v0.7.0-rc2

This is a release candidate for 0.7.0.

This means that APIs are understood to be set for 0.7.0, except to the extent that bugs found during the series of release candidates require breaking changes to fix.

Most of the release notes for this rc are copied over from the alpha/beta/rc1, but the hope is for this to be a complete picture of changes. Please let me know with any missing breaking changes or features so that can be added.

0.7 is a nearly-complete rewrite of the internals of the framework, with the following goals:

• maintain backwards compatibility for as much user application code as possible
• improve the async story and fix Suspense edge cases and limitations
• reduce WASM binary size
• reduce HTML size
• faster HTML rendering
• allow signals to be sent across threads
• enhance the ergonomics of things like prop spreading and accessing the HTML shell of your application
• build the foundation for future work
  • reactive stores to make nested reactivity more pleasant
  • client-side routing with islands and state preservation
  • integrating with native UI toolkits to create desktop applications

Getting Started

0.7 works with the current cargo-leptos version. If you want to start exploring, there are starter templates for Axum and Actix. Each template is only three files. They show some of the boilerplate differences; for more details, see below.

Axum: cargo leptos new --git https://github.com/leptos-rs/start-axum-0.7 (repo)
Actix: cargo leptos new --git https://github.com/leptos-rs/start-actix-0.7 (repo)

New Features

.await on resources and async in <Suspense/>

Currently, create_resource allows you to synchronously access the value of some async data as either None or Some(_). However, it requires that you always access it this way. This has some drawbacks:

• requires that you null-check every piece of data
• makes it difficult for one resource to wait for another resource to load

Now, you can .await a resource, and you can use async blocks within a <Suspense/> via the Suspend wrapper, which makes it easier to chain two resources:

let user = Resource::new(|| (), |_| user_id());
let posts = Resource::new(
    // resources still manually track dependencies (necessary for hydration)
    move || user.get(),
    move |_| async move {
        // but you can .await a resource inside another
        let user = user.await?;
        get_posts(user).await
    },
);

view! {
    <Suspense>
        // you can `.await` resources to avoid dealing with the `None` state
        <p>"User ID: " {move || Suspend::new(async move {
            match user.await {
                // ...
            }
        })}</p>
        // or you can still use .get() to access resources in things like component props
        <For
            each=move || posts.get().and_then(Result::ok).unwrap_or_default()
            key=|post| post.id
            let:post
        >
            // ...
        </For>
    </Suspense>
}

Reference-counted signal types

One of the awkward edge cases of current Leptos is that our Copy arena for signals makes it possible to leak memory if you have a collection of nested signals and do not dispose them. (See 0.6 example.) 0.7 exposes ArcRwSignal, ArcReadSignal, etc., which are Clone but not Copy and manage their memory via reference counting, but can easily be converted into the copyable RwSignal etc. This makes working with nested signal correctly much easier, without sacrificing ergonomics meaningfully. See the 0.7 counters example for more.

.read() and .write() on signals

You can now use .read() and .write() to get immutable and mutable guards for the value of a signal, which will track/update appropriately: these work like .with() and .update() but without the extra closure, or like .get() but without cloning.

let long_vec = RwSignal::new(vec![42; 1000]);
let short_vec = RwSignal::new(vec![13; 2]);
// bad: clones both Vecs
let bad_len = move || long_vec.get().len() + short_vec.get().len();
// ugly: awkward nested syntax (or a macro)
let ugly_len = move || long_vec.with(|long| short_vec.with(|short| long.len() + short.len()));
// readable but doesn't clone
let good_len = move || long_vec.read().len() + short_vec.read().len();

These should always be used for short periods of time, not stored somewhere for longer-term use, just like any guard or lock, or you can cause deadlocks or panics.

Custom HTML shell

The HTML document "shell" for server rendering is currently hardcoded as part of the server integrations, limiting your ability to customize it. Now you simply include it as part of your application, which also means that you can customize things like teh <title> without needing to use leptos_meta.

pub fn shell(options: LeptosOptions) -> impl IntoView {
    view! {
        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html lang="en">
            <head>
                <meta charset="utf-8"/>
                <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/>
                <AutoReload options=options.clone() />
                <HydrationScripts options/>
                <MetaTags/>
            </head>
            <body>
                <App/>
            </body>
        </html>
    }
}

Enhanced attribute spreading

Any valid attribute can now be spread onto any component, allowing you to extend the UI created by a component however you want. This works through multiple components: for example, if you spread attributes onto a Suspense they will be passed through to whatever it returns.

// attributes that are spread onto a component will be applied to *all* elements returned as part of
// the component's view. to apply attributes to a subset of the component, pass them via a component prop
<ComponentThatTakesSpread
    // the class:, style:, prop:, on: syntaxes work just as they do on elements
    class:foo=true
    style:font-weight="bold"
    prop:cool=42
    on:click=move |_| alert("clicked ComponentThatTakesSpread")
    // props are passed as they usually are on components
    some_prop=13
    // to pass a plain HTML attribute, prefix it with attr:
    attr:id="foo"
    // or, if you want to include multiple attributes, rather than prefixing each with
    // attr:, you can separate them from component props with the spread {..}
    {..} // everything after this is treated as an HTML attribute
    title="ooh, a title!"
    {..spread_onto_component}
/>

Improved <ProtectedRoute/>

The current ProtectedRoute component is not great: it checks the condition once, synchronously, on navigation, and so it doesn't respond to changes and can't easily be used with async data. The new ProtectedRoute is reactive and uses Suspense so you can use resources or reactive data. There are examples of this now in router and ssr_modes_axum.

Two-way binding with bind: syntax

Two-way binding allows you to pass signals directly to inputs, rather than separately managing prop:value and on:input to sync the signals to the inputs.

// You can use `RwSignal`s
let is_awesome = RwSignal::new(true);
let sth = RwSignal::new("one".to_string());

// And you can use split signals
let (text, set_text) = signal("Hello world".to_string());

view! {
    // Use `bind:checked` and a `bool` signal for a checkbox
    <input type="checkbox" bind:checked=is_awesome />

    // Use `bind:group` and `String` for radio inputs
    <input type="radio" value="one" bind:group=sth />
    <input type="radio" value="two" bind:group=sth />
    <input type="radio" value="trhee" bind:group=sth />

    // Use `bind:value` and `String` for everything else
    <input type="text" bind:value=(text, set_text) />
    <textarea bind:value=(text, set_text) />
}

Reactive Stores

Stores are a new reactive primitive that allow you to reactively access deeply-nested fields in a struct without needing to create signals inside signals; rather, you can use plain data types, annotated with #[derive(Store)], and then access fields with reactive getters/setters.

Updating one subfield of a Store does not trigger effects only listening to a sibling field; listening to one field of a store does not track the sibling fields.

Stores are most useful for nested data structures, so a succinct example is difficult, but the stores example shows a complete use case.

Support the View Transition API for router animations

The Routes/FlatRoutes component now have a transition prop. Setting this to true will cause the router to use the browser's View Transition API during navigation. You can control animations during navigation using CSS classes. Which animations are used can be controlled using classes that the router will set on the <html> element: .routing-progress while navigating, .router-back during a back navigation, and .router-outlet-{n} for the depth of the outlet that is being changed (0 for the root page changing, 1 for the first Outlet, etc.) The router example uses this API.

Note: View Transitions are not supported on all browsers, but have been accepted as a standard and can be polyfilled. Using a built-in browser API is much better in the long term than our bug-prone and difficult-to-maintain custom implementation.

Breaking Changes

Imports

I'm reorganizing the module structure to improve docs and discoverability. We will still have a prelude that can be used for glob imports of almost everything that's currently exported from the root.

- use leptos::*;
+ use leptos::prelude::*;

Likewise, the router exposes things via leptos_router::components and leptos_router::hooks. rust-analyzer can help fix imports fairly well.

I'm hoping for feedback on the new module structure, whether it makes sense, and any improvements. I have not done too much work to sort through the reexports, look at how docs look, etc. yet.

Naming

We're migrating away from create_ naming toward more idiomatic Rust naming patterns:

• create_signal to signal (like channel)
• create_rw_signal to RwSignal::new()
• etc.

I've left some of the current functions in, marked deprecated; others may have been missed, but should be easy to find via docs.rs.

Type erasure and view types

One of the major changes in this release is replacing the View enum with statically-typed views, which is where most of the binary size savings come from. If you need to branch and return one of several types, you can either use one of the Either enums in leptos::either, or you can use .into_any() to erase the type. Generally speaking the compiler can do its job better if you maintain more type information so the Either types should be preferred, but AnyView is not bad to use when needed.

// Either
if some_condition {
    Either::Left(view! { <p>"Foo"</p> })
} else {
    Either::Right("Bar")
}

// .into_any()
if some_condition {
    view! { <p>"Foo"</p> }.into_any()
} else {
    "Bar".into_any()
}

Boilerplate

There have been changes to the SSR and hydration boilerplate, which include (but aren't limited to)

• get_configuration is sync (remove the .await)
• you provide the app shell
• .leptos_routes no longer takes LeptosOptions as an argument
• use leptos::mount::hydrate_body (hydration) instead of leptos::mount::mount_to_body (which is now CSR-specific)
• ... and probably more

Check the starter templates for a good setup.

Route definitions

The patterns for route definition have changed in several ways.

• fallback is now a required prop on <Routes/>, rather than an optional prop on <Router/>
• If you do not need nested routes, there is now a <FlatRoutes/> component that optimizes for this case
• If you use nested routes, any routes with children should be <ParentRoute/>
• Route paths are defined with static types, rather than strings: path="foo" becomes path=StaticSegment("foo"), and there are path=":id" becomes path=ParamSegment("id"), path="posts/:id" becomes path=(StaticSegment("posts"), ParamSegment("id")), and so on. There is a path!() macro that will do this for you: i.e., it will expand path!("/foo/:id") to path=(StaticSegment("foo"), ParamSegment("id")).

See the router and hackernews examples.

Send/Sync signals

By default, the data held in reactive primitives (signals, memos, effects) must be safe to send across threads. For non-threadsafe types, there is a "storage" generic on signal types. This defaults to SyncStorage, but you can optionally specify LocalStorage instead. Many APIs have _local() alternatives to enable this.

let (foo, bar) = signal("baz");
// error: `std::rc::Rc<&str>` cannot be shared between threads safely
// let (foo, bar) = signal(Rc::new("baz"));
let (foo, bar) = signal_local(Rc::new("baz"));
let qux = RwSignal::new("baz");
// error: `std::rc::Rc<&str>` cannot be shared between threads safely
// let qux = RwSignal::new(Rc::new("baz"));
let qux = RwSignal::new_local(Rc::new("baz"));

Minor Breaking Changes

• The Await component now takes a plain Future for its future prop rather than a Fn() -> Future, because it uses an optimized resource implementation
• Views for arbitrary data types can now be added by implementing IntoRender rather than IntoView (see discussion in #3062)
• ParamsMap supports multiple values per key (which is supported by query strings), so the API now differentiates between inserting a new value for the same key and replacing the value, and between getting one value and getting all values for a key
• The Stylesheet component no longer automatically works with the file hashing feature of cargo-leptos. You can use HashedStylesheet and pass it the appropriate props instead.
• A number of components previously had props that existed only to pass an HTML attribute down to the element they create. (For example, an <A> component with a class prop that set the class on the <a> element.) These have been replaced by the new attribute-spreading API, to reduce complexity of the components themselves.
• LeptosOptions now uses Arc<str> for its fields that were formerly String, so that it is less expensive to clone. In practice, this usually only means using &field or field.as_ref() in a few places that require &str, and so on.

Miscellaneous

I'm sure there are a bunch of small and larger changes I have not mentioned above. By the time of final release, help compiling a total list of breaking changes/migration guide would be much appreciated. At present, the starter templates and the examples directory in the PR can provide a pretty comprehensive set of changes.

On storing views in signals...

There's a pattern I've seen many use that I do not particularly like, but accidentally enabled through the way APIs happened to be (or needed to be) designed in Leptos 0.1-0.6, in which a user stores some view in a signal and then reads it somewhere else. This was possible because View needed to be Clone for internal reasons. Some users used this to create custom control flow: for example, you could create a global "header view" signal, and then update it from leaf components by storing a new view in it.

I'd consider this a bit of an antipattern, for a couple reasons:

1. Ideally the application is designed so that data flows through the reactive graph, and the view is defined declaratively at the "leaves" of the application by components that take that reactive data
2. More practically, DOM elements are Clone but in a surprising way: you can clone the reference to a DOM node, but that is a shallow, not a deep clone, and if you use it in multiple places by .get()ing the signal more than once, it will only appear in the last location

In the statically-typed view tree, views are not necessarily cloneable (including the AnyView type), so they can't easily be stored in a signal.

However, it is possible to achieve a similar goal by using a "reactive channel" pattern instead:

let count = RwSignal::new(0);

let trigger = ArcTrigger::new();
let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();

let on_click = {
    let trigger = trigger.clone();
    move |_| {
        leptos::logging::log!("clicked");
        *count.write() += 1;
        tx.send(if *count.read() % 2 == 0 {
            view! { <p>"An even paragraph"</p> }.into_any()
        } else {
            view! { <span>"An odd span"</span> }.into_any()
        })
        .unwrap();
        trigger.trigger();
    }
};

view! {
    <div>
        <button on:click=on_click>"Update view"</button>
        {move || {
            trigger.track();
            rx.try_recv().unwrap_or_else(|_| view! {
                <p>"Click the button once to begin."</p>
            }.into_any())
        }}
    </div>
}

Send the views through a channel means they do not need to be cloned, and won't be used in more than once place (avoiding the edge cases of 2 above.) Each time you send a view through the channel, simply trigger the trigger.

What's Changed since rc1

• Add fixed size array rendering by @LouisDISPA in #3174
• chore(ci): suppress warnings about unused code in example tests by @gbj in #3193
• Cargo.lock by @sabify in #3192
• Updated tests for #3182 by @metatoaster in #3194
• Add futures-executor feature for any_spawner by @ogghead in #3195
• fix: make free space for ci workflows before running them by @sabify in #3206
• Dependabot, Attemp #2 by @sabify in #3204
• chore(deps): bump tokio from 1.41.0 to 1.41.1 by @dependabot in #3207
• fix: complete navigation after rendering fallback (closes #3199) by @gbj in #3208
• fix: only register async work with transition if it isn't already done (closes #3197) by @gbj in #3209
• fix: ensure that aria-current is set correctly (closes #3196) by @gbj in #3213
• fix: support complex punctuated attribute keys in attr: syntax (closes #3221) by @gbj in #3214
• remove obsolete build_static_routes by @NiklasEi in #3223
• fix: support all ___: attributes on components by @gbj in #3218
• chore: add docs for stores by @gbj in #3216
• chore(deps): bump tempfile from 3.13.0 to 3.14.0 by @dependabot in #3212
• Fix deprecated parameters js warning by @paul-hansen in #3219
• islands_router example: Support browsers without startViewTransition by @NiklasEi in #3227
• Fix static routing example by @gbj in #3228
• Add tests for converting path segments into paths by @NiklasEi in #3229
• chore: add missing docs for 0.7 by @gbj in #3203
• feat: add autofix.ci to address formatting issues and possible clippy fixes by @sabify in #3235
• fix: run autofix.ci on pull requests only by @sabify in #3238
• fix: migration syntax and insert query by @zinderic in #2597
• change: rename from experimental-islands to islands by @gbj in #3247
• chore(deps): bump axum from 0.7.7 to 0.7.8 by @dependabot in #3246
• chore(deps): bump glib from 0.20.5 to 0.20.6 by @dependabot in #3237
• chore(deps): bump serde from 1.0.214 to 1.0.215 by @dependabot in #3236
• chore(deps): bump thiserror from 2.0.0 to 2.0.3 by @dependabot in #3231
• test: fixtures for testing aria-current by @metatoaster in #3202
• test: aria-current end-to-end tests (#3213) by @metatoaster in #3249
• feat(reactive_stores): add map_untracked to OptionStoreExt by @tqwewe in #3245
• fix: add Write implementatations for Field<T> and ArcField<T> (closes #3257) by @gbj in #3262
• Remove unused shell() function definition by @sssilver in #3254
• feat: add fallback prop to ProtectedRoute and ProtectedParentRoute by @tqwewe in #3264
• chore: fix broken links, etc. in docs by @gbj in #3269
• chore(deps): bump proc-macro2 from 1.0.89 to 1.0.91 by @dependabot in #3273
• chore(deps): bump syn from 2.0.87 to 2.0.89 by @dependabot in #3272
• chore(deps): bump tower-http from 0.6.1 to 0.6.2 by @dependabot in #3266
• chore(deps): bump axum from 0.7.8 to 0.7.9 by @dependabot in #3259
• chore(deps): bump attribute-derive from 0.10.2 to 0.10.3 by @dependabot in #3260
• chore(deps): bump serde_json from 1.0.132 to 1.0.133 by @dependabot in #3261
• fix: notify Suspense on subsequent reloads (closes #3277) by @gbj in #3278
• expose some internals of routing to make wrappers easier by @gbj in #3232
• docs: adds more helpful text for hydration errors (closes #3267) by @gbj in #3275

New Contributors

• @LouisDISPA made their first contribution in #3174
• @ogghead made their first contribution in #3195
• @zinderic made their first contribution in #2597
• @sssilver made their first contribution in #3254

Full Changelog: v0.7.0-rc1...v0.7.0-rc2