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Short_Answer_Question.md

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Short Answer Question Topics

  1. Manifest and Latent Functions of Education

Manifest Functions:

  • Explicitly stated and intended purposes of education
  • Formal learning objectives
  • Teaching academic skills and knowledge
  • Preparing students for future careers
  • Providing credentials and certifications

Latent Functions:

  • Unintended and often hidden social consequences of education
  • Socialization and teaching social norms
  • Creating social networks and connections
  • Childcare and supervision
  • Reducing unemployment by keeping youth out of the job market
  • Sorting and stratifying individuals in society
  1. Restorative Justice

Key Characteristics:

  • Focuses on rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community
  • Emphasizes healing and repairing harm rather than punishment
  • Involves dialogue between victims, offenders, and community members
  • Aims to restore relationships and social harmony
  • Typically includes:
    • Victim-offender mediation
    • Community conferencing
    • Circles of support and accountability
  • Seeks to address root causes of criminal behavior
  • Provides opportunities for offenders to take responsibility and make amends
  1. Four Phases of the Epidemiological Transition

Phase 1: Pestilence and Famine

  • High mortality rates
  • Short life expectancy
  • Prevalence of infectious diseases
  • Population growth is unstable

Phase 2: Receding Pandemics

  • Improvements in nutrition and hygiene
  • Declining mortality rates
  • Improved medical interventions
  • Population begins to grow more steadily

Phase 3: Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

  • Shift to chronic and lifestyle-related diseases
  • Rise of heart disease, cancer, and diabetes
  • Increased life expectancy
  • More stable population growth

Phase 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

  • Further extension of life expectancy
  • Advanced medical technologies
  • Focus on managing chronic conditions
  • Emphasis on quality of life in later years
  1. Greenwashing and Its Forms

Definition:

  • Misleading marketing that portrays a company or product as environmentally friendly when it is not

Forms of Greenwashing:

  1. False Claims
  • Making unsubstantiated environmental claims
  • Stating products are "green" without evidence
  1. Symbolic Actions
  • Highlighting minor environmental efforts
  • Distracting from larger environmental damage
  1. Vague Terminology
  • Using ambiguous terms like "eco-friendly"
  • Lacking specific, measurable environmental benefits
  1. Hidden Trade-offs
  • Emphasizing one environmental aspect
  • Concealing negative environmental impacts in other areas
  1. Irrelevant Claims
  • Making environmental claims that are technically true but meaningless
  • Highlighting banned substances not used by anyone
  1. Lesser of Two Evils
  • Promoting a marginally better product in an inherently unsustainable industry
  • Presenting a slightly improved version as significantly "green"
  1. Transparency Illusion
  • Creating elaborate sustainability reports
  • Providing complex data to appear transparent
  • Obscuring actual environmental performance
  1. Carbon Offset Greenwashing
  • Purchasing carbon credits
  • Continuing environmentally harmful practices
  • Using offsets as a marketing strategy without genuine reduction efforts

These notes provide a concise overview of the key points for each topic. They can serve as a foundation for developing more detailed short answer responses.