada"
      },
      {
        "line":"It was in these conflicts that George Washington first appeared as an able military leader"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"William Pitt"
      },
      {
        "line":"Britain's capable and energetic prime minister"
      },
      {
        "line":"After several humiliating defeats, he led Britain to virtually destroy the French empire in North American by focusing on the French headquarters in Canada"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended hostilities"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Treaty of Paris, 1763"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ended Seven Years War"
      },
      {
        "line":"From France, Britain took Canada and some of what would become the United States east of the Mississippi River"
      },
      {
        "line":"France last all of its North American holdings"
      },
      {
        "line":"Spain took the Louisiana Territory"
      },
      {
        "line":"Treaty marked the end of salutary neglect, a relationship in which the British Parliament had somewhat ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop their character without interference"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"George Grenville"
      },
      {
        "line":"British Prime Minister who set out to solve the large national debt incurred in recent English wars"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods, leading to rebellious activities"
      },
      {
        "line":"Grenville's acts included the Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act (1763), Stamp Act (1765), and Quartering Act (1765)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Benjamin Franklin"
      },
      {
        "line":"Was a colonial writer, scientist, diplomat, printer, and philosopher"
      },
      {
        "line":"Published the Pennsylvania Gazette and wrote Poor Richard's Almanac"
      },
      {
        "line":"Served in the Second Continental Congress and was a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Writs of Assistance"
      },
      {
        "line":"Court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non-specific searches to stop colonial smuggling"
      },
      {
        "line":"Allowed for the searching of homes, warehouses, and shops"
      },
      {
        "line":"James Otis served as a prosecutor in a failed Massachusetts legal case; he argued that these searches were contrary to natural law"
      },
      {
        "line":"Later, the Fourth Amendment would protect citizens against \"unreasonable searches and seizures\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Proclamation of 1763"
      },
      {
        "line":"Was a result of Pontiac's Rebellion, a Native American uprising against the British for their mistreatment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians to reduce friction between Native Americans and the settlers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stated that Native Americans owned the land on which they wee residing"
      },
      {
        "line":"Outraged colonists believed that the successful outcome of the French and Indian War should have allowed settlement in the Ohio Valley"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Sugar Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"It taxed goods imported to America to raise revenue for England after it incurred debt during the French and Indian War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Strictly enforced, unlike the Molasses act of 1733"
      },
      {
        "line":"Taxed goods included imports such as wine, cloth, coffee, and silk"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Quartering Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Act that required the colonies in which British troops were stationed to provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Colonists reacted negatively, fearing a standing army and disliking the additional costs"
      },
      {
        "line":"After the emergence of the United States Constitution, the Third Amendment protected citizens against the stationing of troops in their homes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Stamp Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"An internal tax, the sole purpose of which was to raise revenue"
      },
      {
        "line":"Required Americans to uses \"stamped\" paper for legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards, among other goods"
      },
      {
        "line":"Revenue from this tax was to be used solely for the support of the British soldiers protecting the colonies"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Declaratory Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Act giving Britain the power to tax and make laws for the Americans in all cases"
      },
      {
        "line":"Followed repeal of the Stamp Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Colonists ignored the wording of the Declaratory Act"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Samuel Adams"
      },
      {
        "line":"Revolutionary resistance leader in Massachusetts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Along with Paul Revere, headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Worked with the committees of correspondence, which provided communication about resistance among colonies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Attended both the First and Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Stamp Act Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for defense"
      },
      {
        "line":"Adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Townshend Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created by British Prime Minister Charles Townshend (Grenville's replacement)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Virtual Representation"
      },
      {
        "line":"English principle stating that the members of parliament represented all of Britain and the British Empire, even though members were only elected by a small number of constituents"
      },
      {
        "line":"This ides was meant to be a response to the colonial claim of \"no taxation without representation,\" meaning that parliament was itself a representation of those being taxed"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Boston Massacre"
      },
      {
        "line":"Occurred when the British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"British soldiers killed five Bostonians, including Crispus Attucks, and American patriot and former slave"
      },
      {
        "line":"John Adams provided the legal defense of the soldiers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Though the British soldiers acted more or less in self-defense, anti-Royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Tea Act and Boston Tea Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Concessions allowed the British East India Company to ship tea directly to America and sell it at a bargain; cheap tea undercut the local merchants"
      },
      {
        "line":"Colonist opposed these shipments; they turned back ships, left shipments to rot, and held ships in port"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to the Boston Tea Part in December of 1773, where citizens, dressed as Native Americans, destroyed tea on the British ships"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Intolerable Acts and the Coercive Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Name given by colonist to the Quebec Act (1774) and to a series of acts by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Acts closed the Port of Boston to all trade until citizens paid for the last tea"
      },
      {
        "line":"Acts increased the power of Massachusetts' Royal governor at the expense of the legislature"
      },
      {
        "line":"Allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tried elsewhere"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Methods of Colonial Resistance"
      },
      {
        "line":"Americans reacted first with restrained and respectful petitions, suggesting \"taxation without representation is tyranny\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Colonial merchants then boycotted British goods (non-importation)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Colonist of the Revolution finally turned to violence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Crowds took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated the boycotts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some colonist continued to follow British command and became English \"Loyalists\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"First Continental Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Meeting in Philadelphia of colonial representatives to denounce the Intolerable Acts and to petition the British Parliament"
      },
      {
        "line":"A few radical members discussed breaking from England"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created Continental Associating and forbade the importation and use of British goods"
      },
      {
        "line":"Agreed to convene a Second Continental Congress in May 1775"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battles of Concord and Lexington"
      },
      {
        "line":"Concord—Site suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry"
      },
      {
        "line":"Paul Revere and William Dawes detected movement of British troops toward Concord and warned militia and gathered Minutemen at Lexington"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lexington—Militia and Royal infantry fought; the colonial troops withdrew"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Second Continental Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Colonial representative meeting in Philadelphia, presided over by John Hancock"
      },
      {
        "line":"Group torn between declaring independence and remaining under British power"
      },
      {
        "line":"Moderated forced the adoption of the Olive Branch Petition, a letter to King George III appealing one final time for a resolution to all disputes; the king refused to receive it"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Congress sent George Washington to command the army around Boston"
      },
      {
        "line":"American ports were opened in defiance of the Navigation Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wrote the Declaration of Independence"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battle of Bunker Hill"
      },
      {
        "line":"Bunker Hill was an American post overlooking Boston; the stronghold allowed Americans to contain General Gage and his troops"
      },
      {
        "line":"The colonists twice turned back a British frontal assault; the held off the British until the Bunker Hill force ran out of ammunition and was overrun"
      },
      {
        "line":"America's strong defense led to strengthened morale"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Common Sense"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pamphlet published by Thomas Paine that called for immediate independence from Britain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sold largely and carried favor in the colonies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Weakened resistance in the Continental Congress toward independence"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Lee's Resolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Presented to Second Continental Congress by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Urged Congress to declare independence; accepted July 2, 1776"
      },
      {
        "line":"Said ,\"That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Declaration of Independence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Document restating political ideas justifying the separation from Britain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thomas Jefferson and his committee had the duty of drafting for the Continental Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"John Locke's influences served as a foundation for the document"
      },
      {
        "line":"The final product lacked provisions condemning the British slave trade and a denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had contained"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Articles of Confederation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Framework for an American national government; states has the most power"
      },
      {
        "line":"Empowered the federal government to make war, treaties, and create new states"
      },
      {
        "line":"No federal empowerment to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congressional revision of the articles created a weak national government"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"George Washington's Leadership in the American Revolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Named commander-in-chief of continental forces in June 1775 by the second continental congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Forced British to evacuate Boston in March 1776"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defeated British at Trenton, New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware on December 25,1776"
      },
      {
        "line":"Survived tough winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778); Washington strengthened his troops during the winter and gained respect"
      },
      {
        "line":"General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19, 1781"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battle of Saratoga"
      },
      {
        "line":"American Revolution battle fought in northern New York"
      },
      {
        "line":"The British planned to end the American Revolution by splitting the colonies along the Hudson River, but they failed to mobilize properly"
      },
      {
        "line":"Demonstrated the British could more easily hold the cities, but that they would have trouble subduing the country sides"
      },
      {
        "line":"Considered a turning point, as French aid began after this battle"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Paul Jones"
      },
      {
        "line":"Famous American naval leader"
      },
      {
        "line":"Carried on maritime raids against the British throughout revolution, debilitating their ability to receive supplies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stated, \"Surrender? I have not yet begun to fight.\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Charles Cornwallis"
      },
      {
        "line":"British military and political leader"
      },
      {
        "line":"Was a member of Parliament and even opposed the tax measures that led to the American Revolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led British forces during the American Revolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in 1781"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Western Land Cessions"
      },
      {
        "line":"The original thirteen states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government"
      },
      {
        "line":"The states that lacked western land claims feared that states with claims could grow in size, skewing representation in the federal government"
      },
      {
        "line":"Before signing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims cede the land"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the ceded areas in preparation for statehood"
      },
      {
        "line":"New states were organized and admitted to the Union"
      },
      {
        "line":"This policy strengthened the ties of the western farmers to the central government"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Treaty of Paris, 1783"
      },
      {
        "line":"Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States was represented by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay"
      },
      {
        "line":"Britain recognized the United States' independence and outlined its borders"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States received all lands east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of the Great Lakes"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States agreed that Loyalists to Britain were not to be persecuted"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Land Ordinance of 1785; Northwest Ordinance of 1787"
      },
      {
        "line":"Land Ordinance—Act of Congress to assist in settlement of the West; the sale of land provided federal revenue"
      },
      {
        "line":"Land Ordinance—Organized distribution of land into townships, setting aside a section of each in support of public education"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Northwest Ordinance—Describe how the land north of the Ohio River could become sectioned into states; five states created"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Northwest Ordinance—States would be admitted to the Union when free inhabitants reached 60,000"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Northwest Ordinance—Slavery and involuntary servitude not allowed in these states"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Northwest Ordinance—Set a precedent of how states could join the Union"
      },
      {
        "line":"The ordinances were successful accomplishment by a federal government that before had seen as ineffective"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Jay"
      },
      {
        "line":"Member of First and Second Continental Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"First Chief Justice of Supreme Court"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wrote portions of The Federalist Papers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Shays' Rebellion"
      },
      {
        "line":"During a period of economic depression, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection"
      },
      {
        "line":"Citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels"
      },
      {
        "line":"Americans felt pressure to strengthen the government and avoid future violence"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Tenth Amendment restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people"
      },
      {
        "line":"Article I, Sect. 8 grants the federal government the power to make laws \"which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers\""
      },
      {
        "line":"The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal government r the states and their people, has the right to exercise powers that have not been expressly delegated to the central government"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Constitution of the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787"
      },
      {
        "line":"Included a preamble and seven articles"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created a stronger federal government"
      },
      {
        "line":"Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments; the protect individual rights and freedoms"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Virginia Plan & The New Jersey Plan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Virginia Plan—Presented by Edmund Randolph and written by James Madison"
      },
      {
        "line":"Virginia Plan—Called for bicameral legislature based on population and both the chief executive and judiciary to be chosen by legislature"
      },
      {
        "line":"New Jersey Plan—Presented by William Patterson"
      },
      {
        "line":"New Jersey Plan—Called for unicameral legislature with equal representation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Plans were united in the Great Compromise; the plans form the basis of the modern American legislative structure"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals"
      },
      {
        "line":"Included the Tree-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Federalist Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification"
      },
      {
        "line":"Used The Federalist Papers to demonstrate how the Constitution of designed to prevent the abuse of power"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supporters of the Federalist platforms included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, and northeastern business groups"
      },
      {
        "line":"Federalists believed that the government was given all powers that were not expressly denied to in by the Constitution; the had a loose interpretation of the Constitution"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Anti-Federalist Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Those against the adoption of the Constitution because of suspicion against centralized government ruling at a distance and limiting freedom"
      },
      {
        "line":"George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton were Anti-Federalists"
      },
      {
        "line":"Many of the Anti-Federalists would come to oppose the policies of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Jeffersonian Republican Party absorbed many of the Anti-Federalists after the Constitution was adopted"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"George Washington"
      },
      {
        "line":"First President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Was unanimously elected president"
      },
      {
        "line":"Served two terms"
      },
      {
        "line":"His leadership led to a standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress's legislation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Declared Proclamation of Neutrality in April 1793, keeping the United States neutral in the European wars"
      },
      {
        "line":"His Farewell Address in 1796 warned against entangling alliances, suggested isolationism, and warned of political party factions"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Judiciary Act of 1789"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established office of Attorney General"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created federal district courts and circuit courts"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Alexander Hamilton"
      },
      {
        "line":"First Secretary of Treasury"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposed the federal assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank, and federal stimulation of industry through excise tax and tariffs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Opponents, including Jefferson, saw program as aiding a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hamilton died from wounds sustained in a piston duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson's vice president"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic-Republicans)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Political party that absorbed members of the Anti-Federalist Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proponents included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison"
      },
      {
        "line":"Favored sates' rights and power in the hands of commoners; supported by Southern agriculture and frontiersmen"
      },
      {
        "line":"Believed that the federal government was denied all powers that were not expressly given to it by the Constitution (a \"strict interpretation\" of the document)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Eli Whitney"
      },
      {
        "line":"Inventor and manufacturer"
      },
      {
        "line":"Invented the cotton gin in 1793, revolutionizing the cotton industry and increasing the need for slaves"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts"
      },
      {
        "line":"His innovations led to an \"American system\" of manufacture, where those laborers with less skill could use tools and templates to make identical parts; also, the manufacture and assembly of parts could be done separately"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jay's Treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Attempt at settling the conflict between the United States and England over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade"
      },
      {
        "line":"Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle United States-Canada border disputes and Unites States-Britain losses during the Revolutionary War"
      },
      {
        "line":"The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty of Paris"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Whiskey Rebellion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on which Hamilton's revenue program was based"
      },
      {
        "line":"A group of farmers terrorized the tax collectors; Washington responded with a federalized militia"
      },
      {
        "line":"George Washington and Alexander Hamilton rode out to Pennsylvania themselves to emphasize their commitment"
      },
      {
        "line":"First test of federal authority"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established federal government's right to enforce laws"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Pinckney Treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed by the United States and Spain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Free navigation of the Mississippi River was given to the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"United States gained area north of Florida that had been dispute (present-day Mississippi and Alabama)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gave western farmers the \"right of deposit\" in New Orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods, making in easier for them to get heir goods to the East"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States would later make the Louisiana Purchase, which would cement this right of deposit"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Colonial Painting"
      },
      {
        "line":"Copied European styles, but featured portraits of important Americans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Famous artists included John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjamin West, and John Copley"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gilbert Stuart painted the portrait of George Washington that is now on the one-dollar bill"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Adams"
      },
      {
        "line":"Second President"
      },
      {
        "line":"First Vice-President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Diplomat and signer of the Declaration of Independence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led the country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Kept nation from war during tenure as president"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"XYZ Affair"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping"
      },
      {
        "line":"To settle the issue, French representatives demanded a bribe from the United States just to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States refused the bribe and suspended trade with the French"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to the creation of the American Navy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Alien and Sedition Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power"
      },
      {
        "line":"New hurdles to citizenship were established"
      },
      {
        "line":"Broadened power to quiet print media critics"
      },
      {
        "line":"The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two parties"
      },
      {
        "line":"These Act tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Federalist Part gained a reputation as being a less democratic party, quickening its demise as a political organization"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Response by Jeffersonian republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Included text written by Jefferson and by Madison"
      },
      {
        "line":"Suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stated that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it"
      },
      {
        "line":"The resolutions represented a future argument that would be used when secession and Civil War threatened the country"
      },
      {
        "line":"Called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Napoleonic Wars"
      },
      {
        "line":"War between Napoleon's France and the other European powers, led by Britain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, especially the United States, from trading with their enemy"
      },
      {
        "line":"American ships were seized by both sides and American sailors were \"impressed,\" or forced, ino the British navy"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States was angered by this violation of the \"freedom of the seas\" principle, which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the seas"
      },
      {
        "line":"These violations would escalate and lead to the War of 1812"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Judiciary Act of 1801"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created new judgeships to be filled by the president"
      },
      {
        "line":"John Adams filled the vacancies with part supporters (\"Midnight Judges\")"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Thomas Jefferson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Third President, Author of the Declaration of Independence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State"
      },
      {
        "line":"First president to reside in Washington, D.C."
      },
      {
        "line":"Jefferson's taking of office was called the \"Revolution of 1800\" as it was the first time American changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican)"
      },
      {
        "line":"His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength, while weak leadership in the Federalist Party was a reason for its demise"
      },
      {
        "line":"His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807"
      },
      {
        "line":"He presided over the Louisiana Purchase"
      },
      {
        "line":"His politics were characterized by support of states' rights"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Marshall"
      },
      {
        "line":"Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835)"
      },
      {
        "line":"He was a Federalist installed by Adams"
      },
      {
        "line":"His decisions defined and strengthen the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation"
      },
      {
        "line":"His Court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts"
      },
      {
        "line":"His Court's decisions advanced capitalism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Significant cases included Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Marbury v. Madison"
      },
      {
        "line":"William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by President John Adams"
      },
      {
        "line":"His commission was part of Adams' \"midnight appointments\" during his last days in office"
      },
      {
        "line":"Marbury's commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson's Secretary of States, James Madison"
      },
      {
        "line":"Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute which allowed Marbury's remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the Constitution permitted"
      },
      {
        "line":"This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statutes unconstitutional"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Louisiana Purchase"
      },
      {
        "line":"Purchased for $15 million from France"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of purchasing land without having this authority granted by the Constitution; to make the purchase, he employed the presidential power of treaty-making"
      },
      {
        "line":"United States' territory was doubled"
      },
      {
        "line":"The purchase helped remove France from the western borders of the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Farmers could now send their goods (furs, grains, tobacco) down the Mississippi River and through New Orleans, facilitation transportation to Europe"
      },
      {
        "line":"Opened land to agrarian expansion, helping fulfill one of the tenets of Jefferson's social ideology"
      },
      {
        "line":"The expansion westward created more states with Jeffersonian Republican representation to the point that the Federalists became a marginalized party"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and the West"
      },
      {
        "line":"Departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Rockies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey"
      },
      {
        "line":"Opened up new territories to America"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Burr Conspiracy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and establish a new nation in the West"
      },
      {
        "line":"Burr, a fugitive in politics after Alexander Hamilton's death, was arrested in Natchez and tried fro treason"
      },
      {
        "line":"Under John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Burr was acquitted"
      },
      {
        "line":"Marshall determined that the charge of treason required more than just proof of conspiracy to commit treason; this helped narrow the legal definition of treason"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Embargo Act of 1807"
      },
      {
        "line":"American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic wars"
      },
      {
        "line":"The result was economic depression in the United States; this angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the depression"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"James Madison"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fourth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"His work before becoming president led him to be considered the \"Father of the Constitution\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Participated in the writing of The Federalist Papers"
      },
      {
        "line":"In Congress, he wrote the Virginia Plan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Was a Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Faced pressure from \"War Hawks\" like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging embargo"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led the United states into the War of 1812 and concluded the war in 1814"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Non-Intercourse Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congress opened trade to all nations except France and Britain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression stemming from the Napoleonic Wars"
      },
      {
        "line":"Though the Embargo Act was a protective measure, the Non-Intercourse Act re-engaged the United States in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France or Britain"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Fletcher v. Peck"
      },
      {
        "line":"Marshall Court decision"
      },
      {
        "line":"The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal"
      },
      {
        "line":"A legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption"
      },
      {
        "line":"Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Expansion of Electorate, 1810-1828"
      },
      {
        "line":"Most states had already eliminated the property qualifications for voting"
      },
      {
        "line":"Blacks were still excluded from polls across the South and most of North"
      },
      {
        "line":"The political parties established national nomination conventions"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Tecumseh"
      },
      {
        "line":"Native American chief who was encouraged by British forces to fight against pressured removal from Western territories"
      },
      {
        "line":"William Henry Harrison destroyed the united Native American Confederacy at Tippecanoe"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Causes of the War of 1812"
      },
      {
        "line":"British impressments of American sailors"
      },
      {
        "line":"American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans that the British"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States suspected the British were encouraging Native American rebellion"
      },
      {
        "line":"\"War Hawk\" Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pressed fro intervention"
      },
      {
        "line":"War Hawks desired annexation of Canada and Florida"
      },
      {
        "line":"Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States sided with France against Britain"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"War of 1812 Events"
      },
      {
        "line":"Early victories at sea by the United States, then overcome by British"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States' Admiral Perry took Lake Erie with the navy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada and defeat the British and Native American forces"
      },
      {
        "line":"Andrew Jackson led the American charge through the Southwest"
      },
      {
        "line":"Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict where Andrew Jackson defeated the British; battle fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Washington Burned"
      },
      {
        "line":"During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned the White House"
      },
      {
        "line":"Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto"
      },
      {
        "line":"The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America's Fort McHenry held firm through bombardment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Inspired Francis Scott Key's \"Star Spangled Banner\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"After the War of 1812"
      },
      {
        "line":"Increased American nationalism"
      },
      {
        "line":"High foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco"
      },
      {
        "line":"Turn from agrarian origins towards industrialization"
      },
      {
        "line":"Depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; the Bank of the United States responded by tightening credit to slow inflation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Business slump"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Rush-Bagot Agreement"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the United States and Canada"
      },
      {
        "line":"Rush-Bagot was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Served as the first \"disarmament\" agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the United States"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"James Monroe"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fifth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led during the \"Era of Good Feelings,\" which was marked by the domination of his political party, the Democratic-Republicans, and the decline of the Federalist Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"National identity grew, most notably through the westward movement of the country and various public works projects"
      },
      {
        "line":"Monroe Doctrine—The United States would not allow foreign powers to lead new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow existing colonies to be influenced by outside powers"
      },
      {
        "line":"America feared international influence because of a period of world-wide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon's fall"
      },
      {
        "line":"The \"era\" saw the beginnings of North-South tensions over slavery"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Convention of 1818"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided for boundary between the United States and Canada at the forty-ninth parallel"
      },
      {
        "line":"Allowed joint occupancy of Oregon Territory by Americans and Canadians"
      },
      {
        "line":"Permitted American fisherman to fish in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"McCulloch v. Maryland"
      },
      {
        "line":"Marshall Court decision"
      },
      {
        "line":"Determined that no state can control an agency of the federal government"
      },
      {
        "line":"Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own state banks"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress's \"implied powers\" to operate a national bank"
      },
      {
        "line":"Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Dartmouth College v. Woodward"
      },
      {
        "line":"Marshall Court decision"
      },
      {
        "line":"Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business"
      },
      {
        "line":"New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties"
      },
      {
        "line":"Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Adams-Onis Treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Helped define the United States-Mexico border"
      },
      {
        "line":"The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries"
      },
      {
        "line":"Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific"
      },
      {
        "line":"United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexico region"
      },
      {
        "line":"United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American"
      },
      {
        "line":"Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Cotton in the Early 1800s"
      },
      {
        "line":"The new invention of the cotton gin separated the seeds from the fibers"
      },
      {
        "line":"New states, such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, produced cotton"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to a boom in the cotton market; its global effects crowned the staple as \"King Cotton\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Need for cotton encouraged westward expansion in farming"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Transportation Revolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion of the railroads"
      },
      {
        "line":"Robert Fulton built the modern-day steamboat, transforming river transportation"
      },
      {
        "line":"The transportation revolution cheapened the marked for trade and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Utopian Communities"
      },
      {
        "line":"Movement that copied early European efforts at utopianism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Two examples of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Antebellum Reform"
      },
      {
        "line":"Explosion in the number of colleges; Oberlin College in Ohio became the first coed college"
      },
      {
        "line":"Expansion of state-supported elementary schools"
      },
      {
        "line":"Dorthea Dix led in the establishment of asylums for humane treatment of the insane"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prison reform"
      },
      {
        "line":"Oratory became the common form of entertainment and information"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Lowell System"
      },
      {
        "line":"A popular way of staffing New England factories"
      },
      {
        "line":"Young women were hired from the surrounding country side, brought to town, and housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period"
      },
      {
        "line":"The owners called these \"factories in the garden\" to spread the idea that these facilities would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mills in English towns"
      },
      {
        "line":"The rotating labor supply benefited owners, as no unions could be formed against them"
      },
      {
        "line":"The system depended on technology to increase production"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Slave Codes"
      },
      {
        "line":"A series of laws that limited slave rights"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment and to control their slaves in any fashion they sought, without court intervention"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prohibited slaves from owning weapons, becoming educated, meeting with other African-Americans without permission, & testifying against whites in court"
      },
      {
        "line":"Severely limited the rights of slaves"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Washington Irving"
      },
      {
        "line":"In his time, he was the best-known native writer in the United States and one of the first American writers to gain fame throughout Europe"
      },
      {
        "line":"His satire is considered some of the first great comic literature written by an American"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stories included Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (both in 1820)"
      },
      {
        "line":"His writings reflected an increasing American nationalism, as the stories were based in American settings"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Transcendentalism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Movement to transcend the bounds on the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God"
      },
      {
        "line":"Capable of unity without the help of the institutional church"
      },
      {
        "line":"Saw church as reactionary and stifling to self-expression"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Romanticism"
      },
      {
        "line":"A belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, and traditional values, rooted in turn-of-the century Europe"
      },
      {
        "line":"Emphasized emotions and feelings over rationality"
      },
      {
        "line":"Reaction against the excesses of the Enlightenment led to a growing push for social reform"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Missouri Compromise"
      },
      {
        "line":"Henry Clay's solution to deadlock over the issue of the acceptance of the proposed new state, Missouri"
      },
      {
        "line":"At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states"
      },
      {
        "line":"A slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power"
      },
      {
        "line":"John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they had reached a certain age"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Tallmadge Amendment caused the Senate to block the Missouri Compromise; it sparked heated debate about the future of slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts became a new state (Maine)"
      },
      {
        "line":"The legislative section prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of thirty-six-thirty north latitude would prohibit slavery"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Denmark Vesey"
      },
      {
        "line":"As a slave, he won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina"
      },
      {
        "line":"Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt"
      },
      {
        "line":"Vesey and thirty-four other slaves were hanged"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Gibbons v. Ogden"
      },
      {
        "line":"Marshall Court decision"
      },
      {
        "line":"Determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gibbons received a monopoly by New York to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ogden received the same rights through Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void"
      },
      {
        "line":"Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Hudson River School"
      },
      {
        "line":"Group of American landscape painters"
      },
      {
        "line":"Part of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812"
      },
      {
        "line":"The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland"
      },
      {
        "line":"Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley"
      },
      {
        "line":"Artists included Thomas Doughty, Thomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"James Fennimore Cooper"
      },
      {
        "line":"American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey"
      },
      {
        "line":"His writing was influenced by the American frontier and America's landscapes"
      },
      {
        "line":"His works include The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Water-Witch (1830), and The American Democrat (1838)"
      },
      {
        "line":"His work, along with that of writers like Washington Irving, helped form the foundation for distinctive American literature"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John James Audubon"
      },
      {
        "line":"Romantic-era artist"
      },
      {
        "line":"Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters"
      },
      {
        "line":"Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1886, a nature organization took his name"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"\"Corrupt Bargain\" of 1824"
      },
      {
        "line":"Four presidential candidates—Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury)"
      },
      {
        "line":" Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote; as a result, the election went to the House of Representatives"
      },
      {
        "line":"Henry Clay, in the House of Representatives vote, threw his support to John Quincy Adams"
      },
      {
        "line":"In exchange for Adams winning the presidency over Jackson, Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State"
      },
      {
        "line":"Accusations of a \"corrupt bargain\" were made by Jackson, but are considered to be largely untrue"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Quincy Adams"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sixth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supporters called themselves National Republicans; Jackson supporters called themselves Democratic-Republicans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and Native American affairs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Policies proved unpopular amidst increasing in sectional interest and conflicts over states' rights"
      },
      {
        "line":"After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he forced debates against slavery and against the removal of certain Native American tribes, a Jacksonian policy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"\"Tariff of Abominations\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by Southern planters"
      },
      {
        "line":"John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams' Vice President, anonymously protested his own leadership's bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state"
      },
      {
        "line":"This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities, leading to the Civil War"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Calhoun"
      },
      {
        "line":"Vice President to both John Q. Adams and to his political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828"
      },
      {
        "line":"Champion of states' rights"
      },
      {
        "line":"Author of an essay, \"The South Carolina Exposition and Protest,\" advocating nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the rights of the states to nullify federal laws"
      },
      {
        "line":"Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states' rights, digging deeply into the ideas that would dive the country to the Civil War"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Andrew Jackson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Seventh President"
      },
      {
        "line":"After War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell Native American rebellions"
      },
      {
        "line":"After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, he defeated a British force that had invaded New Orleans, safeguarding the Mississippi River"
      },
      {
        "line":"Popular president due to his image as the self-made Westerner"
      },
      {
        "line":"Implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi"
      },
      {
        "line":"Was against the Bank of the United States"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jacksonian Politics"
      },
      {
        "line":"Called for a strong executive who liberally used the veto"
      },
      {
        "line":"Relied on the party system, emphasized states' rights"
      },
      {
        "line":"Politics came to rely on emotional appeals, with meetings in mass conventions to nominate national candidates for office"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Spoils System"
      },
      {
        "line":"Andrew Jackson's method of exchanging government officials with new civil servants"
      },
      {
        "line":"\"Rotation in office\" was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing common folk to run the government"
      },
      {
        "line":"This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage"
      },
      {
        "line":"In general, officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration; the were not always the most qualified for the positions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and inefficiency; it was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Alexis de Tocqueville"
      },
      {
        "line":"French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process"
      },
      {
        "line":"Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism"
      },
      {
        "line":"A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals"
      },
      {
        "line":"The \"Burnt Over District\" was an area in Upstate New York that was the center of the movement"
      },
      {
        "line":"Protestant Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing personal salvation, strong nationalism, and the improvement of society through social reform"
      },
      {
        "line":"Revivalism included participation by women and blacks, demonstrating the influence and growth of democracy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Mormonism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr."
      },
      {
        "line":"Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints"
      },
      {
        "line":"Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Because of these claims and unusual practices such as polygamy, Mormons were shunned"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eventually, formed the community near Great Salt Lake under Brigham Young"
      },
      {
        "line":"Settlement became the State of Utah"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Webster-Hayne Debate"
      },
      {
        "line":"Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification"
      },
      {
        "line":"Came after the \"Tariff of Abominations\" incident"
      },
      {
        "line":"At issue was the source of constitutional authority - Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom?"
      },
      {
        "line":"Webster stated, \"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Nat Turner"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slave who led insurrection in Southampton, Virginia, in 1831"
      },
      {
        "line":"Influential among local slaves as a preacher"
      },
      {
        "line":"Believed it was his destiny to lead slaves to freedom"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led approximately sixty in revolt, killing the family of his owner and running rampant through the nearby neighborhood, killing fifty-five whites"
      },
      {
        "line":"The revolt was put down and Turner, some of his conspirators, and several free blacks were executed"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to stricter slave laws in the South and an end to the Southern organizations advocating abolition"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification"
      },
      {
        "line":"The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones"
      },
      {
        "line":"Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared the tariff laws void; South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the tariffs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jackson, though a supporter of states' rights, defended the Union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect tariffs by force"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could back down from nullification"
      },
      {
        "line":"Henry Clay presented this Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Biddle's Banks"
      },
      {
        "line":"Andrew Jackson objected to the Bank of the United States created by Alexander Hamilton"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jackson felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to the will of working and rural class people"
      },
      {
        "line":"Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential election in 1832 against Andrew Jackson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Nicholas Biddle, chairman of the Bank, worked with Clay to re-charter the Bank four years earlier than it was due"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jackson vetoed the measure, increasing his popularity"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Texas, Leading to the Battle of the Alamo"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to Texas in the Adams-Onis treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Texas had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following a revolution against Spain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mexico offered land grants for immigration to this area; many Americans responded and came to Texas, increasing population and revenue"
      },
      {
        "line":"Southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave masters; the presence of slavery angered the Mexican government"
      },
      {
        "line":"When the population changed, Mexico's power began to erode"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stephen Austin worked to first make Texas a Mexican state and later independent of Mexico"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battle of the Alamo"
      },
      {
        "line":"During Texas's revolution against Mexico, Ft. Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed"
      },
      {
        "line":"Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious"
      },
      {
        "line":"\"Remember the Alamo\" was the garrison's battle cry in its fight of independence"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Sam Houston"
      },
      {
        "line":"Leader of Texas independence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Houston requested both President Jackson and President Can Buren to recognize Texas as a state, which was denied out of the fear that a new slave state would be formed"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Gag Rule"
      },
      {
        "line":"Forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of Representatives"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stemmed from Southern members' fear of slave emancipation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political hegemony"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Panic of 1837 and Specie Circular"
      },
      {
        "line":"Recession caused by President Jackson's drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state and local banks"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to relaxed credit policies and inflation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, stating that land must be paid for in hard money, not paper or credit"
      },
      {
        "line":"Recession lasted into the 1840s"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Charles River Bridge Case"
      },
      {
        "line":"Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare"
      },
      {
        "line":"Jackson's chief justice, Roger Taney, suggested that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceased to be in the interest of the community"
      },
      {
        "line":"Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Trail of Tears"
      },
      {
        "line":"Worcester v. Georgia was a response to Jackson's Indian Removal Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity"
      },
      {
        "line":"Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court; Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision"
      },
      {
        "line":"By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government's demands to assimilate into Western-style democratic institutions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Still, Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day Oklahoma"
      },
      {
        "line":"The migration's effects were devastating as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed about 4,000 Cherokee"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Horace Mann"
      },
      {
        "line":"American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, suggested reforms in education"
      },
      {
        "line":"Made available high-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling; the public school system has lasted to present day"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mann has been called the father of the American public school"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Whig Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Group stemmed from the old Federalist Party, the old National Republican Party, and others who opposed Jackson's policies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cultivated commercial and industrial development"
      },
      {
        "line":"Encouraged banks and corporations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cautious approach to westward expansion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Support came largely from Northern business and manufacturing interests and from large Southern planters"
      },
      {
        "line":"Included Calhoun, Clay, and Webster"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Ralph Waldo Emerson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Transcendental essayist and lecturer"
      },
      {
        "line":"Self-Reliance (1841), one of his essays, promoted independence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Through the themes in his writing and through the independent life he lieved, Emerson strongly influenced American thought and culture"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Abolitionism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states, which had little success"
      },
      {
        "line":"Anti-slavery societies founded; some faced violent opposition"
      },
      {
        "line":"Movement split into two—radical followers and those who petitioned Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Entered politics through the Liberty Party, calling for non-expansion of slavery into new western territories"
      },
      {
        "line":"Liberty Party would combine with the larger Free Soil Party membership"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"William Lloyd Garrison"
      },
      {
        "line":"His newspaper, The Liberator, espoused his views that slaves should be immediately emancipated"
      },
      {
        "line":"Many other anti-slavery advocates of the 1830's and 1840's recommends a gradualist approach "
      },
      {
        "line":"Because of his inflexible position and the fiery language he used in his paper, opposition to his policy developed within abolitionist groups"
      },
      {
        "line":"Garrison also advocated an unpopular position in favor of equal rights for women"
      },
      {
        "line":"After the Civil War, he promoted free trade, suffrage for women and fair treatment for Native Americans"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Frederick Douglass"
      },
      {
        "line":"An escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist"
      },
      {
        "line":"Escaped from his Maryland owner and published his own newspaper, the north Star"
      },
      {
        "line":"Favored the use of political methods of reform"
      },
      {
        "line":"IN the Civil War, he helped put together regiments of African-Americans from Massachusetts and urged others to join the Union army"
      },
      {
        "line":"Known as the father of American civil rights movement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Population Growth and Change, Early 1800s"
      },
      {
        "line":"Labor shortage meant more opportunity for work"
      },
      {
        "line":"Influx of immigration included German skilled labor and Irish Catholics, who faced discrimination"
      },
      {
        "line":"Growth of population in the West and in rural areas"
      },
      {
        "line":"Urbanization outgrew public services, leading to inadequate security and clean water for city-livers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Race riots, religious riots, and street crime became part of city society"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Women in the Early 1800s"
      },
      {
        "line":"Women participated in limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform in nature, such as abolition"
      },
      {
        "line":"Employment was limited mostly to school-teaching"
      },
      {
        "line":"Still lived in a \"cult of domesticity,\" in which a woman's role in marriage was to maintain the home for her husband and to raise the children"
      },
      {
        "line":"A woman's property became her husband's"
      },
      {
        "line":"In future years, the women's rights movement would rise to confront this \"cult of domesticity\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Martin Van Buren"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eighth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Democrat from New York who had served as Jackson's vice president after Calhoun left the position"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established independent treasury, a system maintaining government funds independently of the national banking systems; it existed in one form or another until 1921"
      },
      {
        "line":"Panic of 1837 hampered attempts to follow Jackson's policies, and he was unsuccessful in re-election"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"William Henry Harrison"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ninth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"A westerner who fought against Native Americans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Nicknamed \"Old Tippecanoe\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Vice President was John Tyler"
      },
      {
        "line":"Harrison died of pneumonia a month after inauguration"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Tyler"
      },
      {
        "line":"Tenth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"President following the death of William Henry Harrison"
      },
      {
        "line":"States' righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist"
      },
      {
        "line":"Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him"
      },
      {
        "line":"Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Dorothea Dix"
      },
      {
        "line":"Social reformer who worked to help the mentally ill"
      },
      {
        "line":"Northeastern jails housed both criminals and the mentally ill in the same facilities; Dix became determined to change this"
      },
      {
        "line":"Her memorandum to the Massachusetts state legislature in 1842 led to the establishment of state hospitals for the insane"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"U.S.-British Tension and Webster-Ashburton Treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"American ship was burned by Canadian loyalists"
      },
      {
        "line":"Canada and the United States disputed the boundary of Maine"
      },
      {
        "line":"British ships sometimes topped American ships to suppress American slave smuggling"
      },
      {
        "line":"The treaty settled the boundary of Maine and the border disputes in the Great lakes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created more cooperation between the United States and Britain in curbing the slave trade"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Irish and German immigration"
      },
      {
        "line":"1840s saw dramatic increases in Irish immigration due to potato famine in Ireland "
      },
      {
        "line":"Poverty of the Irish immigration caused settlement in eastern cities and competition for jobs"
      },
      {
        "line":"1850s had increases in German immigration due to the failed revolution in 1848"
      },
      {
        "line":"Many Germans settled in Wisconsin because they had money and other resources; helped to cultivate the upper-Midwest portion of the united states"
      },
      {
        "line":"The five points neighborhood of New York City included Irish immigrants, African-American, and Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures; it encapsulated the melting-pot phenomenon in the United States"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Manifest Destiny"
      },
      {
        "line":"Belief that American was destined to ex[and to the Pacific, and possibly into Canada and Mexico"
      },
      {
        "line":"John O'Sullivan, an American journalist, wrote an article pushing for the annexation of Texas and coined the phrase \"Manifest Destiny\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Came out of post-1812 War nationalism, reform impulse of the 1830s, and the need for new resources"
      },
      {
        "line":"Those Whigs who supported Manifest Destiny favored more peaceful means; other Whigs fared American expansion, concerned about raising the slavery issue in new territories"
      },
      {
        "line":"Manifest Destin was an engine of both discovery and destruction; while American pushed westward, the ideas behind Manifest Destiny fueled the Mexican War and the displacement of Native Americans"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Transportation in the 1840s and 1850s"
      },
      {
        "line":"Tremendous expansion of railroad lines, creating a national market for goods"
      },
      {
        "line":"Railroads linked the Midwest and the Northeast"
      },
      {
        "line":"Steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Four social classes in the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"Yeoman-Largest group; worked land independently, sometimes along with slaves, to produce their own food, like corn"
      },
      {
        "line":"Planters-Owned large farms and groups of slaves; exercised political and economic control with cotton exports"
      },
      {
        "line":"Poor Whites-Lived in squalor, often worse then the slaves"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slaves-worked land; three-fourths of whites in the south did not own slaves"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Slave labor system-three categories"
      },
      {
        "line":"On large farms, white overseers directed clack drivers, who supervised groups in the fields as they performed gang labor"
      },
      {
        "line":"On smaller farms, a slave was assigned specific tasks, then given the remainder oh the day to himself"
      },
      {
        "line":"House servants were spared physical labor, but they enjoyed less privacy and had direct responsibility to the master"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Slaves in Southern Urban areas"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slaves served as factory workers or in construction"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some purchased their freedom with their savings or disappeared into society "
      },
      {
        "line":"As sectional troubles rose, fewer slaves were able to buy freedom or work in urban areas"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Elements of slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slaves suffered varying degrees of repression, although most received adequate housing and diet"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slaves did commit some violent uprisings"
      },
      {
        "line":"Many slaves tried to run away into bordering free states"
      },
      {
        "line":"Injustice created quiet revolt as slaves sabotaged their facilities, found ways to become unproductive for their masters, and ridiculed their woners"
      },
      {
        "line":"Despite their repression, slaves created their own common culture"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Southern Response to slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defense of slavery shifted from an early view (1970) that slavery as a \"necessary evil\" to being a \"positive good\" (after 1840)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Used scientific arguments, biblical texts, and historical examples to justify slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Both this defensive position and abolitionist sentiment increased "
      },
      {
        "line":"Some Southerners, like George Fitzhugh, a Virginia lawyer, defended slavery by condemning Northern \"wage slavery\"; he used the idea of African-American inferiority to suggest that whites were protection slaves from a world of fierce competition in which, on their own, they would not survive"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The underground railroad and Harriet Tubman"
      },
      {
        "line":"Method used to move slaves to free territory in the united states and Canada"
      },
      {
        "line":"Harriet Tubman was a slave smuggler and \"conductor\" if the Underground railroad."
      },
      {
        "line":"A freed slave herself, Tubman led over 300 to free."
      },
      {
        "line":"The underground led to tension between states"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"James K. Polk"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eleventh President"
      },
      {
        "line":"\"Dark horse\" Democratic candidate who became president"
      },
      {
        "line":"Introduced a new independent treasury system"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lowered the tariff with the walker tariff"
      },
      {
        "line":"Settled Oregon boundary dispute with the Oregon treaty (Treaty of Washington-1846) at forty-ninth parallel rather than fifty-forty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Big believer in manifest destiny"
      },
      {
        "line":"Acquired California"
      },
      {
        "line":"He led the United states into Mexican war"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Edgar Allan Poe"
      },
      {
        "line":"Southern Romantic-era writer"
      },
      {
        "line":"Author of The Raven (1845) and many tales of terror and darkness"
      },
      {
        "line":"Explored the world of the spirit and the emotions"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Causes of Mexican War"
      },
      {
        "line":"The new Mexican republic would not address grievances held by United Stated citizens, who claimed property losses and personal injuries resulting for conflicts during the Mexican revolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Due to sentiment arising from the idea of manifest destiny, there was an increased American interest in Mexican-held western territory"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States had aided Texas in its revolt against the Mexican government and there was growing momentum toward a united stated annexation of Texas"
      },
      {
        "line":"When the united states congress annexed Texas, Polk send John Slidell to negotiate a settlement for that land, for California, and for western Mexico territory"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Mexican government rejected slidell"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Mexican War"
      },
      {
        "line":"John C. Fremont (united states) won attacks by land and sea California"
      },
      {
        "line":"Zachary Taylor defeated large forced in Mexico"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mexican refused to negotiate, so President Polk ordered forces led by Winfield Scott into Mexico city. "
      },
      {
        "line":"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ended the war, giving the United states land originally sought by Slidell (new Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Border set at Rio Grande River"
      },
      {
        "line":"Raised question of slavery in the new territory"
      },
      {
        "line":"Henry David Thoreau and a young Whig, Abraham Lincoln, opposed the war"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Wilmot Proviso"
      },
      {
        "line":"Amendment to a Mexican War appropriation bill"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposed that slavery could not exist in and territory to be acquired from Mexico"
      },
      {
        "line":"The amendment was defeated several times in Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Represented the looming question of slavery's future, which would be decided in the civil war"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Popular Sovereignty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Doctrine under which the status of slavery in the territories was to be determined by the settlers themselves"
      },
      {
        "line":"Doctrine was first put forward by General Lewis Cass, promoted by Stephen A. Douglas"
      },
      {
        "line":"Meant as a resolution to the looming crisis of the slavery question"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Free Soil Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Party created by those Democratic-Republicans opposed to slavery; included anti-slavery Whigs and former Liberty Party members"
      },
      {
        "line":"Opposed extension of slavery into new territories; supported national improvement programs and small tariffs to raise revenue"
      },
      {
        "line":"Zachary Taylor defeated free soil candidate Martin Van Buren president in 1848"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Mexican Cession and Slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Argument existed about slavery in the newly-acquired Mexican Cession"
      },
      {
        "line":"States-righters believed that the territory was the property of all states and that the federal government had no right to prohibit property ownership in territories"
      },
      {
        "line":"Many anti-slavery and federal government supporters contended that Congress had the power to make laws for the territories"
      },
      {
        "line":"Argument in favor of federal power has based on the Northwest Ordinance of 1784 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Gold Rush"
      },
      {
        "line":"Miners who rushed to California after the discovery of gold were called \"forty Niners\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Over 80,000 prospectors \"rushed\" to San Francisco"
      },
      {
        "line":"Increased population led to California joining the Union as a free state"
      },
      {
        "line":"Connected to the idea of Manifest Destiny"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Zachary Taylor"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twelfth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Famous general in Mexican War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Whig President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Opposed the spread of slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly as states to avoid the issue of slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Died suddenly in 1850; replaced by Millard Fillmore"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Industry by 1850"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mostly located in the North"
      },
      {
        "line":"Industry's value surpassed agriculture"
      },
      {
        "line":"United states technology exceeded Europe in such areas as rubber, coal power, mass production, and the telegraph"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cheap immigrant labor threatened the established workers' jobs"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Agriculture by 1850"
      },
      {
        "line":"Agricultural technology increased harvest sizes, saved on labor, and made selling farm goods to international markets possible"
      },
      {
        "line":"Demand for agricultural land grew"
      },
      {
        "line":"Railroads was used to help transport goods"
      },
      {
        "line":"John Deere, an American manufacturer, pioneered the steel-plow industry"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cyrus McCormack invented the mechanical reaper"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Northern Blacks, 1850"
      },
      {
        "line":"Organized churches and groups "
      },
      {
        "line":"200,000 free blacks lived in North and \"West, although their lives were restricted by prejudicial laws"
      },
      {
        "line":"Immigration and new sources of labor for employers threatened the economic security of northern blacks"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The North, 1850"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wages were increasing and the economy was growing "
      },
      {
        "line":"Railroads competition began to harm the canal business"
      },
      {
        "line":"Large numbers of Irish and Germans immigrated to the united states"
      },
      {
        "line":"Urbanization increased as the population grew, bringing problems such as slums, impure water, rats, and foul sewage"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The South, 1850"
      },
      {
        "line":"Plantation system: cash crops grown by slave labor"
      },
      {
        "line":"Agrarian slave labor was more profitable than using slaves in factories"
      },
      {
        "line":"Capital funds were tied up in land and slaves, so little was left investing the new growth or industry"
      },
      {
        "line":"Value system put emphasis on leisure and elegance"
      },
      {
        "line":"Unlike the north, the south remained agrarian and its population was less dense"
      },
      {
        "line":"Due to the rise of cotton, the influence of the Gulf states in the south grew "
      },
      {
        "line":"Cotton became the largest export of the united states"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slave importation continued through the 1850s into southwestern states, despite the federal outlaw"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Stephen Douglas"
      },
      {
        "line":"Senator from Illinois dubbed the \"little Giant\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Was an expansionist and a supporter of the Mexican war"
      },
      {
        "line":"Broke the compromise of 1850 in smal3ler, more acceptable pieces of legislation and pushed it through using various allies in congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"During a senate campaign, participated in debates against Abraham Lincoln (dubbed the Lincoln-Douglas debates)"
      },
      {
        "line":"He believed popular sovereignty was the appropriate ways to handle the slavery question"
      },
      {
        "line":"Introduced the Kansa-Nebraska act in 1854"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Compromise of 1850 (omnibus Bill)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposed by Henry Clay and handled by Stephan Douglas to assure passage by both Northerners and Southerners"
      },
      {
        "line":"Douglas broke the legislation into various pieces, which helped assure that each of its parts would pass"
      },
      {
        "line":"The compromise led to sectional harmony for several years"
      },
      {
        "line":"California admitted as a free state; New Mexico and Utah territories would be decided by popular sovereignty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Tough Fugitive slave act passed"
      },
      {
        "line":"Federal payment to Texas ( $10 million) for lost New Mexico territory"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Fugitive Slave Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Part of the Compromise of 1850"
      },
      {
        "line":"This new Act reinvigorated enforcement of some guideline that had already been established in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which had been mostly ignored by Northern states "
      },
      {
        "line":"Created federal commissioners who pursue fugitive slaves in any state; paid $10 per returned slave"
      },
      {
        "line":"Blacks living in the North and claimed by slave catchers were denied portion of legal due process"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some Northern states passed personal-liberty laws that contradicted the Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to small riots in the North and increased the rift between the North and South"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Millard Fillmore"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirteenth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became president after Zachary Taylor"
      },
      {
        "line":"As a congressman, he revealed his opposition to both the expansion of slavery and various abolitionist activities, driving away supporters."
      },
      {
        "line":"Supported the Compromise of 1850"
      },
      {
        "line":"Failed to obtain a nomination in 1852, but was nominated by both the Whigs and the Know-Nothing Movement in 1856"
      },
      {
        "line":"Know-Nothing Party (Nativists) (1840s-1850s) was anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Harriet Beecher Stowe"
      },
      {
        "line":"Worked with the Grimke sisters, Elizabeth Stanton, and other leaders to pursue activist goals"
      },
      {
        "line":"Early activist in the feminist movement and author of Uncle Tom's Cabin(1851) a novel about slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Uncle Tom's Cabin was denounced in the South and praised in the North; it turned many toward active opposition to slavery and helped bolster sympathy for abolition by Europeans who had read it."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Franklin Pierce"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fourteenth President "
      },
      {
        "line":"Democratic president for New Hampshire"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supported Manifest Destiny despite Northern concerns that it would lead to the spread of slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed the Kansas- Nebraska Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sent Commodore Matthew Perry into Japan to open the country to diplomacy and commerce( Treaty of Kanagawa)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Opened Canada to greater trade"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pierce's diplomats failed in their attempts to purchase Cuba from Spain, leading to the drafting of the Ostend Manifesto"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Henry David Thoreau"
      },
      {
        "line":"Transcendental writer "
      },
      {
        "line":"His Walden (1854) repudiated the repression of society and preached non-violent civil disobedience"
      },
      {
        "line":"He protested unjust laws, slavery, and Mexican War"
      },
      {
        "line":"To demonstrate against these issues, Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax and was forced to spend one night in jail"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thoreau's ideology was reflected in future advocates like Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Ostend Manifesto"
      },
      {
        "line":"Drafted by James Buchanan, John Mason, and Pierre Soule after Soule failed to purchase Cuba from Spain"
      },
      {
        "line":"Suggested that the United States should take Cuba from Spain by force if Spain refused to sell it"
      },
      {
        "line":"Abolitionists saw Ostend as a p;ot to extend slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Southerners supported the manifesto, as they had feared Cuba would be a free \"black republic\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Evolution of the Major Political Parties to pre-Civil War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Key Moment: Debate over the adoption of a federal constitution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Parties: Federalists and Anti-Federalist-who disagreed about the power and influence of the central government."
      },
      {
        "line":"Evolutionary Point: after the Constitution was adopted, the Jeffersonian Republicans absorbed the Anti-Federalist Party and by 1800 the Federalist Party declined"
      },
      {
        "line":"Key Moment: Disagreement over John Q. Adams' defeat of Andrew Jackson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Parties: Whig Party and Democratic-Republicans-Whigs were a combination of those who opposed President Jackson's policies and those who had supported John Q. Adams."
      },
      {
        "line":"Evolutionary Point: After death of Whig President William Henry Harrison, issues became more about sectional unrest."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Kansas-Nebraska Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Legislation introduced by Stephan Douglas to organize the area west of Missouri and Iowa"
      },
      {
        "line":"One goal was to facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad that ran west from Chicago."
      },
      {
        "line":"Walled for two territories to be created (Kansas and Nebraska) and the issue of slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty."
      },
      {
        "line":"Nebraska became a free territory"
      },
      {
        "line":"Kansas' status was impacted by fighting between pro- and anti- slavery groups who moved to the area; the conflict was termed \"Bleeding Kansas\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Creation of Lincoln's Republican Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Democratic Party divided along North-South lines"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Whig Party disintegrated, with its members either joining the Know-Nothings or the newly-created Republican Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Republican Party's unifying principle was that slavery would be banned from all the nation's territories and not permitted to spread any further to establish states."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Walt Whitman"
      },
      {
        "line":"Northern Romantic era poet"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wrote a volume of poems, Leaves of Grass (1855)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Celebrated the importance of individualism and is considered the poet of American democracy."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"James Buchanan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fifteenth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Presided over the country when the Dred Scott decision was announced."
      },
      {
        "line":"Backed the Lecompton Constitution to appease the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"Buchanan., still acting as president after Lincoln's election, denied the legal right of states to secede but believed that the federal government could not legally prevent them"
      },
      {
        "line":"Before leaving office, Buchanan appointed Northerners to federal posts and helped to prepare Fort Sumter with reinforcements"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Causes of the Panic of 1857"
      },
      {
        "line":"Failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. in New York"
      },
      {
        "line":"Overspeculation in railroads and lands"
      },
      {
        "line":"Decreased in flow of European capital for United States investments because of Europe's own war."
      },
      {
        "line":"Surplus of wheat hurt Northern farmers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Panic spread to Europe, South America, and the Far East"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Panic fueled sectional tensions as Northerners blamed it on the low tariff policies of the Southern-dominated Congress"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Dred Scott v. Sandford"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supreme Court case involving a slave, Scott, who was taken by his master from Missouri, a slave state, to Illinois, a free state."
      },
      {
        "line":"After Scott had been returned to Missouri, he sued for freedom for himself and his family, stating that by residing in a free state he had ended his slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"President Buchanan meant for the case's decision to serve as the basis for the slavery issue"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pro-Southern Judge Taney ruled that Scott did not have the right of citizenship, which he could need to be able to bring forth a suit"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ruled further that the Missouri Compromise itself was unconstitutional because Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, as slaves were property"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Scott decision would apply to all African-Americans, who were regarded as inferior and , therefore without rights."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Lecompton Constitution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Document submitted by pro-slavery leaders in territorial Kansas that put no restrictions on slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Free-soilers boycotted the constitutional convention in Lecompton because the document would not leave Kansas a free territory"
      },
      {
        "line":"Though President Buchanan supported the constitution as the basis for Kansas' statehood, Congress voted against it."
      },
      {
        "line":"The constitution was turned down and Kansas remained a territory."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Lincoln Douglas Debates"
      },
      {
        "line":"Came out of the Illinois senatorial campaign between Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln"
      },
      {
        "line":"Slavery was a major issue in the debates, as Douglas maintained that popular sovereignty was supported by the basic elements of democracy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Douglas' \"Freeport Doctrine\"-despite the Dred Scott case, slavery could be prevented by the refusal of the people living in a territory to pass laws favorable to slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln had a moral opposition to slavery's spread and demanded constitutional protection where it existed"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln lost the Senate election to Douglas, but he stepped into the national limelight"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John Brown"
      },
      {
        "line":"Brown and his sons killed five pro-slavery settlers in Kansas in an incident known as the \"Pottawatamie Creek Massacre\""
      },
      {
        "line":"He was supported by some Northern abolitionists to start a countrywide revolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"He led followers to seize a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, hoping to start the rebellion (1859)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Brown was arrested and hanged"
      },
      {
        "line":"Brown was often referred to as \"God's Angry Man\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Transportation from 1860-1900"
      },
      {
        "line":"Railroad transportation provided opportunities for movement of goods and people to the West and raw materials to the East"
      },
      {
        "line":"Affected population movements"
      },
      {
        "line":"Made Chicago one of the most populous cities in the nation by 1900"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Election of 1960"
      },
      {
        "line":"Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln"
      },
      {
        "line":"Major plank of his campaign-containment of slavery and encouragement of transcontinental rail"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Democratic vote was split between Douglas and several other strong candidates"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln won the election, and after his inauguration, the Sough seceded."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Abraham Lincoln"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sixteenth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Lincoln-Douglas Debates won him high national regard and, eventually, the Republican nomination for president"
      },
      {
        "line":"Produced and led a Northern army to defend the Union against the secessionists"
      },
      {
        "line":"Suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War, which was upheld by Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves whitin the Confederacy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Developed the \"10% Plan\" for Reconstruction"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gave the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, which began \"Four score and seven years ago...\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Assassinated while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington; the assassin, John Wilkes Booth, believed he was assisting the Southern cause."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Secession"
      },
      {
        "line":"Response to the election of Abraham Lincoln, who sought to contain slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"South Carolina voted to secede on December 20, 1860"
      },
      {
        "line":"Over the next two months Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas seceded"
      },
      {
        "line":"These states declared themselves the Confederate State of America and elected Jefferson Davis as president, adopting a constitution that permitted slavery rights and the sovereignty of states"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil War Conscription"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congress passed a federal conscription law in 1863"
      },
      {
        "line":"Rioting in the North took place, notably in New York City, when drafted individuals were permitted to avoid service by hiring a substitute or paying $300"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Confederacy's short supply of manpower meant an earlier draft, beginning in 1862"
      },
      {
        "line":"Southerners could also hire substitutes or purchase an exemption"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil War Advantages for the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"Only needed to resist being conquered "
      },
      {
        "line":"Vast in land size "
      },
      {
        "line":"Troops would fight in their familiar home territory"
      },
      {
        "line":"Highly qualified senior officers including Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, Albert Sidney Johnston and Stonewall Jackson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Inspired to protect their familiar institution and culture"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil War Advantages for the North"
      },
      {
        "line":"Greater population, More wealth "
      },
      {
        "line":"Better railroad lines and more established trade routes than the South "
      },
      {
        "line":"Were able to use the moral issue of fighting slavery as motivation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Anaconda Plan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Civil War strategy by Northern General Winfield Scott to crush the Southern rebellion "
      },
      {
        "line":"Called for a naval blockage to shut out Europeans supplies and exports. A campaign to take Mississippi River and , thereby, split the South, and a targeting of Southern cities in hopes that pro-Unionists would rise up in the South and over throw the secession "
      },
      {
        "line":"Both the blockade and the taking of Mississippi were successful"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Homestead Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Granted 160 acres of government land to any person who would farm it for at least five years"
      },
      {
        "line":"The government helped to settle the West with the provision "
      },
      {
        "line":"This \"free soil\" proposal became law when the Southern Democrats were not part of Congress"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battle of Antietam"
      },
      {
        "line":"General George McClellan attempted to defeat Lee and shorten the war, but failed"
      },
      {
        "line":"McClellan had discovered detailed plans for Lee's entire operation but ignored the opportunity because the over cautiousness"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lee's army was forced to retreat to Virginia after a bloody battle at Antietam "
      },
      {
        "line":"McClellan's Failure to pursue Lee led Lincoln to remove him from command"
      },
      {
        "line":"Because the C.S.A. didn't win a decisive victory, they failed to win the support of foreign governments to their \"cause\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Emancipation Proclamation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Declared all slaves to be free in areas under rebel control, thus exempting conquered areas of the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln was criticized for not abolishing slavery everywhere"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to slaves in the South leaving their plantations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Increased morale in the North"
      },
      {
        "line":"Partly designed to keep England from joining the war on the side of the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"Changed perception of the war from a conflict to preserve the Union to a war to end slavery"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battle of Gettysburg"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lee invaded Pennsylvania from Virginia, pursued by Northern General Meade "
      },
      {
        "line":"Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia"
      },
      {
        "line":"The bloodiest, most decisive battle of the Civil War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Farthest northern advance of the Confederacy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil War Ships"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ironclads were Civil War ships protected from cannon fire by iron plates bolted over the sloping wooden sides"
      },
      {
        "line":"Confederates outfitted an old wooden warship, the Merrimack, with iron railroad rails and renamed it the Virginia; it achieved devastating results"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Union's Monitor fought the Merrimack to a standstill"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Lincoln's \"10% Plan\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln believed that seceded states should be restored to the Union quickly and easily, with \"malice toward none, which charity for all.\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln's \"10% Plan\" allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery"
      },
      {
        "line":"When 10 percent of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed"
      },
      {
        "line":"This plan was not accepted by Congress"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Sherman's March to the Sea"
      },
      {
        "line":"General William Tecumseh Sherman led Union troops through Georgia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sherman and Union Commander, Ulysses S. Grant, believed in a \"total war\" that would break the South's psychological capacity to fight; Sherman's army sought to eliminate civilian support to Southern troops"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sherman captured and burned Atlanta in September of 1864"
      },
      {
        "line":"The purpose of destroying Georgia was to lower Southern morale and diminish supplies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sherman led troops to Savannah, then on to South and North Carolina"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Northern Election of 1864"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln ran against General McClellan, who claimed that he war was a failure and called for a peace settlement"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln ran on the ticket of national unity with Andrew Johnson, a loyalist from Tennessee"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sherman's taking of Atlanta helped Lincoln win the election"
      },
      {
        "line":"Those sympathetic to the Southern cause were labeled \"Copperheads\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Wade-Davis Bill"
      },
      {
        "line":"A proposal to reunite the country by Senators Wade and Davis"
      },
      {
        "line":"Required that 50 percent of a state's white male voters take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union"
      },
      {
        "line":"Demanded stronger efforts on behalf of states to emancipate slaves"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lincoln \"pocket-vetoed\" the bill in favor of his \"10% Plan\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Conclusion of the Civil War"
      },
      {
        "line":"With his forces surrounded, General Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lee's surrender caused the remaining Confederate soldiers to lay down their arms"
      },
      {
        "line":"By the end of the conflict, the country had sustained over 600,000 casualties"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Freedman's Bureau"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congressional support agency providing food, clothing, and education for freed slaves"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ex-slave states were divided into districts that were managed by assistant commissioners"
      },
      {
        "line":"Despite its benefits, the Bureau failed to establish the freed slaves as landowners"
      },
      {
        "line":"It organized the African-American vote for the Republican Party, creating great animosity toward the Bureau in the South"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Radical Republicans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Faction of the Republican Party that believed the Civil War was meant to stop slavery and emancipate all slaves"
      },
      {
        "line":"Believed Congress should control Reconstruction and not the president "
      },
      {
        "line":"Rejected the reentry of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana into the Union, despite their qualification under the \"10% Plan\""
      },
      {
        "line":"They wanted the rebellious South to be dealt with in a harsher manner"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ben Wade and Thad Stevens were among their members"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil War Amendments"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirteenth Amendment (1865)-abolished slavery in the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fourteenth Amendment (1868)-African-Americans became citizens and no state could deny life, liberty, or property without due process of the law"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fifteenth Amendment (1870)-No state could deny the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Black Codes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Restrictions by Southern states on former slaves"
      },
      {
        "line":"Designed to replicate the conditions of slavery in the post-Civil War South "
      },
      {
        "line":"Various codes prohibited meetings without a white present, while others established segregated public facilities"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to Radical Republican opposition and exclusion of Southern representation in Congress"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jim Crow Laws"
      },
      {
        "line":"Laws separating whites and African-Americans in public facilities and restricting their legal guarantees, such as the right to vote"
      },
      {
        "line":"Often part of state statutes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Support for these laws was provided in the Plessy v. Ferguson case, demonstrating the limits of the Fourteenth Amendment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Name of the laws are said to be derived from a character in a minstrel song"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Booker T. Washington"
      },
      {
        "line":"The son of a slave and a white man"
      },
      {
        "line":"Taught at Hampton Institute and in 1881, helped organize a school for African-Americans in Tuskegee, Alabama"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Tuskegee Institute emphasized industrial training to help African-Americans gather wealth and become influential in society"
      },
      {
        "line":"Claimed that it was a mistake for blacks to push for social equality before they had become economically equal"
      },
      {
        "line":"His ideas were denounced by some leaders in the African-American community "
      },
      {
        "line":"Lectured throughout the United States and Europe and wrote various pieces, including his autobiography, Up From Slavery"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Andrew Johnson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Seventeenth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Vice President who took over presidency after Lincoln's assassination"
      },
      {
        "line":"He initially followed Lincoln's policies but gradually became more conservative, giving amnesty to former Confederate officials and opposing legislation that dealt with former slaves"
      },
      {
        "line":"His veto of the Civil Rights Act was overridden by Congress, which decreased his political sway"
      },
      {
        "line":"Johnson's opposition to the Radical Republicans and his violation of the Tenure of Office Act led to his impeachment by the House"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Senate was organized as a court to hear the impeachment charges, but it came one vote short of the constitutional two-thirds required for removal"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"\"Seward's Folly\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Derisive title of Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congress agreed to the purchase, as Russia had been pro-North during the Civil War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Most members thought the purchase to be foolhardy since the land was in such a remote location"
      },
      {
        "line":"Russia was willing to sell Alaska because Russia was overextended abroad and feared the loss of Alaska in a future war"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Carpetbaggers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Derogatory Southern name for Northerners who came to the South to participate in Reconstruction governments"
      },
      {
        "line":"Name came from the cloth bags of possessions many of them used to travel South"
      },
      {
        "line":"Response by some violent Southern whites led to organization of the Ku Klux Klan"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Scalawags"
      },
      {
        "line":"Derogatory name for Southerners working for or supporting the federal government during Reconstruction"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some of these Southerners had opposed the war from the beginning, while others helped Reconstruction for financial gains"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became a target of the Ku Klux Klan"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Ulysses S. Grant"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eighteenth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fought in the Mexican War, captured Vicksburg as a Union general, and accepted General Lee's surrender"
      },
      {
        "line":"Appointed Secretary of War by Andrew Johnson in 1867; disagreed with Johnson's policies and won election through support of Radical Republicans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Despite his personal honesty and honor, his administration was marred ny scandals such as Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Credit Mobilier Scandal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad created a dummy company, Credit Mobilier"
      },
      {
        "line":"The company was supposed to complete the transcontinental railroad, but instead it stole millions of dollars from the government"
      },
      {
        "line":"Blame for the scandal fell on Grant and his cabinet"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"First Transcontinental Railroad"
      },
      {
        "line":"Completed with Golden Spike at Promontory Point, Utah"
      },
      {
        "line":"Marked the meeting of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads"
      },
      {
        "line":"During construction, the Union Pacific used Irish labor, while the Central Pacific used Chinese labor"
      },
      {
        "line":"The connection of the railroads opened national markets and met growing economic needs"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Knights of Labor"
      },
      {
        "line":"Militant organization seeking solutions to labor problems"
      },
      {
        "line":"Allowed skilled and unskilled workers (along with women and blacks) to join "
      },
      {
        "line":"Wanted an eight-hour work day, termination of child labor, equal pay for equal work, and the elimination of private banks"
      },
      {
        "line":"Under Terrence Powderly's leadership, the Knights reached membership of over 700,000"
      },
      {
        "line":"Downfall caused by emergence of the AFL, mismanagement, and financial losses from unsuccessful strikes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Panic of 1873"
      },
      {
        "line":"Economic depression during Grant's second term"
      },
      {
        "line":"Over expansive, unregulated business during the post-Civil War years, the failure of American investment banking firms, and economic downturns in Europe all contributed to the panic"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to the retirement of greenbacks and return to the gold standard"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Whiskey Ring Fraud"
      },
      {
        "line":"To aid in the cost of the Civil War, liquor taxes were increased"
      },
      {
        "line":"Distillers and treasury officials conspired to defraud the government by giving our cheap tax stamps, robbing the government of millions in excise tax"
      },
      {
        "line":"One of the scandals of Grant's administration."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)"
      },
      {
        "line":"American novelist who grew up in Hannibal, Missouri"
      },
      {
        "line":"Early jobs as both a printer's apprentice and a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River"
      },
      {
        "line":"His novels included The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Huckleberry Finn (1885), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twain's writings portray the essence of life and speech during the era; his use of a distinctly American vernacular influenced future fiction writers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Rutherford B. Hayes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Nineteenth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Former Ohio governor who was the Republican presidential nominee in 1876"
      },
      {
        "line":"Won election through the Compromise of 1877"
      },
      {
        "line":"During his term, he removed federal troops from the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"Dealt with railroad strike in 1877"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Compromise of 1877"
      },
      {
        "line":"Compromise came after the disputed presidential election of 1876 between Hayes and Tilden"
      },
      {
        "line":"Tilden won the popular vote but neither candidate won the electoral vote; three states' electoral votes were in dispute"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hayes promised to show consideration for Southern interests, end Reconstruction, aid Southern industrialization, and withdraw remaining forces from the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"This settlement left the freed Southern blacks without support from the Republican Party"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Railroad Strike"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pay cuts caused labor strikes to spread through the country"
      },
      {
        "line":"Workers of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad went on strike over a second pay cut"
      },
      {
        "line":"President Hayes used federal troops to restore order after workers were killed"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Half-Breeds, Stalwarts, and Mugwumps"
      },
      {
        "line":"Factions of the Republican Party in the 1880's"
      },
      {
        "line":"Half-Breeds—supported civil service reform and merit appointments to government"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stalwarts—Opposed civil service reform and supported the protective tariff"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mugwumps—Group that left Republican Party to become Democrats; this group heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the presidential nominee, as the group suspected his involvement in past corruption"
      },
      {
        "line":"Election of 1880 united Garfield, a Half-Breed, and Vice President Chester Arthur, a Stalwart"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Gilded Age"
      },
      {
        "line":"Period of the new industrial era"
      },
      {
        "line":"Phrase coined by Mark Twain"
      },
      {
        "line":"America emerged as the world's leading industrial and agricultural producer"
      },
      {
        "line":"Profits became increasingly centralized in the hands of fewer people."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Social Darwinism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Theory that wealth was based on the survival of the fittest; associated with Charles Darwin's work"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wealthy industrial leaders used the doctrines to justify vast differences in classes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supporters included Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Captains of Industry or Robber Barons"
      },
      {
        "line":"Leaders of large, efficient corporations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Often gained wealth through questionable business means"
      },
      {
        "line":"Monopolies by these large companies led to demands by small businessmen and laborers for government regulation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John D. Rockefeller"
      },
      {
        "line":"Founder of Standard Oil Company"
      },
      {
        "line":"Used such business practices as horizontal integration, trusts, and rebates to grow Standard Oil"
      },
      {
        "line":"Also invested in banks, railroads, and timber"
      },
      {
        "line":"Focused on Philanthropy toward the end of his life, including the Rockefeller Foundation and the University of Chicago."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Andrew Carnegie"
      },
      {
        "line":"After making money through investments in a sleeping car company and oil, Andrew Carnegie moved on to work in the War Department"
      },
      {
        "line":"He went to work in the iron business and then moved into steel after learning of the Bessemer Process, which formed steel from pig iron "
      },
      {
        "line":"Grew Carnegie Steel Company through acquisitions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wrote the article, \" Gospel of Wealth,\" for the North American Review, which offered the belief that the wealth were just trustees of their money and that they must use their efforts to benefits society"
      },
      {
        "line":"His philanthropic ventures included Carnegie Hall and public libraries"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"J.P Morgan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wall Street banker whose company financed railroads, banks, and insurance companies "
      },
      {
        "line":"Bought out Carnegie for $400 million "
      },
      {
        "line":"Philanthropist"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"William Randolph Hearst"
      },
      {
        "line":"Inherited the San Francisco Chronicle"
      },
      {
        "line":"Built media empire, including newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and movie studios"
      },
      {
        "line":"His \"Yellow Journalism,\" writing that dealt with sensational news, helped lead the United States into Spanish-American War"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"James Garfield"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twentieth President "
      },
      {
        "line":"Former Ohio Congressman and Union General "
      },
      {
        "line":"Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker, shot and killed Garfield"
      },
      {
        "line":"His assassination spurred the passage of the Pendleton Act"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Chester Arthur"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twenty- first President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Assumed presidency when Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau"
      },
      {
        "line":"Worked to outlaw polygamy Utah and to Strength the Navy "
      },
      {
        "line":"Supported the Pendleton Act, which established open competitive exams for civil service jobs and officially ended the Spoils System, which had been popular under Andrew Jackson"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Chinese Exclusion Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Only legislation passed to limit immigration of any one group of people"
      },
      {
        "line":"Passed in response to the Chinese who settled in California after building the railroads"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Modern Navy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Construction new steel ships led the United States to take the lead in the world naval rankings "
      },
      {
        "line":"United States Naval War College was established on October 6, 1884"
      },
      {
        "line":"Alfred Thayer Mahan(1840-1914) was U.S naval officer, President of Newport War College, and author who pushed for imperialism and growth of the U.S Navy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Repair and coaling station helped expand the Navy's effectiveness"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Grover Cleveland"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twenty-second and twenty-fourth President "
      },
      {
        "line":"The first Democrat elected after the Civil War "
      },
      {
        "line":"He was the only president elected to two non-consecutive terms"
      },
      {
        "line":"He vetoed many private pension bills to Civil War veterans who submitted fraudulent claims"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed the Interstate Commerce Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sent in federal troops to enforce an injunction against striking railroad workers in Chicago"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Wabash Case"
      },
      {
        "line":"Case challenged legislation made the State of Illinois against railroads; the state was trying to appease the demands of farmers for lower railroad rates"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court determined that states had no power to regulate interstate commerce"
      },
      {
        "line":"Case undid an earlier victory for states established in the Munn vs. Illinois case (1877), which had allowed for regulation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"American Federation of Labor (AFL)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Combination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours, and safety"
      },
      {
        "line":"Individuals were members of their local unions, which in turn, were members of the AFL"
      },
      {
        "line":"Rather then revolutionary changes, they sought a better working life; their philosophy was \"pure and simple unionism\""
      },
      {
        "line":"First president was Samuel Gompers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Haymarket Square Riot"
      },
      {
        "line":"Large rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago shortly after striking began at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co."
      },
      {
        "line":"Police attempted to disperse the crowd, which was followed by a bomb explosion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eleven were killed and over 100 were injured "
      },
      {
        "line":"Eight anarchists were put on trail and four were executed"
      },
      {
        "line":"Incident was used to discredit the Knights of Labor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Interstate Commerce Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established the Interstate Commerce Commission in part to monitor discrimination within the railroad industry"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates "
      },
      {
        "line":"Also prohibited unfair discrimination against shippers and prohibited the practice of changing more for short hauls than long hauls"
      },
      {
        "line":"In general, the Act opened competition, the goal of which was to preserve equality and spur innovation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Dawes Severalty Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Legislation encouraging the breakup of Native American tribes in hopes of assimilating them into American society"
      },
      {
        "line":"Distributed Native American reservation lands among individual members of the tribe to form a system of agriculture more similar to the white man's "
      },
      {
        "line":"Gave each head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land "
      },
      {
        "line":"Effect was to nearly destroy the reservation system, as the remaining tribal lands were opened up for whites"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jane Addams"
      },
      {
        "line":"American social reformer"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided the service of the Hull House in Chicago (1889) to help poor immigrants settle"
      },
      {
        "line":"Member of the \"Social Gospel\" movement, which applied lessons from the Bible to help solve problems of immigration and urbanization "
      },
      {
        "line":"Won 1931 Nobel Peace Prize"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Benjamin Harrison"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twenty-third President, former senator and Lawyer "
      },
      {
        "line":"He was nominated for the presidency on the eighth ballot at the 1888 Republican Convention"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defeated Grover Cleveland, Despite receiving fewer popular voted "
      },
      {
        "line":"Submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii, although President Cleveland later withdrew it"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed many appropriations bills for naval improvement and internal improvements"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battle of Wounded Knee"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity; this frightened white settlers"
      },
      {
        "line":"The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was planning a rebellion; acting on the settlers' fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief"
      },
      {
        "line":"In a sudden exchange of gun fire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and others were killed; the remainder of the tribe fled to a camp near Wounded Knee Creek"
      },
      {
        "line":"When the army reached this camp, a shop was fired, and in reaction, the army killed two hundred men, women, and children in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Progressivism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Social, political, and economic reform that came as an American response to problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration"
      },
      {
        "line":"Democratic reforms were made throughout states and the national government "
      },
      {
        "line":"Reforms helped develop the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Nineteenth Amendments"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Sherman Antitrust Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Based on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce"
      },
      {
        "line":"Declared every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate trade to be illegal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Corporate monopolies were exposed to federal prosecution if found to conspire in restraining trade"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court applied the act to both labor unions and corporations"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Populist Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Consisted mostly of farmers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Members who met in Nebraska wrote their \"Omaha Platform\""
      },
      {
        "line":"The demands of the platform included free and unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and railroad industries"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Homestead Strike"
      },
      {
        "line":"Iron and steel worker' strike against Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh to protest salary reductions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Henry Cay Frick hired Pinkerton security guards to protect Carnegie's plant, but fighting began and several deaths resulted on both sides"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pennsylvania state militia was brought in to take control"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Eugene V. Debs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became president of American Railway Union in 1893"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led successful strikes against the Great Northern Railway and against the Pullman Palace Car Company"
      },
      {
        "line":"Was a founder of the Social Democratic Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ran for president as a Socialist candidate five times between 1900 and 1920"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Hawaii"
      },
      {
        "line":"American sugar planters worked in Hawaii and expanded American-Hawaiian sugar trade"
      },
      {
        "line":"Queen Liliuokalani opposed foreigners, alienating Americans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Revolution against the queen came about in 1893 and was encouraged by American leaders"
      },
      {
        "line":"Feeling that most islanders did not support this revolution, Grover Cleveland unsuccessfully attempted to restore Queen Liliuokaliani"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sandford Dole, son of American missionaries in Hawaii, shepherded the annexation process"
      },
      {
        "line":"Dole became Hawaii's first governor when the United States annexed it on July 7, 1898"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Frederick Winslow Taylor"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created the basis for the scientific management of business in a quest for efficiency"
      },
      {
        "line":"Used shops and large plants as models and succeeded in spreading his ideas on efficiency to several industries"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wrote books on the subject of scientific management"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783"
      },
      {
        "line":"Written by Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914), a naval officer and historian"
      },
      {
        "line":"Further encouraged those in favor of American imperialism and seaward expansion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Themes in the book were used as partial justification for the United States' taking of the Philippines"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Plessy v. Ferguson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Homer Plessy refused to leave a railroad car restricted only to whites"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana state law that required \"separate but equal\" facilities"
      },
      {
        "line":"The majority stated that the Fourteenth Amendment protected only political equality, not social equality"
      },
      {
        "line":"Justice Harlan's dissent argued that \". . .all citizens are equal before the law,\" laying the foundation for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which overturned :separate but equal\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"W.E.B. DuBois"
      },
      {
        "line":"Civil rights leader and author"
      },
      {
        "line":"Called for full equality of African-Americans, which included social, civil, political, and economic equality"
      },
      {
        "line":"Opposed Booker T. Washington's \"gradual approach\" to equality"
      },
      {
        "line":"Through higher education, DuBois wanted to develop leaders from the most able 10 percent of African-Americans (\"The Talented Tenth\")"
      },
      {
        "line":"Co-founded the Niagara Movement, which became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Cross of Gold Speech"
      },
      {
        "line":"Address given by William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee, during the national convention of the Democratic Party"
      },
      {
        "line":"The speech criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver"
      },
      {
        "line":"Bryan's beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers"
      },
      {
        "line":"The last words of his speech, and the most famous, were \"You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"William McKinley"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twenty-fifth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Former Republican congressman from Ohio"
      },
      {
        "line":"Businesses rallied to his support against William Jennings Bryan"
      },
      {
        "line":"While Bryan toured the country, McKinley stayed at home and hosted important visitors, building an honest, \"presidential\" image"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defeated William Jennings Bryan for office in 1896"
      },
      {
        "line":"McKinley's election over Bryan influenced future political races by setting up interest groups and alliances that lasted for over a decade"
      },
      {
        "line":"McKinley re-elected in 1900; Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, assassinated McKinley one year into his second term"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Marcus Alonzo Hanna"
      },
      {
        "line":"American capitalist dealing in coal, shipping, shipbuilding, banking, and newspapers"
      },
      {
        "line":"He was active in the Ohio Republican Party, having William McKinley elected governor in 1891 and 1893"
      },
      {
        "line":"As Chairman of the Republican National Committee, he helped McKinley win the Presidential election of 1896"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Teller Amendment"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Amendment promised that when the United States overthrew Spanish rule in Cuba, the United States would give Cubans their independence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Later, the Platt Amendment overrode the Teller Amendment as Cuba would come under United States control after the Spanish-American War"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Spanish-American War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cuba resented Spain's control, which led to rebellion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Spain responded with the dispatch of General Valeriano Weyler, who confined civilians to brutal camps"
      },
      {
        "line":"The U.S. \"yellow press\" labeled him \"Butcher Weyler,\" increasing American support against Spain"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States sent the battleship Maine to Havana to protect American interests; it was blown up"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States fought Spain in the Philippines and in Cuba"
      },
      {
        "line":"Treaty of Paris allowed for Cuban independence; United States gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines while Spain received $20 million from the United States for the Philippines"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Puerto Rico and the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which gave Puerto Rico limited popular government"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1917, American citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Platt Amendment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Rider attached to Army appropriations bill"
      },
      {
        "line":"In was written into the condition of Cuba by the United States and, in effect, made Cuba a United States protectorate"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States could intervene to preserve Cuba's \"independence\"; in reality, the United States could act to protect ins own interests"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States kept land for naval bases on Cuba; Guantanamo Bay would play a part in later Cuba-United States conflicts."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Theodore Roosevelt"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twenty-sixth president had to deal with ill health and became an advocate for similarly disadvantaged people"
      },
      {
        "line":"He was part of the Rough Rider Regiment during the Spanish-American conflict, where he became a war hero"
      },
      {
        "line":"As President, he became a \"trust buster\"; he used the Sherman Antitrust Act to dissolve trusts that restrained interstate and foreign trade"
      },
      {
        "line":"Won the antitrust case against the Northern Securities Company"
      },
      {
        "line":"Style of diplomacy was to \"speak softly and carry a big stick\"; protected United States interests by ensuring the construction of the Panama Canal and United States authority in Latin America"
      },
      {
        "line":"Served as a middleman in conflicts between Russia and Japan; forged Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supported conservation (not preservation) of national resources."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Muckrakers"
      },
      {
        "line":"American journalists, novelists, and critics who exposed corruption, especially in business and politics"
      },
      {
        "line":"President Theodore Roosevelt is said to have given the muckrakers their name"
      },
      {
        "line":"Famous muckrakers included Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Samuel Hopkins Adams"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to increase support for the progressive movement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Insular Cases"
      },
      {
        "line":"A series of court cases held to determine if the \"Constitution followed the flag\""
      },
      {
        "line":"At stake- whether people in areas controlled by the United States were given rights as citizens"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Upton Sinclair"
      },
      {
        "line":"Novelist and socialist"
      },
      {
        "line":"Used his writings to expose issues in the United States society, such as the need for food inspection laws, and the oppressive effect of capitalism on education and culture."
      },
      {
        "line":"His book, The Jungle (1906), a graphic novel about the Chicago stockyards, led to food inspection reforms and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lost bid to become governor of California in 1914"
      },
      {
        "line":"Won Pulitzer Prize in 1942"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Muller v. Oregon"
      },
      {
        "line":"Oregon established a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries"
      },
      {
        "line":"Muller, a laundry owner, challenged the legality of the law, arguing that it violated the \"liberty to contract\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Louis Brandeis, one of the attorneys arguing the case, used extensive sociological evidence in his brief (the Brandeis Brief), which served as a model for later social reformers"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court held that the law was constitutional"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Henry Ford"
      },
      {
        "line":"His Model-T, introduced in 1908, was the first inexpensive, mass-produced automobile"
      },
      {
        "line":"Use of the moving assembly line strongly influenced American manufacturing"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"William Howard Taft"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twenty-seventh President"
      },
      {
        "line":"After serving as Secretary of War under Theodore Roosevelt, he was elected over William Jennings Bryan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prosecuted trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"His policy of \"Dollar Diplomacy\" called for acting in foreign affairs to achieve a financial result on behalf of one's country"
      },
      {
        "line":"His administration created the Department of Labor and established the parcel-post system"
      },
      {
        "line":"President Theodore Roosevelt's relationship with Taft deteriorated, leading to Roosevelt's opposition of Taft's re-election"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after serving as president"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Ashcan School (New York Realists)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Group of artists who painted realistic scenes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Focused on subjects of everyday life; titles such as The Wrestlers and Sixth Avenue"
      },
      {
        "line":"Members included George Luke, George Bellows, John Sloan, Robert Henri, Everett Shinn, and Arthur B. Davies"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Radio"
      },
      {
        "line":"First human voice was broadcast in 1906 and first musical broadcast was in 1910"
      },
      {
        "line":"Woodrow Wilson was the first president to broadcast"
      },
      {
        "line":"KDKA was first radio station in the United States (Pittsburgh), commencing broadcast in 1920"
      },
      {
        "line":"Broke down regionalism and provided news and entertainment"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Great Migration"
      },
      {
        "line":"The movement of African-Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest"
      },
      {
        "line":"Causes for the migration included decreased cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and a growth of the KKK"
      },
      {
        "line":"The African-American population in such cities as Detroit, Chicago, and New York grew during this period"
      },
      {
        "line":"The migration led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for many African-Americans"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Seventeenth Amendment"
      },
      {
        "line":"A progressive initiative that allowed for each state to elect two senators for six-year terms by popular vote"
      },
      {
        "line":"Restated the 1st paragraph of the Article 1, Sec. 3 of the Constitution by replacing \"chosen by Legislature thereof\" with \"elected by the people thereof\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Allowed citizens to have a more active participation in government"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Woodrow Wilson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twenty-eighth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Before presidency and political work, he served as an academic and President of Princeton University "
      },
      {
        "line":"His legislation lowered tariffs, created a graduated federal income tax, and established the Federal Trade Commission to control unfair business practices"
      },
      {
        "line":"Initiated progressive reform that prohibited child labor and limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led the United States into World War 1 "
      },
      {
        "line":"His \"Fourteen Points\" outlined the settlement of World War 1"
      },
      {
        "line":"He was a noted racist who segregated the federal government and praised Birth of a Nation, a controversial movie negatively depicting African-Americans"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Federal Reserve Act of 1913"
      },
      {
        "line":"Response to the Panic of 1907 and concerns of business"
      },
      {
        "line":"Need for a stable currency supply that could grow and shrink with business demands "
      },
      {
        "line":"Several measures competed for designing this central reserve, each offering control to a different group"
      },
      {
        "line":"President Wilson world diligently to create and secure passage of the act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Divided the nation into separate region with federal reserve banks in each that would serve as \"banker's banks\""
      },
      {
        "line":"The Federal Reserve Board oversaw the system and regulated it by raising or lowering the interest rates that each federal reserve bank would charge"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Watchful Waiting"
      },
      {
        "line":"Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting alliances with leaders who took control through force until a determination of their interests could be made"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wilson implemented this policy by refusing to accept the leadership of Victoriano Huerta when he took control of Mexico through violent revolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"Policy ended when the United States sent forces to retaliate against Mexico, which had arrested American sailors in its borders"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Clayton Antitrust Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Further outlined regulation against monopolies and other unfair business practiced. "
      },
      {
        "line":"Meant as update for the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 "
      },
      {
        "line":"Price discrimination that was destructive to competition was declared illegal "
      },
      {
        "line":"Declared interlocking board of directors of direct competitors illegal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prosecute instances of unfair competition "
      },
      {
        "line":"Served as the grounds for many suits against big corporations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Exempted labor unions engaged in legal activities"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"World War 1 Causes and Major Players"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cause- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist "
      },
      {
        "line":"Cause- Nationalism in Austria-Hungary and France"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cause- Colonial expansion in Africa and China"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cause- Military buildup "
      },
      {
        "line":"Major Player- Allies(Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium, Japan, and the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Major Players- Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Lusitania and Neutrality"
      },
      {
        "line":"AT the outset of World War 1, Germany began the use of submarines and announced a blockade of the Allied forces"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Lusitania was a British passenger liner attacked by German submarines"
      },
      {
        "line":"While unarmed, the Lusitania did carry munitions for the Allies "
      },
      {
        "line":"United Stated citizens traveling aboard the Lusitania were killed"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wilson protested but remained neutral, in line with 1914 Proclamation of Neutrality"
      },
      {
        "line":"One other liner with Americans, the Sussex, was sunk, and then the Germans gave a pledge to stop attacks on unarmed vessels"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Labor Acts, 1915-1916"
      },
      {
        "line":"La Follette Seamen's Act (1915)- Requires safety and sanitation measures for commercial ships, as well as regulated wages, food, and hours of sailors"
      },
      {
        "line":"Adamson Act (1916)- Employees of railroads who were engaged in interstate commerce were given an eight-hour work day and overtime payoff time-and-a-half"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Keating- Owen Child Labor Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Forbade shipment of products whose production had involved child labor "
      },
      {
        "line":"Power of enforcement derived from interstate commerce, so the federal government could regulate it rather than states "
      },
      {
        "line":"Declared unconstitutional because it interfered with the power of states"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Louis Brandeis"
      },
      {
        "line":"Nominated by Woodrow Wilson to the Supreme Court "
      },
      {
        "line":"Considered an advocate of social justice "
      },
      {
        "line":"First Jewish "
      },
      {
        "line":"Prior to his place on the Supreme Court, he was known for his \"Brandeis Brief\" in the Muller v. Oregon"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Zimmermann Telegram"
      },
      {
        "line":"Telegram from German Foreign Secretary Zimmerman to German minister in Mexico that was intercepted by the British "
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposed that Mexico attack the United States in the event that America entered World War 1 "
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany would return lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to Mexico in victory"
      },
      {
        "line":"Telegram released publicly and ensured American support for was against Germany"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Unlimited Submarine Warfare"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proclamation by Germany that it would sink all shops, without warning, that entered a large war zone off the coasts of Allied Nations "
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany realized that it might draw the United States into World War 1 "
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany believed that cutting Allied supplies would allow Germany to win the war before a sizeable response by America "
      },
      {
        "line":"America broke diplomatic relations with Germany"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Reasons for the Unites States' Entry into WWI"
      },
      {
        "line":"Zimmerman telegram showed Germany was untrustworthy and would come after the Unites States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Armed neutrality could not protect shipping"
      },
      {
        "line":"After Russia's revolution, a democratic Russian government made it an acceptable ally"
      },
      {
        "line":"America could hasten end of the war and ensure a role in designing peace"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sinking of the Lusitania and other ships by German submarines"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Unites States was already backing the Allies with supplies"
      },
      {
        "line":"In his war message to Congress, Wilson said that, \"the world must be made safe for democracy\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Committee on public information"
      },
      {
        "line":"Formed by President Wilson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established voluntary censorship of the press and created a propaganda campaign for the country's support of World War I"
      },
      {
        "line":"Portrayed Germans as barbaric and urged all citizens to spy on neighbors with foreign names"
      },
      {
        "line":"Encouraged reporting of suspicious activities to the Justice Department"
      },
      {
        "line":"Headed by George Creel"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fostered \"100% American\" jingoism"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"American Protective League"
      },
      {
        "line":"Volunteer organization that claimed approval of the Justice Department for pressuring support of war"
      },
      {
        "line":"Humiliated those accused of not buying war bonds"
      },
      {
        "line":"Persecuted those of German descent"
      },
      {
        "line":"Encouraged the banning of German culture in everything from product names to consumption, including \"pretzels\" and \"German Measles\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Espionage and Sedition Acts"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fines and imprisonment for persons who made false statements which aided the enemy, hindered the draft, or incited military rebellion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Forbade criticism of the government, flag, or uniform"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to imprisonment of major figures"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court upheld the acts, allowing the government to limit free speech when words represented clear and present danger, especially during times of war"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Hammer v. Dagenhart"
      },
      {
        "line":"Struck down the Keating-Owen Act of 1916, which excluded products produced by child labor from interstate commerce"
      },
      {
        "line":"Dagenhart sued, as he wanted his two sons to work and bring income in for the family"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court held that Congress, with the Keating-Owen Act, had overstepped its bounds"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to \"dual federalism\", the belief that Congress could not take powers that had been reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Women and Minorities in WWI"
      },
      {
        "line":"Women served as clerks or in medical units"
      },
      {
        "line":"400,000 black men drafted or enlisted"
      },
      {
        "line":"Blacks were kept in segregated units and generally used in labor battalions or in support activities, though some units saw combat"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Unites States Home Front During WWI"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wilson controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations to ensure supplies for war"
      },
      {
        "line":"Appointed Herbert Hoover as head of food administration"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wilson oversaw the use of fuel, railroads, and maritime shipping"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wilson resolved labor disputes through offers of employee benefits"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Fourteen points"
      },
      {
        "line":"Specific peace plan presented by Wilson in an address to Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Called for open (rather than secret) peace treaties"
      },
      {
        "line":"Called for free trade, transportation along the seas, and arms reduction"
      },
      {
        "line":"Espoused a general association of nations to preserve the peace"
      },
      {
        "line":"Reactions in Europe were mixed; some countries had a desire to punish Germany"
      },
      {
        "line":"U.S. citizens feared further entanglement & growing isolationist sentiment would later slow the United States' decision to enter World War I"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Provisions of Paris Peace Conference"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty which resulted from the conference"
      },
      {
        "line":"Formed the League of Nations to protect territorial integrity and political independence of all members"
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany was held responsible for war (war guilt clause), required to pay heavily for damages (reparations), and limited to a small defensive force"
      },
      {
        "line":"New nations' boundaries were drawn, including Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, and Poland"
      },
      {
        "line":"German colonies were made mandates of the League and under trusteeship of the Allies"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Wilson's Treaty and Henry Cabot Lodge"
      },
      {
        "line":"Republican Senator Lodge led opposition against Paris Peace Treaty because of war entanglement with other members (Article X)"
      },
      {
        "line":"On national speaking tour to push for League of Nations, Wilson collapsed after a speech"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wilson returned to D.C. and suffered a severe stroke"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wilson never fully recovered, but he wrote to Democrats to oppose treaty changes by Lodge"
      },
      {
        "line":"By not compromising, the treaty was defeated and the United States did not join the League; a joint resolution enacted peace instead"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Results of WWI"
      },
      {
        "line":"America emerged as the political and economic leader of world"
      },
      {
        "line":"European states went into decline"
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany was devastated (Treaty of Versailles: B.R.A.T.)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"U.S v. Schenck"
      },
      {
        "line":"During World War 1, Charles Schenck created a pamphlet opposing the military draft; he was convicted of attempting to obstruct the military under the Espionage Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court determined that speech may be suppressed if it creates a clear and present danger (one cannot yell \"fire\" in a crowded theater) "
      },
      {
        "line":"In the following years, the \"clear and present danger\" test was limited to violent action rather than the support of these ideas"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Major Strikes After WW1"
      },
      {
        "line":"Boston police force attempted to unionize, and Governor Calvin Coolidge fired them to recruit a new force"
      },
      {
        "line":"Seattle had a general strike in 1919 "
      },
      {
        "line":"AFL attempted to organize steel industry, but it was broken after violence and the use of federal troops"
      },
      {
        "line":"United Mine Workers struck and gained minor wage increases"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Prohibition"
      },
      {
        "line":"Temperance movements began to grow in the early 1800s"
      },
      {
        "line":"Carry Nation, a member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, used rocks, hammers, and hatchets to destroy liquor stores and saloons"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eighteenth Amendment to Constitution prohibited manufacture, sale, transport, or import of liquor"
      },
      {
        "line":"Volstead Act defined alcoholic beverages and imposed criminal penalties for violations of the Eighteenth Amendment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prohibition led to bootlegging( illegal production or distribution of intoxicating beverages), corruption of government officials, and speakeasies( secret bars operated by bootleggers)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Red Scare and the Palmer Raids"
      },
      {
        "line":"United States workers strikes seemed to be harbinger of revolution to many in the country "
      },
      {
        "line":"Fear of revolution fed by anti-German hysteria and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution "
      },
      {
        "line":"Bombs sent anonymously through the mail to prominent American leaders encouraged fear "
      },
      {
        "line":"Attorney General Palmer was a target of failed mail bomb "
      },
      {
        "line":"Four thousand arrested as \"Communist\" and illegal aliens, but only 556 shown to be in those categories "
      },
      {
        "line":"Palmer announced threat of large Communist riots on May Day of 1920, but none materialized "
      },
      {
        "line":"Palmer was discredited and the Red Scare passed"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Post- WW1 Economy"
      },
      {
        "line":"High wages during World War 1 and European demand continued after conflict "
      },
      {
        "line":"Demand led to inflation and a good economy "
      },
      {
        "line":"Increase in prices prompted major strikes by workers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Women's Suffrage"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Nineteenth Amendment provided for women's suffrage, which had been defeated earlier by the Senate "
      },
      {
        "line":"Ratified by states in 1920"
      },
      {
        "line":"Feminists who supported suffrage since the 1860s included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Sacco and Vanzettti"
      },
      {
        "line":"Two gunmen robbed a factory and killed two men in Massachusetts "
      },
      {
        "line":"Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants and anarchists, were tried for the murders"
      },
      {
        "line":"Judge Thayer favored prosecution and pushed for execution "
      },
      {
        "line":"Despite years of protesting that they had not received a fair trial, the men were executed in 1927, reflecting anti-immigrant sentiments in the United States"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Industrial Changed in 1920s and Effects"
      },
      {
        "line":"Change from steam to electric power allowed more intricate designs, replacing human workers "
      },
      {
        "line":"Scientific management strategies were employed, leading to more efficient uses of workers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Major research and development projects reduced production costs and products"
      },
      {
        "line":"Expanding industries included automobile, electricity, chemicals, film, radio, commercial aviation, and printing "
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to overproduction by the late 1920s"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Harlem Renaissance"
      },
      {
        "line":"Term used to describe the growth of African-American literature and arts"
      },
      {
        "line":"The center of this movement was Harlem, New York, where many African-Americans moved to during the early 1900s"
      },
      {
        "line":"Southern African-Americans brought jazz to Harlem and influenced the music scene; at the same time, writing, sculpting, and photography grew as art form"
      },
      {
        "line":"Writers from the period included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Claude McKay"
      },
      {
        "line":"Musicians from this time included Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, and Louis Armstrong."
      },
      {
        "line":"The Great Depression led the decline of the renaissance"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Automobile: Economic and Social Effects"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stimulated steel, rubber, glass, gasoline, and highway construction industries"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created a nation of paved roads"
      },
      {
        "line":"The new need for paved roads led to employment for many"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to increased freedom for young people and the loss of some parental control"
      },
      {
        "line":"Tourism increased and rural areas became less isolated"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Rise in the Standard of Living during the 1920's"
      },
      {
        "line":"Advances like indoor plumbing, hot water, central heating, home appliances, and fresher foods emerged"
      },
      {
        "line":"Many did not have the money to benefit from these advances"
      },
      {
        "line":"Availability of credit rose to allow for payments by installment periods"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sales grew out of advertising through new media, such as radio"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Marcus Garvey"
      },
      {
        "line":"Native of Jamaica"
      },
      {
        "line":"Advocated black racial pride and separatism rather than integration"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pushed for a return to Africa"
      },
      {
        "line":"Developed a following and sold stock in a steamship line to take migrants to Africa"
      },
      {
        "line":"Convicted of fraud after the line went bankrupt"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Shift in Popular Culture, 1920's"
      },
      {
        "line":"Change from entertainment through home and small social groups to commercial, profit-making activities"
      },
      {
        "line":"Movies attracted audiences, and Hollywood became the movie center of America"
      },
      {
        "line":"Professional athletics grew in participation and popularity, especially baseball, boxing, and football."
      },
      {
        "line":"Tabloids grew in popularity, including the New York Daily News and Reader's Digest"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Ku Klux Klan in the Early 1900's"
      },
      {
        "line":"Main purpose was to intimidate blacks, who experienced an apparent rise in status due to WWI"
      },
      {
        "line":"Also opposed Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born"
      },
      {
        "line":"Klan hired advertising experts to expand the organization"
      },
      {
        "line":"Charged initiation fees and sold memorabilia"
      },
      {
        "line":"The KKK had membership of five million in 1925, which soon began to decline"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Emergency Quota Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"One of a series of acts by Congress that limited immigration"
      },
      {
        "line":"Immigration limited by nationality to three percent of the number of foreign-born persons from that nation that lived in the United States in 1910"
      },
      {
        "line":"Designation restricted only certain nationalities and religious groups"
      },
      {
        "line":"In effect, restricted Italians, Greeks, Poles, and Eastern European Jews"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Warren G. Harding"
      },
      {
        "line":"Twenty-ninth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Nominated by the Republican Party as a dark horse candidate"
      },
      {
        "line":"Represented opposition to the League of Nations, low taxes, high tariffs, immigration restriction, and aid to farmers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Harding won the election, repudiating Wilson's domestic policies toward civil rights"
      },
      {
        "line":"Promised return to normalcy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pardoned Eugene V. Debs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gave United States steel workers the eight-hour day"
      },
      {
        "line":"Died suddenly during cross-country tour and was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Teapot Dome Scandal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Bribery scandal involving President Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fall secured naval oil reserves in his jurisdiction"
      },
      {
        "line":"Leased reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to two major business owners in exchange for cash payouts"
      },
      {
        "line":"The businessmen were acquitted, but Fall was imprisoned for bribery, making him the first cabinet member to go to jail"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Fordney-McCumber Tariff"
      },
      {
        "line":"Increased tariff schedules"
      },
      {
        "line":"Tariffs were raised on farm produce to equalize American and foreign production"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gave the president the power to reduce or increase tariffs by fifty percent based on advise from the Tariff Commission"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Five Power Treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Committed the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to restrict construction of new battleship class ships"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pact gave Japan naval supremacy in the Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Dawes Plan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Dept restructuring plan for Germany after WWI"
      },
      {
        "line":"American banks made loans to Germany, Germany paid reparations to Allies, and Allies paid back the United States government"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cycle based on loans from American banks"
      },
      {
        "line":"The plan would play a part in the development of the Great Depression"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Calvin Coolidge"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirtieth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Republican candidate who came to office first after Harding's death and then after a landslide victory"
      },
      {
        "line":"Avoided responsibility for most of Harding's cabinet scandals"
      },
      {
        "line":"Reputation for honesty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Believed in leading through inactivity"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stated, \"The chief business of the American people is business\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Creationism and the Scopes Trial"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fundamentalist Protestants supported Creationism as a way to prohibit the teaching of evolution in schools"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hoped to protect belief in the literal understanding of the Bible"
      },
      {
        "line":"Scopes, a young biology teacher, broke the law by teaching Darwinism and served as a test case for the ACLU"
      },
      {
        "line":"Darwinism was a concept of evolution created by Charles Robert Darwin and written about in Origin of the Species"
      },
      {
        "line":"Clarence Darrow defended Scopes, and William Jennings Bryan defended t he State of Tennessee"
      },
      {
        "line":"Judge refused to allow expert witness testimony"
      },
      {
        "line":"Scopes was convicted and fined $100, which was later dropped"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some states passed anti-evolution laws"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Kellogg-Briand Pact"
      },
      {
        "line":"Also known as the Pact of Paris"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fifteen-nation pact agreed that all conflicts should be settled by peaceful means and that war was to be renounced"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States Congress demanded right of self-defense and that America should not have to act against countries that broke the treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"The pact lacked effectiveness as a failed to provide enforcement measures"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Herbert Hoover"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-first President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Coolidge did not seek nomination in 1928, leaving Hoover to run against Alfred E. Smith, Governor of New York, a Catholic anti-prohibitionist"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became multimillionaire in mining industry"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hoover had served as Secretary of Commerce and head of the Food Administration"
      },
      {
        "line":"Conservative economic philosophy and continuation of Prohibition won the election for Hoover"
      },
      {
        "line":"Used the phrase \"rugged individualism,\" which called for people to succeed on their own with minimal help from the government"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hoover became the scapegoat for the Depression and was soundly defeated by FDR in 1932"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Stock Market Crash of 1929"
      },
      {
        "line":"During late October of 1929 investors began to panic, sending the New York stock market toward tremendous losses"
      },
      {
        "line":"On October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday), the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped fifty percent and over thirteen million shares of stock were traded"
      },
      {
        "line":"On October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday), over sixteen million shares of stock were traded"
      },
      {
        "line":"The crash led to the Great Depression"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Foreign Economies and the Great Depression"
      },
      {
        "line":"Within months of Hoover's election, the stock market crashed, leading the nation into the Great Depression"
      },
      {
        "line":"Decline in American economy meant less money spend on loans and products"
      },
      {
        "line":"Foreign powers were not able to pay debts back to the United States "
      },
      {
        "line":"American exports dropped and the Depression spread"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Reconstruction Finance Corporation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Chartered by Congress and Hoover to loan money to railroads and financial institutions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Meant to keep basic institution in business"
      },
      {
        "line":"Accused of being an assistance to the wealthy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"\"Hoovervilles\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Term used to describe makeshift shacks that housed groups of homeless people"
      },
      {
        "line":"Used in open areas near cities during the Depression"
      },
      {
        "line":"This term was used to mock Herbert Hoover"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Hawley-Smoot Tariff"
      },
      {
        "line":"Brought tariff to the highest level in its history"
      },
      {
        "line":"In retaliation, foreign countries set tariffs on American goods, creating a decline in exports and further deepening the economic depression"
      },
      {
        "line":"This was another expression of isolationism"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Hoover-Stimson Doctrine"
      },
      {
        "line":"Henry L. Stimson, secretary of state under Hoover, sent identical notes to China and Japan, which became known as the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine"
      },
      {
        "line":"The notes were a reaction to Japan's movement into Manchuria"
      },
      {
        "line":"They stated that the Untied states would not recognize any treaty or agreement that would impair China's territory, United States; rights in China, the political situation in China, or the open-door policy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Bonus Army"
      },
      {
        "line":"A group of 14,000 unemployed veterans that marched on Washington"
      },
      {
        "line":"They sought payment of money through Congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hoover has the Senate kill the bill providing additional payment, and half of the veterans took the offer of transportation home"
      },
      {
        "line":"The remaining vets subsisted in shacks near the Anacostia River to draw attention to their cause"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hoover called in the Army and has the remainder of the vets removed from Washington"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created the impression that Hoover did not care about the plight of the poor"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Dust Bowl"
      },
      {
        "line":"Areas of American prairie states that experienced ecological damage due to huge clouds of soil"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mismanagement of grazing land and severe winds swept unprotected soil into dust storms"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to both economic and health hardships for many"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-second President"
      },
      {
        "line":"With the slogan \"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself,\" encouraged new hope for emerging from the Great Depression"
      },
      {
        "line":"At age 39, he contracted poliomyelitis; he regained use of his legs through a vigorous exercise program"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led Congress through the \"Hundred Days\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Focused on economic and agricultural recovery and support for the unemployed and elderly"
      },
      {
        "line":"Attempted to enlarge the Supreme Court and put in place justices that would support his legislation, but he failed"
      },
      {
        "line":"Mobilized the United States for entry into WWII"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"The Hundred Days"
      },
      {
        "line":"President Roosevelt called a special session of Congress to deal with the weak American banking system"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congress passed an emergency act on banking and continues the session to deal with unemployment and falling farm prices"
      },
      {
        "line":"This special session became known as the \"Hundred Days\""
      },
      {
        "line":"This session launched the First New Deal: 3Rs (Relief, Recovery, Reform)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"FDR's Banking Acts, the Gold Standard, and the SEC"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Emergency Banking Relief Act was the first act of FDR's Hundred Days; it provided funds to open some banks and it combined and liquidated others provided funds to open some banks and it combined and liquidated others"
      },
      {
        "line":"Glass-Steagall Banking Act insured deposits in commercial banks, created FDIC, and separated commercial and investment banking to reduce risk"
      },
      {
        "line":"FDR removed gold from circulation; resulting devaluation of the dollar helped raise prices and assisted United States exports"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Securities and Exchange Commission was created as a watchdog for the stock exchange and securities"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"National Industrial Recovery Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"NIRA law was passed on the last day of the \"Hundred Days\" as a pillar of Roosevelt's assistance program"
      },
      {
        "line":"Goal of NIRA was to help business self-regulate, aiding employment"
      },
      {
        "line":"NIRA created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which oversaw the creation of fair competition codes"
      },
      {
        "line":"NRA codes abolished child labor, created minimum wages, and capped hours for workers"
      },
      {
        "line":"In Schechter v. United States (1935), the Supreme Court overturned the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), holding that it granted the president too much leeway and that these powers should be in the hands of the states"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Eleanor Roosevelt"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wife of FDR"
      },
      {
        "line":"Strong supported of civil rights, women's rights, and world peace"
      },
      {
        "line":"Resigned from Daughters of the American Revolution after they refused to allow Marian Anderson, and African-American, to sing at Independence Hall"
      },
      {
        "line":"Served as delegated to the United Nations from 1945-1953"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Fireside Chats"
      },
      {
        "line":"Franklin D. Roosevelt's method of addressing the nation through radio"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created assurance among the public in the strength of the banks he was opening"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to people deposition money again"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Banking Failures"
      },
      {
        "line":"Banks were unable to collect on loans because of the Great Depression"
      },
      {
        "line":"Banks would not return money to depositors, leading to bank closures"
      },
      {
        "line":"On March 5, 1933, FDR reacted by closing all banks and instituting the Emergency Banking Act, which gave him the power to reorganize insolvent national banks"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"FDR's Good Neighbor Policy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Foreign policy doctrine adopted by FDR for the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Withdrew marines from Haiti, the Dominican Republic and other areas "
      },
      {
        "line":"America stayed out of the Cuban revolution "
      },
      {
        "line":"America settled the Mexico on American properties in that country"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"First New Deal"
      },
      {
        "line":"First phase of FDR's domestic reform program "
      },
      {
        "line":"Aimed to provide recovery and relief through public works, business and agricultural regulation, and stabilizing prices"
      },
      {
        "line":"Organization such as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Civilian Conservation Crops, and National Recovery Administration were founded"
      },
      {
        "line":"Economy improved to a degree as unemployment decreased "
      },
      {
        "line":"Criticized by conservatives for going too far in the use deficit spending and for spending on relief"
      },
      {
        "line":"Attacked by liberals for being in favor of business"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"First New Deal Creation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Civilian Conservation Corp (1933)- Provided work for young men through projects such as road construction and flood control"
      },
      {
        "line":"National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)- Created National Recovery Administration, which prepared codes for fair competition "
      },
      {
        "line":"Public Works Administration (1933)- Constructed roads, school, dams, bridges and other project to aid the economy though increasing jobs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Agricultural Adjustment Act(1933)- Encouraged farmers to decrease their production, thereby increasing their profits"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Muscle Schoals and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Muscle Shoals was the location of a dam and two nitrate plants built by the government during World War 1 "
      },
      {
        "line":"President Coolidge vetoed Senate's plan to lease the property to private sector"
      },
      {
        "line":"Facility became the center of the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 , giving FDR a chance to do his first large- scale experiment in regional planning "
      },
      {
        "line":"TVA built a series of dams to provide electricity and flood control "
      },
      {
        "line":"Dams gave economic and environmental boots to an area in need of rehabilitation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Bureau of Indian Affairs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led by commissioner John Collier "
      },
      {
        "line":"Returned ownership of certain lands to tribes, established tribal governments, and provided economic relief "
      },
      {
        "line":"Created a program of work projects for reservations"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Indian Reorganization Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Reversed Dawes Severalty Act "
      },
      {
        "line":"Attempted to restore the tribal basis of Native American life "
      },
      {
        "line":"Tribal life was to be recognized as \"normal\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Share Our Wealth Society"
      },
      {
        "line":"Group founded by Louisiana Senator Huey \" Kingfish\" Long "
      },
      {
        "line":"Long, a populist, criticized FDR for not doing more to help those on the lower"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposed radical taxation plans on wealthy to make \"every man a king\" "
      },
      {
        "line":"When Long was assassinated, the society lost its drive"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Second New Deal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Like the First New Deal, it offered sweeping economic changes to aid in relief and recovery "
      },
      {
        "line":"While the First New Deal emphasized central planning, the Second New Deal pushed programs to aid particular groups, such as labor organizations "
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States tax structure was finessed through various revenue acts "
      },
      {
        "line":"Some New Deal acts were declared unconstitutional in 1935"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Second New Deal Creations"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Works Progress Administration(WPA) provided jobs and income for the unemployed "
      },
      {
        "line":"WPA- Many projects were in construction and community development and were labor- intensive to cut equipment costs "
      },
      {
        "line":"The Wagner Act/ National Labor Relations Act clarified the rights of workers and created a board of oversight on relations between management and labor, workers were permitted to bargain collectively "
      },
      {
        "line":"The Social Security Act was created to protect older workers; funds came from tax on money earned by employees and paid equally by the employer; these monies supported unemployment programs and offered states matching funds for social services"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Isolationism and the Neutrality Act of 1935"
      },
      {
        "line":"America became isolationist after World War 1, mainly because its citizens had felt the harsh effects of the war "
      },
      {
        "line":"Isolationist acts include the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and higher tariffs "
      },
      {
        "line":"Neutrality Acts- In the event of war, American exports of military components were to be stalled for six months; this was to ships leaving the United States form transporting arms to combatants"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Charles Evens Hughes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eleventh chief justice of the supreme court"
      },
      {
        "line":"Had also served as associate justice of the supreme court (1910-1916) and United States secretary of states (1921-1925)"
      },
      {
        "line":"As chief justice, he often voted to uphold FDR's new deal legislation, although he wrote the opinion in Schechter v. U.S. (1935) finding the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Father Charles E. Coughlin"
      },
      {
        "line":"A catholic priest who headed the National Union for Social Justice, which denounced FDR's New Deal policies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Held a weekly radio show and discussed politics finance"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposed to his many listeners an ambiguous currency program, but found popularity mostly though anti-Semitic rhetoric"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"FDR's Court Packing Scheme"
      },
      {
        "line":"Bill proposed by Roosevelt allowing the president to appoint a new federal judge for those who did not retire by a certain age"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposed by Roosevelt's after he received overwhelming support by the voting public"
      },
      {
        "line":"Served Roosevelt's reaction to the supreme court, which had declared much of the New Deal unconstitutional "
      },
      {
        "line":"Huge reaction by both Democrats and Republican against this show of force"
      },
      {
        "line":"Roosevelt lost the bill and some influence over congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"Later FDR proposals. Like social Security, were upheld by the Supreme Court"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Congress Of Industrial Organizations (CIO)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Association of laborers from industries including steel and auto"
      },
      {
        "line":"Organized in reaction to the AFL, which represented primarily craft unions"
      },
      {
        "line":"Headed by John L. Lewis"
      },
      {
        "line":"United with the AFL in 1955"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Fair Labor Standards Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Minimum wage law"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established rising minimum wage and reduction of work week"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided time-and-a-half for work over that period of time"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Hitler and Germany's Actions Leading to WWII"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hitler's rise to power in 1933 led to the persecution of German Jews"
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany and Austria became unified"
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany and Britain signed to Munich pact, authorizing Germany to force the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany took over the rest of Czechoslovakia"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Nazis systematically eliminated the civil and human rights of Jews and other \"undesirables\" under their control"
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Russia, agreeing to divide Poland"
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany invaded Poland"
      },
      {
        "line":"Britain and France declared war"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Nazis built death camps to attain \"the final solution of the Jewish question,\" resulting in the murder of six million Jews than five million others"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Charles Lindbergh"
      },
      {
        "line":"American pilot who made the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean"
      },
      {
        "line":"Flew his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis, from New York to Paris"
      },
      {
        "line":"Most famous speaker of the America First Committee (1930s), Which opposed American intervention in the European was (world War II)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Was a noted Nazi sympathizer"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Selective service and Training Act (1940)"
      },
      {
        "line":"United States' first peacetime draft"
      },
      {
        "line":"Men between ages twenty-one and thirty-five were signed into service, and a group of them was chosen for a year of training in the military"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Franklin D. Roosevelt's Election to a Third Term"
      },
      {
        "line":"Broke the precedent set by Washington"
      },
      {
        "line":"Agreed to accept the nomination"
      },
      {
        "line":"When faced by his opponent with charges of war-mongering, told voters that he would not enter the war"
      },
      {
        "line":"Lost many supporters because of his choice to run again, but he won by a narrow margin over Wendell Willkie"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Lend-Lease Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"American proposal to aid the British, who had little cash for supplies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Offered to give the British American supplies in exchanged for payment after the war"
      },
      {
        "line":"Payment could be made in material goods and services"
      },
      {
        "line":"Put the United States on the side of the Allies"
      },
      {
        "line":"United States also allowed for cash and carry, in which British and French ships could come into United States' ports and buy anything that they could carry"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Economic Measures Against Japan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Japan used the Vichy government to expand into French Indochina"
      },
      {
        "line":"Japan wanted to build in the area"
      },
      {
        "line":"America responded by holding Japanese funds and creating embargos"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to failed negotiations between the United States and Japan over Japan's presence in China"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Pearl Harbor"
      },
      {
        "line":"Hawaiian base for the American ships, meeting little defense the Japanese"
      },
      {
        "line":"Carried-based aircraft attacked American ships, meeting little defense"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Japanese's destroyed all United States aircraft, major battleships, and naval crafts at the base, and killed 2,323 military personnel"
      },
      {
        "line":"FDR asked Congress to declare war on Japan, calling the attack \"a date that will live in infamy\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"United States Domestic Measures for WWII"
      },
      {
        "line":"War production board regulated raw materials"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prices and wages were frozen"
      },
      {
        "line":"Income tax was extended to more people"
      },
      {
        "line":"The united States sold Liberty Bonds"
      },
      {
        "line":"The government had the power to take over businesses closed by strikes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"American Women During WWII"
      },
      {
        "line":"216,000 women served in the armed forces in non-combat duties"
      },
      {
        "line":"WAACS(army), WAVES(Navy), and SPARS(Coast Guard) were forced made up of women"
      },
      {
        "line":"Women also served as defense plant workers"
      },
      {
        "line":"The women who worked in the manufacturing plants during the World War II were symbolized by the icon \"Rosie the Riveter\", a feminist image that represented that represented the growth of women's economic power"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Braceros"
      },
      {
        "line":"An agreement between the United Stated and Mexico brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers, or braceros, to the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Braceros were prevalent in the South and the West"
      },
      {
        "line":"Braceros became part of the American agricultural economy after World War II"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway"
      },
      {
        "line":"Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942)- American carriers sent planes against the Japanese's troops, forcing them to turn back from an invasion of Australia "
      },
      {
        "line":"Battle of Midway (June 1942)- American planes destroyed Japanese's carriers as they moved toward the American-owned Midway Islands, becoming a defining moment in the Pacific front"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Japanese-American Internment Camps"
      },
      {
        "line":"FDR authorized the evacuation of all Japanese from the West Coast into relocation centers"
      },
      {
        "line":"The government interned around 120,000 Japanese sabotage following Pearl Harbor, and in some part, due to racial discrimination"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1988, congress voted to pay compensation to each surviving internee"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congress was concerned about the loss of production due to labor strikes"
      },
      {
        "line":"The act authorized the federal government to seize and operate industries stopped by strikes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Teheran Conference"
      },
      {
        "line":"Meeting of the Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin"
      },
      {
        "line":"Agreement that Russia would attack Germany from the east as the Allies would attack from the west"
      },
      {
        "line":"First time Roosevelt had met Stalin"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"G.I. Bill"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed by FDR and passed to give educational benefits to those who had served in the armed forces during WWII"
      },
      {
        "line":"Bill was created to help members of the Armed Forces adjust to civilian life, afford a higher education, and restore lost educational opportunities"
      },
      {
        "line":"The D.I. Bill also promoted volunteerism for the Armed Forces and led to a better educated population"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Korematsu v. US"
      },
      {
        "line":"Korematsu was arrested and convicted after failing to comply with military order to move to a Japanese relocation center"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court upheld his conviction based on war powers; the government's need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights"
      },
      {
        "line":"Justice Frank Murphy, in his dissent, stated the decision was the \"legislation of racism\""
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"D-Day"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eisenhower, Commander-in-chief of Allied forces, ordered an invasion at Normandy, France"
      },
      {
        "line":"The operation involved over 4,500 vessels"
      },
      {
        "line":"American troops commanded by George S. Patton weakened the German troops in France"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Battle of the Bulge"
      },
      {
        "line":"German counterattack that pushed the Allies back into Belgium"
      },
      {
        "line":"Last stand of Hitler's armies"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eventually the Allies returned to Germany, leading to surrender on May 7, 1945"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Yalta Conference"
      },
      {
        "line":"Meeting of the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) to talk about post-World War II plans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Germany was to be divided into American, British, French and Soviet zones"
      },
      {
        "line":"Poland's boundaries would be revised, and free elections would be established"
      },
      {
        "line":"Russia would help by attacking Japan three months after Germany's collapse in exchange for the Sakhalin and Kurile Islands."
      },
      {
        "line":"Agreed to hold conference in San Francisco to form peacekeeping organization (United Nations)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Harry S. Truman"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-third President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became president in 1945 after FDR died"
      },
      {
        "line":"Decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Banned racial discrimination in federal hiring and armed forces"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Truman Doctrine instituted policy of \"containment\" against Communism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Re-elected against Thomas Dewey in 1948"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Potsdam Conference"
      },
      {
        "line":"Attended by Truman, Stalin, Churchill, and Churchill's replacement, Clement Atlee"
      },
      {
        "line":"Agreed upon a policy for the occupation of both Germany and Japan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Decided German reparations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Declaration made to Japan to surrender or be destroyed"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Manhattan Project, Enola Gay, and Hiroshima / Nagasaki"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Manhattan Project described operations by Army engineers to design an atomic bomb"
      },
      {
        "line":"J. Robert Oppenheimer directed the group at Los Alamos, New Mexico"
      },
      {
        "line":"Enola Gay was the plane that carried the atomic bomb into Hiroshima, Japan, on August 9, 1945"
      },
      {
        "line":"The second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945"
      },
      {
        "line":"The decision to drop the bombs was controversial, as some argued that the Japanese were essentially beaten and were willing to surrender, but that the United States insisted on an unconditional surrender"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"V-E Day and V-J Day"
      },
      {
        "line":"V-E Day, or Victory in Europe Day, was the day the Allies announced Germany's surrender to Europe"
      },
      {
        "line":"V-J Day, or Victory in Japan Day, was the day the Allies announced Japan's surrender to end WWII"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Richard Wright"
      },
      {
        "line":"African-American author who wrote about racial oppression"
      },
      {
        "line":"His novels included Uncle Tom's Children (1938), Native Son (1940), and Black Boy (1945)"
      },
      {
        "line":"He joined the Communist Party for a brief time in the early 1930's"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"United Nations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created at the San Francisco conference"
      },
      {
        "line":"Representative body of nations that wished to resolve global issues"
      },
      {
        "line":"Composed of a general assembly and security council"
      },
      {
        "line":"All members sit on General assembly and form policy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Security council has eleven members, five permanent and six additional that rotate"
      },
      {
        "line":"Permanent members are the United States, Britain, France, Russia and China"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Cold War"
      },
      {
        "line":"War of words caused by differences in economic and political belief's between the United States and U.S.S.R."
      },
      {
        "line":"No actual fighting took place"
      },
      {
        "line":"Churchill commented that an \"Iron Curtain\" had been dropped between Western Europe and the Soviet's Eastern Europe."
      },
      {
        "line":"The Cold War lasted from the late 1940s to the early 1990s"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Taft-Hartley Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Purpose was to reduce management-labor disputes and to reduce unfair labor practices"
      },
      {
        "line":"Passed over Truman's veto"
      },
      {
        "line":"Required sixty-day notice be given by employers to terminate a contract"
      },
      {
        "line":"Federal government could take legal action to delay any strike that threatened the public's health or safety (for eighty days)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided cooling-off period for unions and management"
      },
      {
        "line":"Act slowed unionization throughout the country, especially in the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"Part of the anti-Communist crusade"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Truman Doctrine"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposal that the United States must bolster the deeds of free people resisting Communism"
      },
      {
        "line":"$400 million appropriated for aid to Greece and Turkey to fight Communism's spread"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supported \"containment\" as a response to the Cold War"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"National Security Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created the Central intelligence Agency"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created the National Security Council"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created the Department of Defense"
      },
      {
        "line":"Reorganized the military under one department of defense head"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Growth of the Suburbs"
      },
      {
        "line":"After World War II, people began to move away from cities, leading to suburban growth"
      },
      {
        "line":"Causes of this migration included the mass production of automobiles, the growth of the road system, and better living conditions"
      },
      {
        "line":"As African-Americans began to move to northern cities, whites began to move to the suburbs (\"white flight\")"
      },
      {
        "line":"Suburban developments included Levittown, a planned community which offered inexpensive houses built by Levitt & Sons"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jackie Robinson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Baseball player who became a symbol of civil rights when be broke the major league's color barrier in 1947"
      },
      {
        "line":"Recruited from the Kansas City Monarchs, a team in the Negro Leagues, to play with the Brooklyn Dodgers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Marshall Plan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Recovery program paid by America and Allies to rebuild Europe"
      },
      {
        "line":"Helped support a strong European economy and stable politics to resist Communism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defined by Secretary of State George Marshall and signed by President Truman "
      },
      {
        "line":"American provided over $15 billion in aid to Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Fair Deal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Proposal by Truman to extend the New Deal for the new era"
      },
      {
        "line":"Increased the minimum wage to $0.75/hour"
      },
      {
        "line":"Social Security was enlarged to cover more people"
      },
      {
        "line":"Called for low-cost housing projects and slum cleanup"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Russian Spies in the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Alger Hiss-Former State Department official who was convicted of supplying information to the Soviets"
      },
      {
        "line":"Alger Hiss-Implicated by Whittaker Chambers during testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities"
      },
      {
        "line":"Alger Hiss-Richard Nixon gained national exposure during his investigation into Hiss"
      },
      {
        "line":"Julius and Ethel Rosenberg-Couple executed for giving atomic information to the Russians"
      },
      {
        "line":"Julius and Ethel Rosenberg-Some argued that the Rosenberg's could not receive a fair trial because of the political sentiments of the time."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Berlin Airlift"
      },
      {
        "line":"Allies designated Western Germany to be free from Communism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Soviets blocked both land and water access to West Berlin in the hopes that the Allies would abandon West Berlin"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Untied States lifted supplies for more than ten months into the city, forcing the Soviets to remove the blockade in 1949"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Original members included the United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Portugal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Allowed for collective self-defense against the Soviet threat in the North Atlantic region"
      },
      {
        "line":"Has influenced economic and social cooperation between member nations"
      },
      {
        "line":"The fall of the Soviet Union has led to NATO expanding membership and moving toward peacekeeping throughout the world"
      },
      {
        "line":"Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Korean War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Korea was taken from Japan at the end of WWII and divided at the thirty-eighth parallel; the northern half controlled by the Soviet Union and the southern half occupied by the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"North Korea invaded south Korea and the U.N. sent in troops"
      },
      {
        "line":"General MacArthur led forces and pushed the North Koreans back across the thirty-eighth parallel"
      },
      {
        "line":"China, recently Communist, sent in troops to fight the U.N. in Korea"
      },
      {
        "line":"Truman disagreed with both MacArthur's desire to start an all-our war against China and with his foreign policy statements; Truman removed him"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cease-fire called and armistice signed in July 1953"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Joseph McCarthy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Republican senator from Wisconsin who claimed to have detailed information on Communists within the State Department (1950) "
      },
      {
        "line":"Was never able to prove Communists were within the State Department or any other government agency "
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1954, the Army accused McCarthy of attempting to gain preferential treatment for a McCarthy consultant, and McCarthy accused the Army of keeping him from finding more Communists"
      },
      {
        "line":"A televised Army-McCarthy hearing was established, and McCarthy came off in a negative light, leading to Congress condemning his conduct"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Rock and Roll"
      },
      {
        "line":"Music genre that originated in the United States "
      },
      {
        "line":"Combined rhythm and blues, gospel, jazz, and country and western music "
      },
      {
        "line":"Alan Freed, a Cleveland disc jockey, coined the phrase \"rock and roll\" and produced the first rock and roll concert"
      },
      {
        "line":"Early artists included Elvis Presley, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Chuck Berry, and Buddy Holly"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Beat Generation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Group of artists and writers who rejected traditional artistic and social forms"
      },
      {
        "line":"Influences included psychedelic drugs and Eastern beliefs, such as Zen Buddhism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Members rejected regular work and preferred communal living"
      },
      {
        "line":"Many members were located around San Francisco "
      },
      {
        "line":"Writers of the generation included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and Lawrence Feringhetti"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Dwight Eisenhower"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-fourth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became Allied military commander during the World Was 2 and led forced in North Africa, Italy, and England"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became Republican president after defeating Adlai Stevenson "
      },
      {
        "line":"Singed the truce in 1953 to end Korean War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Completed integration of military forces"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sent troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to ensure desegregation "
      },
      {
        "line":"Gave momentum to the desegregation movement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Geneva Accords"
      },
      {
        "line":"The foreign minister of nineteen nations, including the United States, decided to divide Vietnam at seventeen north latitude "
      },
      {
        "line":"North would be Nationalist led by Ho Chi Minh, while the South would be a Western-influenced republic "
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided for free elections within two years to reunite the two Vietnams"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Vietnam War - Causes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Vietnam was divided into the Communist North, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the South, supported by the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Viet Cong ( Communist guerillas) attempted to overthrow Saigon, South Vietnam's capital "
      },
      {
        "line":"South Vietnam asked President Kennedy for aid to fend off the Communists"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created to oppose the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia after France's withdrawal from Indochina"
      },
      {
        "line":"Original members included the United States, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines"
      },
      {
        "line":"The organization was meant to justify an American presence in Vietnam, though some member did not support America in this effort"
      },
      {
        "line":"Dismantled in 1977"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supreme Court case which challenged \"separate but equal\" ruling established in Plessy v. Ferguson "
      },
      {
        "line":"The Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Waren, held that separate was inherently unequal and instructed states to integrate"
      },
      {
        "line":"Massive Southern resistance slowed the advance of integration "
      },
      {
        "line":"Federal troops were used to help nine black students attend an all- white school in Little Rock, despite mobs and the Arkansas National Guard"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Rosa Parks"
      },
      {
        "line":"African- American woman who refused to give up her seat to a white man in Alabama (1955)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Parks was arrested, drawing the support of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr."
      },
      {
        "line":"Dr. King organized a bus boycott in Birmingham, Alabama, leading to desegregation in the United States and strengthening support for the civil rights movement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Suez Canal Crisis"
      },
      {
        "line":"International waterway through the Isthmus of Suez "
      },
      {
        "line":"Egypt has been receiving aid from the Soviets, leading Eisenhower to promise money to Egypt to curtail the Soviets"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eisenhower withdrew his offer and Egypt attempted to nationalize the Canal"
      },
      {
        "line":"Britain, France, and Israel invaded to gain back control of the Canal "
      },
      {
        "line":"Eisenhower forced France, Britain, and Israel to withdraw"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Interstate Highway act (federal-aid highway act of 1956)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Under the act, the interstates highway system was expanded to 41,000 miles"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed by president Eisenhower"
      },
      {
        "line":"Federal government would pay ninety percent of the cost of the expansion"
      },
      {
        "line":"$25 billion was authorized from 1957-1969; $114 billion was eventually expended over thirty-five years"
      },
      {
        "line":"Besides allowing motorists to travel easily throughout the country, the expanded highway system also allowed for troop movement and evacuation routes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Martin Luther King, Jr"
      },
      {
        "line":"Civil rights leader and chairman of Southern Christian Leadership Conference"
      },
      {
        "line":"Believed in non-violent civil disobedience"
      },
      {
        "line":"Key member of the 1963 March on Washington, a response to a civil rights bill by President Kennedy being stalled in congress"
      },
      {
        "line":"At the March on Washington, King delivered his \"I Have A Dream\" speech"
      },
      {
        "line":"Assassinated by James Earle Ray in 1968"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil Rights Act of 1957"
      },
      {
        "line":"First civil right act since Reconstruction"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stimulated by Brown v. Board of Topeka and civil rights activism"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created a panel to ensure that voting rights of African-Americans were not violated"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil Rights Movement Incidents"
      },
      {
        "line":"Emmett Till, a teenage African-American, was killed by two whites after supposedly whistling at one of their wives; the men were acquitted"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1960, four African0American students in Greensboro, North Carolina, sat at the Woolworth's \"White's Only\" lunch counter and refused to leave until they were served, sparking sit-ins throughout the South"
      },
      {
        "line":"An explosion at the Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killed four African0American girls (1963)"
      },
      {
        "line":"During a voter registration drive in Mississippi, two white college students and a local African-American were murdered; civil rights legislation resulted"
      },
      {
        "line":"In 1965, a group marched from Selma, Alabama, to Birmingham, Alabama, for voting rights; the 1965 Voting Rights Act was signed soon thereafter"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Formed in 1910 by a group of whites and blacks, including William E. B. DuBois, to stop racial discrimination"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supported sit-ins as a form of protest against segregation as well as other forms of non-violent protest"
      },
      {
        "line":"Disapproved of the more radical groups such as SNCC and the Black Panthers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Because of its mission, methods, and organization, the NACCP remains a force in social issues and political affairs"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil rights organizations"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)- founded by James Farmer in Chicago and advocated non-violence"
      },
      {
        "line":"CORE-sponsored the 1961 Freedom Rides in the South, breaking segregation rules on buses and eventually changing those rules"
      },
      {
        "line":"Student Non-violent Coordination Committee (SNCC)- founded in 1961 to support sit-ins"
      },
      {
        "line":"Stokely Carmichael, a leader of the SNCC and the Black Panther Party, called for \"Black Power\", which urged blacks to be independent and prideful, separating himself from the civil rights movement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Sputnik"
      },
      {
        "line":"Russian satellite launched into space"
      },
      {
        "line":"First unmanned spacecraft to escape Earth's gravity"
      },
      {
        "line":"Caused concern in the United States because Americans realized they were not as technologically advanced as the Russians"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to an increased emphasis on science education in the United States"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Eisenhower Doctrine"
      },
      {
        "line":"Created as a partial reaction to the Suez Canal crisis"
      },
      {
        "line":"The doctrine committed forces and economic aid to the Middle East to stop Communist threats"
      },
      {
        "line":"Some nations, including Egypt and Syria, denounced the doctrine"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established U.S. intention to use atomic weapons to defend against the expansion of communism if deemed necessary"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Television"
      },
      {
        "line":"Invented in the 1930's "
      },
      {
        "line":"FDR was the first president to appear on TV; he gave a speech in 1939 at the New York World's Fair, where television was being officially introduced to the mass public"
      },
      {
        "line":"Seminal shows during the 1950's and 1960's included the Honeymooners, I Love Lucy, and Ed Sullivan Show"
      },
      {
        "line":"By 1960, over forty million homes had televisions"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Fidel Castro"
      },
      {
        "line":"Communist-friendly leader of Cuba"
      },
      {
        "line":"Took power in Cuba after overthrowing Fulgencio Batista in 1959"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed agreements with Soviets for trade"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States broke diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Election of 1960"
      },
      {
        "line":"Richard Nixon, Eisenhower's former vice president, was nominated by the Republicans"
      },
      {
        "line":" Senator John F. Kennedy was nominated by the Democrats"
      },
      {
        "line":"Kennedy's Catholicism was a campaign issue because of the fears that Catholic leaders would influence him"
      },
      {
        "line":"The four presidential debates were televised and watched by approximately 75 million Americans"
      },
      {
        "line":"Nixon's negative appearance on television affected voters' perception of him"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"U-2 Spy Plane"
      },
      {
        "line":"Russians shot down a US U-2 reconnaissance plane over Soviet airspace"
      },
      {
        "line":"Eisenhower eventually admitted spying on the Soviets"
      },
      {
        "line":"The pilot, Francis Gary Powers, survived and served eighteen months in a Russian jail"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"John F. Kennedy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-fifth President "
      },
      {
        "line":"Democrat and first Catholic president"
      },
      {
        "line":"Domestic program (New Frontier) included tax reforms, educational aid, and emphasis on the space program"
      },
      {
        "line":"Raised minimum wage"
      },
      {
        "line":"Approved the Bay of Pigs invasion"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established the Peace Corps in 1961 as an agency to send American volunteers to developing countries"
      },
      {
        "line":"Successfully led American through the Cuban Missile Crisis"
      },
      {
        "line":"Assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Bay of Pigs"
      },
      {
        "line":"Attempted invasion of Cuba by CIA-trained Cuban refugees"
      },
      {
        "line":"Goal was to overthrow Fidel Castro, Cuba's Communist-friendly leader"
      },
      {
        "line":"The invasion failed after Kennedy refused air support"
      },
      {
        "line":"JFK assumed responsibility for the invasion"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Berlin Wall"
      },
      {
        "line":"Barrier erected by the East German government to separate East and West Berlin"
      },
      {
        "line":"East Berlin was under Communist control, while West Berlin remained under Western control (American, British, and French)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Meant to stop defections and travel of East Berliners"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Alliance for Progress"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Alliance was a \"Marshall Plan\" for Latin America"
      },
      {
        "line":"Its purpose was to provide economic aid to half the region resist Communism"
      },
      {
        "line":"The results of the Alliance were disappointing to those who supported it"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Cuban Missile Crisis"
      },
      {
        "line":"American spy plane discovered Russian Missile sites being placed in Cuba"
      },
      {
        "line":"In response, President Kennedy blockaded Cuba and demanded that the Soviets removed the missile bases and all long-range weapons"
      },
      {
        "line":"Kennedy declared that any missile attack on the United States would result in retaliation against the U.S.S.R."
      },
      {
        "line":"Khrushchev removed the missile sites; the US lifted the blockade and removed its intermediate-range ballistic missiles from Turkey"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to Nuclear Test Ban (1963), in which the United States, Britain, and U.S.S.R. agreed not to perform nuclear tests in the atmosphere or underwater"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"James Meredith"
      },
      {
        "line":"James Meredith obtained a federal court order to allow him to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1962"
      },
      {
        "line":"On several occasions, he was barred from enrolling"
      },
      {
        "line":"Federal marshals were called in to accompany him to enroll and attend classes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Engel v. Vitale"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supreme Court held that a prayer created by the New York State Board of Regents was unconstitutional"
      },
      {
        "line":"Even though this prayer was \"non-denominational\", the Court held that state-sponsored prayer of any type went against the First Amendment's establishment of religion"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Baker v. Carr"
      },
      {
        "line":"Tennessee had failed to reapportion its state legislature for sixty years despite growth and population movement"
      },
      {
        "line":"Charles Baker, a Tennessee voter, brought suit against the state, arguing a violation of equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Baker claimed that his vote had been diluted"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court held that the political question would be heard, opening the way for numerous voting suits"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Rachel Carson"
      },
      {
        "line":"American writer and marine biologist"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wrote Silent Spring (1962) a study on dangerous insecticides"
      },
      {
        "line":"Helped initiate the environmental movement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Lyndon Johnson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-sixth President, Elected in 1964"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became president after JFK's assassination"
      },
      {
        "line":"Previously served as a Democratic senator from Texas, where he was both the whip and floor leader"
      },
      {
        "line":"Promoted Kennedy's agenda through Congress, including a tax cut and the Civil Rights Act of 1964"
      },
      {
        "line":"Called for war against poverty and promoted social and economic welfare legislation (his Great Society program)"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Gideon v. Wainwright, Escobedo v. Illinois, and Miranda v. Arizona"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gideon-Supreme Court held that all persons charged with a felony (later expanded to other charges) must be provided legal counsel"
      },
      {
        "line":"Escobedo- Supreme Court held that the police must honor a person's request to have an attorney present during interrogation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Miranda-The Supreme Court provided an arrested person with the right to remain silent, the right to be told that whatever he said could be used against him, the right to be represented by an attorney, the right to have a lawyer even if he could not afford one, and the right to one phone call to obtain a lawyer"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Women's Movement"
      },
      {
        "line":"Spurred by increasing employment and increasing numbers of educated women"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Movement questioned \"traditional\" definitions of women's roles"
      },
      {
        "line":"There became increased opportunities for women in work, education, and business"
      },
      {
        "line":"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination by employers of the basis of gender"
      },
      {
        "line":"National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 to create equality between the sexes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Betty Friedan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Author and activist"
      },
      {
        "line":"Published the Feminine Mystique in 1963, which attacked the belief that a woman's sole satisfaction comes through homemaking"
      },
      {
        "line":"Friedan was one of the founders of the National Organization of Women (NOW) to advance women's rights and causes"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Civil Rights Act of 1964"
      },
      {
        "line":"Passed by Lyndon Johnson, who followed Kennedy's political agenda"
      },
      {
        "line":"The March on Washington in 1963 aided passage of the Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Act strengthened voting rights protection"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prohibited discrimination in places of public accommodations (stores, restaurants, and hotels)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Required the federal government to withdraw support from any state or program that discriminated"
      },
      {
        "line":"Established Equal Employment Commission to watch hiring practices"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US"
      },
      {
        "line":"A motel operator refused to serve an African-American consumer"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court upheld the Civil Rights Act on 1964, which outlawed discrimination in schools, places of work, voting sites, public accommodations, and public areas"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Gulf of Tonkin Resolution"
      },
      {
        "line":"North Vietnamese supposedly fired on American ships in the Gulf of Tonkin"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congress passed resolution allowing President Johnson to use military action in Vietnam"
      },
      {
        "line":"Johnson retaliated against the Vietcong with bombing attacks in the North followed by ground troops"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Ralph Nader"
      },
      {
        "line":"Political activist and advocate for consumers"
      },
      {
        "line":"His book, Unsafe at Any Speed (1965), shed light on poor safety standards for automobiles, leading Congress to pass auto safety measures"
      },
      {
        "line":"Unsuccessfully ran as a third-party candidate for the US presidency in 1996, 2000, and 2004"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Voting Rights Act of 1965"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed into law by Lyndon Johnson"
      },
      {
        "line":"Resulted after demonstrations against the measures used to prevent African-Americans from voting; these measures included violence"
      },
      {
        "line":"Voters could no longer be forced to take literacy tests"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided federal registration of African-American voters in areas that had less than fifty percent of eligible voters registered"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Watts Riots"
      },
      {
        "line":"Six-day riots in Watts, a depressed African-American section section of Los Angeles"
      },
      {
        "line":"Causes included a drunk- driving arrest of a young African- American and claims of police brutality"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-four deaths and over $200 million worth of property damage resulted "
      },
      {
        "line":"Sparked other riots throughout the country"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Malcolm X"
      },
      {
        "line":"African-American advocate and leader who moved away from Martin Luther King's non-violent methods of civil disobedience "
      },
      {
        "line":"While in prison, he became a Black Muslim and later a minister in the Nation of Islam "
      },
      {
        "line":"The leader of the Black Muslims, Elijah Muhammad, suspended Malcolm X when he made derogatory remarks about President Kennedy's assassination "
      },
      {
        "line":"Malcolm X formed a new organization, the Muslim Mosque "
      },
      {
        "line":"After a pilgrimage to Mecca, he converted to Orthodox Islam and began publicly accepting the idea of cooperation between blacks and whites "
      },
      {
        "line":"Assassinated in New York City during a speech; assailants ere said to be with Black Muslim group, but this has never been confirmed"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Black Panthers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Founded in 1996 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in California "
      },
      {
        "line":"Called African- American to become liberated through violence "
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided free lunches to African-American children "
      },
      {
        "line":"Have been involved in various violent confrontation over the years"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Robert F. Kennedy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Brother of President John F. Kennedy "
      },
      {
        "line":"Served as Attorney General under President Kennedy "
      },
      {
        "line":"Elected as senator from New York in 1964 "
      },
      {
        "line":"Pushed for desegregation and election regulation "
      },
      {
        "line":"Presidential candidate in 1968"
      },
      {
        "line":"Assassinated in California by Sirhan Sirhan in June 1968"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Cesar Chavez"
      },
      {
        "line":"Migrant farmer who founded the National Farm Worker Association "
      },
      {
        "line":"His goal was to defeat persecution throughout the migrant worker system "
      },
      {
        "line":"Used strikes, picketing, and marches to help protect workers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Counterculture Movement"
      },
      {
        "line":"Began at Berkeley with free speech movement "
      },
      {
        "line":"Beliefs included women's liberation, anti- materialism, and opposition of the was in Vietnam "
      },
      {
        "line":"Experimented with drug and sex "
      },
      {
        "line":"Young people who favored the counterculture were called \"hippies\" "
      },
      {
        "line":"The Woodstock Music and Art Festival in New York State (1969) marked the culmination of the counterculture movement"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Tet Offensive"
      },
      {
        "line":"North Vietnam violated a truce during Tet (New Year), attacking cities throughout South Vietnam "
      },
      {
        "line":"The attack surprised the United States"
      },
      {
        "line":"Despite initiating the fighting, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong were defeated, suffering heavy casualties"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"American Indian Movement (AIM)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supported Native American civil rights and recognition of past treaties with in the United States "
      },
      {
        "line":"Militants associated with the organization staged an occupation of the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, arguing that treaties had been ignored"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Moon Landing"
      },
      {
        "line":"Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Earth's moon "
      },
      {
        "line":"Armstrong made the famous statement, \"That's one small step for man .... One giant leap for mankind\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Armstrong's fellow astronauts were Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Richard M. Nixon"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty- seventh President "
      },
      {
        "line":"Prior to becoming president in 1969, Nixon served as United States representative, senator and vice president "
      },
      {
        "line":"Nixon oversaw \"Vietnamization\" which called for the training of South Vietnamese troops to assume responsibility for military actions "
      },
      {
        "line":"He began to remove United States troops in phase from South Vietnam "
      },
      {
        "line":"Ended the draft "
      },
      {
        "line":"Opened China for trade "
      },
      {
        "line":"Reduced tension with U.S.S.R with the SALT agreements "
      },
      {
        "line":"Resigned following Watergate scandal, becoming the first president to do so"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Pentagon Papers"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defense Department paper that discussed America's involvement in Southeast Asia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Discussed how the government had mis-portrayed its intentions during the Vietnam War in the 1960's "
      },
      {
        "line":"The New York Times received the papers from Daniel Ellsberg, who had studied defense policies; the Times began publishing articles about the study in June 1971"
      },
      {
        "line":"The United States tried to stop the Times by arguing national security, but the Supreme Court allowed publication based on freedom of the press "
      },
      {
        "line":"Set a precedent for future conflicts in the press over security versus liberty"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Kent State University"
      },
      {
        "line":"Site of a university protest against the Vietnam War and the Cambodian conflict "
      },
      {
        "line":"Ohio National Guard killed four students during the event and wounded many others"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to other uprisings on college campuses, including Jackson State"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Twenty-sixth Amendment"
      },
      {
        "line":"Ratified in response to Vietnam War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Gave the right to vote to citizen eighteen and older"
      },
      {
        "line":"By November 1971, eleven million Americans between eighteen and twenty-one were eligible to vote"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Henry Kissinger"
      },
      {
        "line":"National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Nixon "
      },
      {
        "line":"Pursued relations with China "
      },
      {
        "line":"Played significant role in SALT"
      },
      {
        "line":"Negotiated talks after Six- Day War of Arab countries against Israel"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"SALT 1 and SALT 2"
      },
      {
        "line":"Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty "
      },
      {
        "line":"SALT 1 - Agreement signed by the United States and the Soviets to stop building nuclear ballistic missiles for five years"
      },
      {
        "line":"SALT 2- Singed by Carter and Brezhnev; it reduced and limited number of missile launchers and bombers "
      },
      {
        "line":"These treaties helped to reduce tension between the United States and the U.S.S.R"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Watergate Scandal"
      },
      {
        "line":"CRP/CREEP ( Committee for the Re-election of the President) attempted to spy on Democrats at their headquarters in the Watergate Hotel "
      },
      {
        "line":"Men with connections to CRP/CREEP were arrested and convicted "
      },
      {
        "line":"Nixon stated that the burglars had no connection to his administration "
      },
      {
        "line":"James McCord, one of the convicted burglars, claimed a Republican cover- up "
      },
      {
        "line":"An investigation uncovered wire taps, presidential tapes, and further evidence of espionage"
      },
      {
        "line":"Robert Woodward and Carl Bernstein, writers for The Washington Post, helped reveal the details behind the break-in "
      },
      {
        "line":"This deception at the highest political level caused many Americans to become disenchant with the government"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Furman v. Georgia"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional unless fairly applied "
      },
      {
        "line":"Subsequent Supreme Court decisions have allowed the death penalty in certain circumstances"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"War Powers Act"
      },
      {
        "line":"President has to report to Congress within forty-eight hours of the commitment of United States troops of substantially increasing troops in foreign conflicts "
      },
      {
        "line":"Congressional approval is need for any military commitment of troops for more than ninety days "
      },
      {
        "line":"Requirement enacted by Congress over Nixon's veto"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Saturday Night Massacre"
      },
      {
        "line":"Followed Nixon's refusal to give his tapes to Archibald Cox, the government's special prosecutor"
      },
      {
        "line":"Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox from this appointment "
      },
      {
        "line":"Rather than fire Cox, Richardson quit "
      },
      {
        "line":"Eventually, the tapes surfaced and Nixon resigned in August 1973"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Roe v. Wade"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supreme Court decision that rules first trimester abortions were to be allowed "
      },
      {
        "line":"All state laws prohibiting such abortions were made unconstitutional "
      },
      {
        "line":"Decision was based on a woman's right to privacy "
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to criticism from Roman Catholics and right-to-life group"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Gerald Ford"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-eighth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became vice president after Spiro Agnew resigned as a result of an investigation into financial irregularities"
      },
      {
        "line":"Took office after Nixon's resignation"
      },
      {
        "line":"Pardoned Nixon, though the former president had not been charged with anything"
      },
      {
        "line":"His rise to power represented the first use of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, which provided for action in cases of a vice-president vacancy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Jimmy Carter"
      },
      {
        "line":"Thirty-ninth president"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defeated Gerald Ford for presidency"
      },
      {
        "line":"Wanted to make a \"responsible government\""
      },
      {
        "line":"Reduced unemployment and eased the energy crisis"
      },
      {
        "line":"Negotiated the Camp David Accords, in which Israel returned land in the Sinai Peninsula in exchange for Egyptian recognition of Israel's rights"
      },
      {
        "line":"Iran's holding of American hostages, along with inflation, led to his loss to Ronald Regan in 1980"
      },
      {
        "line":"Both during his tenure in office and since his loss to Reagan, Carter has worked for improvements in human rights"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Bakke v. Regents of the University of California"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Supreme Court upheld the university's use of race in its admissions decisions"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Court also found that Bakke, a white, should have been admitted to the university's medical school"
      },
      {
        "line":"This holding banned the use of racial quotas"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"American Hostages in Iran"
      },
      {
        "line":"America had supported the Shah of Iran, who lost power after a coup by the Ayatollah Khomeini"
      },
      {
        "line":"Supporters of Khomeini were anti-American because of this support of the Shah"
      },
      {
        "line":"Carter allowed the Shah to receive medical attention in the US upsetting Iranians"
      },
      {
        "line":"Iranian revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Iran and took hostages"
      },
      {
        "line":"Carter froze Iranian assets in the US and sent ships within striking distance"
      },
      {
        "line":"An accord was finally signed and the revolutionaries freed the hostages on Reagan's inauguration day"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Three Mile Island"
      },
      {
        "line":"A nuclear power plant located south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, overheated, causing part of its uranium core to melt"
      },
      {
        "line":"The overheating was caused by human, design, and mechanical errors"
      },
      {
        "line":"Radioactive water and gases were released"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to a slowdown in the construction of other reactors and changes in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission"
      },
      {
        "line":"Americans became more aware of environmental concerns"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Ronald Reagan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Fortieth President"
      },
      {
        "line":"Defeated Carter after carrying a large majority"
      },
      {
        "line":"Increased military spending, including the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars Program), which was a space-based defense system"
      },
      {
        "line":"Succeeded in getting a tremendous tax cut, aiming to increase investments and improve the job market (Reaganomics)"
      },
      {
        "line":"After first increasing the number of nuclear weapons, Reagan worked with Gorbachev toward the reduction of nuclear weapons"
      },
      {
        "line":"Won re-election over Democratic nominees, Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Mikhail Gorbachev"
      },
      {
        "line":"Russian political leader"
      },
      {
        "line":"Worked with Reagan to reduce nuclear weapons"
      },
      {
        "line":"Removed Russian troops from Afghanistan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Worked to liberalize repressive atmosphere of country under governmental policies of \"glasnost\" (openness) and \"perestroika\" (restructuring)"
      },
      {
        "line":"Key player in the fall of communism in Russia"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Iran-Contra Affair"
      },
      {
        "line":"Scandal involving CIA, National Security Council, and the Reagan administration"
      },
      {
        "line":"The US sold weapons to Iranians friendly to American in order to encourage them to free hostages"
      },
      {
        "line":"Profits form sales of weapons funded Nicaraguan revolutionaries fighting the Sandinista government"
      },
      {
        "line":"Congress had approved neither the sale nor the funding, and hearings led to convictions of Oliver North, Robert McFarlane, and John Poindexter"
      },
      {
        "line":"For many, the hearings echoed the Watergate scandal; American citizens became increasingly skeptical of their government"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Black Monday (Stock Market Crash)"
      },
      {
        "line":"The Dow Jones dropped 22.6%, the largest single-day drop since 1914"
      },
      {
        "line":"Causes included trade deficits, computerized trading, and American criticism of West Germany's economic policies"
      },
      {
        "line":"The crash later affected the insurance industry and was a cause of the savings and loan crisis"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Savings and Loan Scandal"
      },
      {
        "line":"The lax regulation of the savings and loan industry led to poor investments and high insolvency"
      },
      {
        "line":"The economic environment following Black Monday worsened the savings and loan financial disaster"
      },
      {
        "line":"As the federal government guaranteed deposits up to $100,000, a $166 billion rescue appropriation was made"
      },
      {
        "line":"The scandal is representative of the effects of poor governmental regulation"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"George Bush"
      },
      {
        "line":"Forty-first president"
      },
      {
        "line":"Prior to becoming president, he served as a congressman, director of the CIA, UN Ambassador, and vice president to Ronald Reagan"
      },
      {
        "line":"Sent troops to overthrow Manual Noriega in Panama"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led the US to success in the Gulf War, forcing Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"START"
      },
      {
        "line":"Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty"
      },
      {
        "line":"Signed by Mikhail Gorbachev and George Bush"
      },
      {
        "line":"Cut the nuclear weapons arsenals of both nations by thirty percent"
      },
      {
        "line":"START was a landmark agreement in the easing of American-Russian tensions"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Persian Gulf War"
      },
      {
        "line":"Saddam Hussein, dictator and leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990"
      },
      {
        "line":"American interests in oil were threatened"
      },
      {
        "line":"After Iraq failed to meet the deadline for peaceful withdrawal, the US launched Operation Desert Storm on January 18, 1991, led by General Norman Schwarzkopf"
      },
      {
        "line":"Air strikes were followed by a ground war"
      },
      {
        "line":"Multi-national forces defeated Iraqi troops and liberated Kuwait"
      },
      {
        "line":"Though under heavy embargos, Saddam was left in power, which would lead to a second war with Iraq in the George W. Bush presidency"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Effects of the Collapse of Soviet Union"
      },
      {
        "line":"Break-up of nations created new foreign policy challenges and a proliferation of weaponry"
      },
      {
        "line":"Provided new opportunities for US trade"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led to new foreign policy challenges in Asia"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Bill Clinton"
      },
      {
        "line":"Forty-second president"
      },
      {
        "line":"Former law professor, attorney general of Arkansas, and governor of Arkansas"
      },
      {
        "line":"Achieved gun control measures, a strong economy, acts supporting time off for family leave, and welfare reform"
      },
      {
        "line":"Led the US to join the north American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), lifting trade barriers between the US, Canada and Mexico"
      },
      {
        "line":"Became the second president to be impeached by the House of Representatives after an extra-marital affair with Monica Lewinsky"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Branch Davidian Incident"
      },
      {
        "line":"Apocalyptic Christian group founded during the 1930's"
      },
      {
        "line":"David Koresh and his followers lived at a compound outside Waco, Texas"
      },
      {
        "line":"A shootout occurred between the FBI, ATF, ad Branch Davidians as a warrant for illegal weapons and child abuse was attempted to be served"
      },
      {
        "line":"Four federal agents and five Branch Davidians were killed"
      },
      {
        "line":"A fifty-one day standoff occurred, ending with the burning of the compound and the death of Koresh and the rest of his followers"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Oklahoma City Bombing"
      },
      {
        "line":"Timothy McVeigh destroyed the Oklahoma City Federal Building with a fertilizer bomb"
      },
      {
        "line":"168 people were killed in the destruction caused by the explosion "
      },
      {
        "line":"McVeigh said he was upset with the government about the Branch Davidian fiasco and the event at Rudy Ridge "
      },
      {
        "line":"McVeigh was killed by lethal injection in 2001"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"George W. Bush"
      },
      {
        "line":"Forty-third President "
      },
      {
        "line":"Former Texas governor sworn into office in 2001"
      },
      {
        "line":"Won presidential race after the Democratic nominee and former vice president, Al Gore, conceded following a voting ordeal in Florida "
      },
      {
        "line":"Gore had more popular votes than Bush but fewer electoral votes"
      },
      {
        "line":"Passed initiatives in attempts to improve education( NO Child Left Behind Act)"
      },
      {
        "line":"His declaration against terrorism led to the liberation of Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq"
      },
      {
        "line":"Son of former president, George Bush"
      },
      {
        "line":"Re-elected in 2004"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"September 11, 2001"
      },
      {
        "line":"Day of attacks by terrorist cells connected to the Al Qaeda network, which was led by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi dissident"
      },
      {
        "line":"Al Qaeda operatives hijacked two airliners and crashed then into New York's World Trade Center, destroying the buildings and killing thousands "
      },
      {
        "line":"Another hijacked plane hit the Pentagon in Washington, D.C "
      },
      {
        "line":"A final hijacked plane was diverted from its mission crashing in Pennsylvania "
      },
      {
        "line":"As a result of the attacks, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act, which broadened government authority to gather intelligence and further defined crimes that were punishable as terrorism "
      },
      {
        "line":"Attacks led to the invasion of Afghanistan"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "card":[
      {
        "title":"Evolution of the Major Political Parties from Civil War to Modern Day"
      },
      {
        "line":"Key Moment: Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act "
      },
      {
        "line":"Political Parties: Republican and Democrat - extension of slavery into the territories was the main concern of Lincoln's Republican, while Democratic voting split North- South along the issue "
      },
      {
        "line":"Evolutionary Point: After a Northern victory in the Civil War, the South became anti- Republican and anti- North,; the North maintained political control became increasingly industrial and wealthy"
      },
      {
        "line":"Key Moment: Though Democratic candidates had been elected since the Civil War, Franklin Roosevelt's presidency helped to redefine the party "
      },
      {
        "line":"Parties: Modern- day Republican and Democratic parties- business and tariffs used to support the state versus policies that support broad social programs"
      }
    ]
  }
]