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aq1.pl
executable file
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aq1.pl
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/******************************************************************/
/* aq1.pro Last modification: Fri Jan 14 19:30:51 1994 */
/* Becker's implementation of AQ in Prolog */
/******************************************************************/
%
% Copyright (c) 1985 Jeffrey M. Becker
%
/******************************************************************/
/* reimpl. by : Thomas Hoppe */
/* Mommsenstr. 50 */
/* D-10629 Berlin */
/* F.R.G. */
/* E-Mail: [email protected] */
/* 1986 */
/* */
/* reference : AQ-PROLOG: A Prolog Implementation of an */
/* Attribute-Based Learning System, Becker, J.M., */
/* Reports of the Intelligent Systems Group, */
/* Department of Computer Science, University of */
/* Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Report Number */
/* ISG 85-1, January 1985 */
/* */
/* Learning from Observation: Conceptual Clustering*/
/* Michalski, R.S., Stepp, R.E., in: Machine */
/* Learning, Michalski, R.S., Carbonell, J.G., */
/* Mitchell, T.M. (eds.), Tioga Publishing */
/* Company, Palo Alto, 1983. */
/* */
/* Inductive Learning, Michalski, R.S., in: Machine*/
/* Learning, Michalski, R.S., Carbonell, J.G., */
/* Mitchell, T.M. (eds.), Tioga Publishing */
/* Company, Palo Alto, 1983. */
/* */
/* Update : The clause parent contained a typing error. */
/* Now its correct. Thanks to Werner Emde. */
/* */
/* TH: Made some minor modification */
/* */
/******************************************************************/
/* Because the program as a size about 22k, this version is */
/* nearly undocumented, only the top-level procedures and some */
/* very special changes against the report are documented. */
/* For a detailed documentation consult the report. */
/* */
/* In general the following changes are implemented: */
/* */
/* - The top-level Routines are modified slightly. */
/* - Ambique named predicates are renamed. */
/* - Some special UNSW-PROLOG predicates are removed. */
/* - Dependant on the 'bagof' predicate some cut's were necessary*/
/* - Some ambiguity concerning atom comparision was removed. */
/* - The unused predicat 'pos_cover_or_events' was removed. */
/* */
/* In the whole programm a destinction between < and @<, > and @> */
/* etc. was introduced, which originates in DEC-10 PROLOG. */
/* The <,>,=< and >= rever to arithmetric comparisions whereas */
/* @<,@>,@=< and @>= rever to comparisions of atoms. Dependant on */
/* you're local PROLOG system you have eventually to introduce */
/* them. */
/******************************************************************/
:- op(700,xfx,'..').
/******************************************************************/
/* */
/* call : data (+FILENAME) */
/* */
/* arguments : FILENAME = dependent on you're local PROLOG */
/* */
/* side effects: Removes a previous loaded dataset */
/* */
/******************************************************************/
/* Reads a dataset from the filesystem. */
/******************************************************************/
data(FILENAME) :-
clear, nl, write('===> loading '), write(FILENAME), nl,
see(FILENAME), repeat,
read(X),
(X = end_of_file, seen, asserta(dataset(FILENAME)), !;
process(X), fail) .
process(domaintype(ATTR,D)) :-
assertz(domaintype(ATTR,D)), ! .
process(valueset(ATTR,VALSET)) :-
qsort(VALSET,VALS), assertz(valueset(ATTR,VALS)), ! .
process(range(ATTR,LOW,HIGH)) :-
assertz(range(ATTR,LOW,HIGH)), assertz(subtyp(ATTR,integer)),
! .
process(order(ATTR,ORD)) :-
length(ORD,HIGH), assertz(order(ATTR,ORD)),
assertz(range(ATTR,1,HIGH)),
assertz(subtyp(ATTR,symbolic)), ! .
process(structure(ATTR,STRUC)) :-
explodestruc(ATTR,STRUC), assertz(structure(ATTR,STRUC)), ! .
process(classes(CLIST)) :-
storeclasses(CLIST), ! .
process(events(CLASS,EVENTLIST)) :-
encodeevents(EVENTLIST,ENCODEDEVENTS),
storeevents(CLASS,ENCODEDEVENTS), ! .
process(X) :-
write('===> Invalid Data: '), nl, write(X), ! .
storeclasses(CLIST) :-
member(CLASSNAME,CLIST), assertz(class(CLASSNAME)), fail .
storeclasses(_) .
storeevents(CLASS,EVENTLIST) :-
member(EVENT,EVENTLIST), assertz(event(CLASS,EVENT)), fail .
storeevents(_,_) .
/******************************************************************/
/* */
/* call : clear */
/* */
/******************************************************************/
/* Erases the actual dataset. */
/******************************************************************/
clear :-
clause(dataset(X),true), abolish(domaintype,2),
abolish(valueset,2), abolish(range,3), abolish(order,2),
abolish(structure,2), abolish(class,1), abolish(event,2),
abolish(subtyp,2), abolish(ancest,3), nl, write('===> Data '),
write(X), write(' deleted.'), nl, abolish(dataset,1) .
clear .
/******************************************************************/
/* */
/* call : listdata */
/* */
/******************************************************************/
/* Display's the actual dataset */
/******************************************************************/
listdata :-
nl, clause(dataset(DATA_SET_NAME),true),
write('===> Datenset '), write(DATA_SET_NAME),
write(:), nl, printdomaininfo, nl, printevents, ! .
printdomaininfo :-
clause(domaintype(VAR,DTYPE),true),
write('===> Variable '), write(VAR),
write(' of type '), write(DTYPE), write('.'), nl,
fail .
printdomaininfo .
printevents :-
clause(class(CLASS),true), clause(event(CLASS,EVENT),true),
printcomplex(EVENT), write(' ::> '), write(CLASS), nl,
fail .
printevents .
/******************************************************************/
/* */
/* call : start */
/* */
/******************************************************************/
/* Start is the top-level loop of AQ-PROLOG. AQ can compute in */
/* three different modes ic: Intersecting Covers, dc: Disjoint */
/* Covers and vl: VL mode (a sequential one). */
/******************************************************************/
start :-
nl,
write('===> Maximal number of Stars in the next run ?'),
nl, read(MAX_STAR), nl, nl, repeat,
write('===> Which mode in the next run ?'), nl, nl,
write(' ic: Intersecting Covers'), nl,
write(' dc: Disjoint Covers'), nl,
write(' vl: VL mode (sequential)'), nl,
read(MODE), nl, abolish(cover,2), nl,
makecovers(MODE,MAX_STAR), showcovers, nl, nl, nl,
write('===> You wanna try a different mode (yes,no) ?'),
nl, read(RETRY), nl, RETRY==no, write('===> OK'), nl, ! .
makecovers(ic,MAX_STAR) :-
clause(class(CLASS),true), posevents(CLASS,EPOS),
negevents(CLASS,ENEG),
aq(EPOS,ENEG,EPOS,EPOS,MAX_STAR,[[]],COVER),
storecover(CLASS,COVER), fail .
makecovers(ic,_) :-
! .
makecovers(dc,MAX_STAR) :-
clause(class(CLASS),true), posevents(CLASS,EPOS),
neg_cover_or_events(CLASS,ENEG),
aq(EPOS,ENEG,EPOS,EPOS,MAX_STAR,[[]],COVER),
storecover(CLASS,COVER), fail .
makecovers(dc,_) :-
! .
makecovers(vl,MAX_STAR) :-
clause(class(CLASS),true), posevents(CLASS,EPOS),
followingevents(CLASS,ENEG),
aq(EPOS,ENEG,EPOS,EPOS,MAX_STAR,[[]],COVER),
storecover(CLASS,COVER), fail .
makecovers(vl,_) :-
! .
makecovers(X,_) :-
nl, write('===> ERROR - only the modes ic, dc or vl'),
write(' are valid !'), nl, fail .
storecover(CLASS,COVER) :-
member(COMPLEX,COVER), assertz(cover(CLASS,COMPLEX)), fail .
storecover(_,_) .
posevents(CLASS,EPOS) :-
findset(EVENT,clause(event(CLASS,EVENT),true),EPOS), ! .
negevents(CLASS,ENEG) :-
findset(EVENT,negevent(CLASS,EVENT),ENEG), ! .
negevent(CLASS,EVENT) :-
clause(event(NEG_CLASS,EVENT),true), not(NEG_CLASS=CLASS) .
cover_or_event(CLASS,COMP) :-
clause(cover(CLASS,COMP),true) .
cover_or_event(CLASS,COMP) :-
clause(event(CLASS,COMP),true) .
/******************************************************************/
/* Against the AQ-PROLOG document the cut in neg_cover_or_events */
/* is necessary to prevent backtracking, when the first clause of */
/* makecovers fails. */
/******************************************************************/
neg_cover_or_events(CLASS,NEG_COMPS) :-
findset(COMP,negcomp(CLASS,COMP),NEG_COMPS), ! .
negcomp(CLASS,COMP) :-
cover_or_event(NEG_CLASS,COMP), not(NEG_CLASS=CLASS) .
/******************************************************************/
/* Watch out, this is the only occurence of 'bagof' for a correct */
/* instantiation of CLASSES to an unmodified ordering see the */
/* discussion of 'bagof' below. */
/******************************************************************/
followingevents(CLASS,SEVENTS) :-
bagof(CLASS_NAME,clause(class(CLASS_NAME),true),CLASSES),
following(CLASS,CLASSES,FCLASSES),
findset(EVENT,followev(FCLASSES,EVENT),SEVENTS), ! .
followev(FCLASSES,EVENT) :-
member(CLASS,FCLASSES), clause(event(CLASS,EVENT),true) .
aq(_,_,[],_,_,_,[]) :-
! .
aq(ELIST,FLIST,UN_COVERED,[],MAX_STAR,BOUND,RESULT) :-
write('===> Please wait a moment ...'), nl, !,
aq(ELIST,FLIST,UN_COVERED,UN_COVERED,MAX_STAR,BOUND,RESULT
) .
aq(ELIST,FLIST,UN_COVERED,SEED_LIST,MAX_STAR,BOUND,[BEST|COVER]) :-
!, first(SEED_LIST,SEED),
star(SEED,FLIST,MAX_STAR,[ELIST,UN_COVERED],BOUND,STAR),
lef(LEF),
selectbest(STAR,1,LEF,[ELIST,UN_COVERED],[BEST_COMP]),
coveredbycomplex(BEST_COMP,UN_COVERED,COVERED_EVENTS),
trim(BEST_COMP,COVERED_EVENTS,BEST),
knockout1(BEST,UN_COVERED,NEW_UN_COVERED),
knockout(STAR,SEED_LIST,NEW_SEED_LIST),
aq(ELIST,FLIST,NEW_UN_COVERED,NEW_SEED_LIST,MAX_STAR,BOUND
,COVER), ! .
/******************************************************************/
/* I'am not sure if the last cut in aq is necessary, but it works */
/* correctly with it. */
/******************************************************************/
star(_,[],_,_,PSTAR,PSTAR) :-
! .
star(E,[F|FTAIL],MAX_STAR,LEF_ARGS,PSTAR,NEW_PSTAR) :-
!, extendagainst(E,F,ESTAR), multiply(PSTAR,ESTAR,F,EP_STAR),
absorb(EP_STAR,MAX_STAR,AP_STAR),
lef(LEF),
selectbest(AP_STAR,MAX_STAR,LEF,LEF_ARGS,REDUCED_STAR),
star(E,FTAIL,MAX_STAR,LEF_ARGS,REDUCED_STAR,NEW_PSTAR) .
multiply(COM_SET,PSTAR,NEG_EVENT,EP_STAR) :-
findset(NEW_COMPS,(member(COMP,COM_SET),dis_or_mult(COMP,
PSTAR,NEG_EVENT,NEW_COMPS)),EP_LIST),
appendx(EP_LIST,EP_STAR), ! .
/******************************************************************/
/* DIS_OR_MULT was introduced, because in AQ-PROLOG the definition*/
/* of multiply is heavily dependant on UNSW-PROLOG. The definition*/
/* serves the purpose of a substitution for the '->' operator, */
/* which seems to be the IF-THEN-ELSE definition in UNSW-PROLOG. */
/******************************************************************/
dis_or_mult(COMP,_,NEG,ERG) :-
disjointcomps(COMP,NEG), ERG=[COMP], ! .
dis_or_mult(COMP,PSTAR,_,NEW) :-
findset(A,(member(P,PSTAR),product(COMP,P,A)),NEW), ! .
absorb(STAR,MAX_STAR,ASTAR) :-
length(STAR,N), N>MAX_STAR, !, absourbr(STAR,[],STAR1),
absourbr(STAR1,[],ASTAR) .
absorb(STAR,_,STAR) .
absourbr([],S,S) :-
! .
absourbr([C|S],B,AR_STAR) :-
!, knockout1(C,S,RS), absourbr(RS,[C|B],AR_STAR) .
selectbest(PSTAR,MAX_SIZE,_,_,PSTAR) :-
length(PSTAR,L), L=<MAX_SIZE, ! .
selectbest(PSTAR,MAX_SIZE,[CT|CTX],LEF_ARGS,REDUCED_STAR) :-
!, reduce(PSTAR,CT,LEF_ARGS,RSTAR),
selectbest(RSTAR,MAX_SIZE,CTX,LEF_ARGS,REDUCED_STAR) .
selectbest(PSTAR,MAX_SIZE,[],_,RSTAR) :-
firstn(PSTAR,MAX_SIZE,RSTAR), ! .
reduce(PSTAR,[CRIT_FN,N,D],[EPLUS,UN_COV_EPLUS],RSTAR) :-
GET_CRIT_FN=..[CRIT_FN,COMP,EPLUS,UN_COV_EPLUS,V],
findset(VC,(member(COMP,PSTAR),GET_CRIT_FN,VC=[V,COMP]),
VLIST), minmax(VLIST,MIN,MAX),
TOL is MIN + (N * (MAX - MIN)) / D,
findset(C,(member([V,C],VLIST),V=<TOL),RSTAR), ! .
minmax([[X,_],[Y,_]|R],MIN,MAX) :-
X=<Y, !, lohi([X,Y|R],MIN,MAX) .
minmax([[X,_],[Y,_]|R],MIN,MAX) :-
!, lohi([Y,X|R],MIN,MAX) .
lohi([X,Y,[Z,_]|R],MIN,MAX) :-
!, min([X,Z],A), max([Y,Z],B), lohi([A,B|R],MIN,MAX) .
lohi([X,Y],X,Y) :-
! .
numbercovered(COMP,_,EVENTS,N) :-
coveredbycomplex(COMP,EVENTS,COVERED_E), length(COVERED_E,P),
N is - P, ! .
numberofselectors(COMP,_,_,N) :-
length(COMP,N), ! .
lef([[numbercovered,0,1],[numberofselectors,0,1]]) .
knockout(OUTER_COMPS,INNER_COMPS,UN_COV_COMPS) :-
!,
findset(IN_COMP,call((member(IN_COMP,INNER_COMPS),
nonecover(OUTER_COMPS,IN_COMP))),UN_COV_COMPS) .
nonecover([],IN_COMP) :-
! .
nonecover([COMP|CX],IN_COMP) :-
!, not(covers(COMP,IN_COMP)), nonecover(CX,IN_COMP) .
knockout1(OUTER_C,INNER_COMPS,UN_COV_COMPS) :-
!,
findset(IN_C,call((member(IN_C,INNER_COMPS),not(covers(
OUTER_C,IN_C)))),UN_COV_COMPS) .
coveredbycomplex(COMPLEX,EVENTS,COVERED_E) :-
findset(E,(member(E,EVENTS),covers(COMPLEX,E)),COVERED_E),
! .
newselector([A1=V1|T1],A1=V2,[A1=V2|T1]) :-
! .
newselector([A1=V1|T1],A2=V2,[A1=V1|T3]) :-
A1@<A2, !, newselector(T1,A2=V2,T3) .
newselector([A1=V1|T1],A2=V2,[A2=V2,A1=V1|T1]) :-
A1@>A2, ! .
newselector([],SEL,[SEL]) :-
! .
covers([A=OUT_VAL|OUT_C],[A=IN_VAL|IN_C]) :-
!, includes(A=OUT_VAL,A=IN_VAL), covers(OUT_C,IN_C) .
covers([A1=OUT_V|OUT_C],[A2=IN_V|IN_C]) :-
!, A2@<A1, covers([A1=OUT_V|OUT_C],IN_C) .
covers([],_) :-
! .
includes(ATTR=OUT_VALS,ATTR=IN_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,nominal),true), !,
subset(IN_VALS,OUT_VALS) .
includes(ATTR=OUT_VALS,ATTR=IN_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true), !,
includeslin(OUT_VALS,IN_VALS) .
includes(ATTR=OUT_VALS,ATTR=IN_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,structured),true), !,
supremum(ATTR,OUT_VALS,IN_VALS) .
disjointcomps([A=V1|T1],[A=V2|T2]) :-
!, disjointsel(A=V1,A=V2) .
disjointcomps([_|T1],[_|T2]) :-
!, disjointcomps(T1,T2) .
disjointsel(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,nominal),true), !,
disjoint(VALS1,VALS2) .
disjointsel(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true), !,
disjointlin(VALS1,VALS2) .
disjointsel(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,structured),true), !,
not(supremum(ATTR,VALS1,VALS2)),
not(supremum(ATTR,VALS2,VALS1)) .
negate(COMPLEX,NEG_COMPS) :-
findset(NEGC,(member(SEL,COMPLEX),negatesel(SEL,NSEL),NEGC=
[NSEL]),NEG_COMPS), ! .
negatesel(ATTR=VALS,ATTR=NEG_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,nominal),true), !,
clause(valueset(ATTR,ALL_VALS),true),
difference(ALL_VALS,VALS,NEG_VALS), not(NEG_VALS = []) .
negatesel(ATTR=VALS,ATTR=NEG_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true), !,
negatelin(ATTR,VALS,NEG_VALS), not(NEG_VALS = []) .
extendagainst([A=VP|P],[A=VN|N],[[A=VX]|X]) :-
extendref(A=VP,A=VN,A=VX), !, extendagainst(P,N,X) .
extendagainst([AP=VP|P],[AN=VN|N],X) :-
AP@<AN, !, extendagainst(P,[AN=VN|N],X) .
extendagainst([AP=VP|P],[AN=VN|N],X) :-
!, extendagainst([AP=VP|P],N,X) .
extendagainst([],_,[]) :-
! .
extendagainst(_,[],[]) :-
! .
extendref(ATTR=POS_VALS,ATTR=NEG_VALS,ATTR=EXT_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,nominal),true), !,
disjoint(POS_VALS,NEG_VALS),
negatesel(ATTR=NEG_VALS,ATTR=EXT_VALS) .
extendref(ATTR=POS_VALS,ATTR=NEG_VALS,ATTR=EXT_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true), !,
disjointlin(POS_VALS,NEG_VALS),
negatelin(ATTR,NEG_VALS,NN_VALS),
extendedlin(POS_VALS,NN_VALS,EXT_VALS) .
extendref(ATTR=POS_VAL,ATTR=NEG_VAL,ATTR=EXT_VAL) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,structured),true), !,
supremum(ATTR,EXT_VAL,POS_VAL),
not(supremum(ATTR,EXT_VAL,NEG_VAL)),
parent(ATTR,EXT_VAL,EXT_PARENT),
supremum(ATTR,EXT_PARENT,NEG_VAL) .
refunion([C1,C2|T],REFU) :-
!, refu(C1,C2,C3), refunion([C3|T],REFU) .
refunion([COMP],COMP) :-
! .
refu([A=V1|C1],[A=V2|C2],[A=VU|CU]) :-
selunion(A=V1,A=V2,A=VU), !, refu(C1,C2,CU) .
refu([A1=V1|C1],[A2=V2|C2],U) :-
A1@<A2, !, refu(C1,[A2=V2|C2],U) .
refu([A1=V1|C1],[A2=V2|C2],U) :-
!, refu([A1=V1|C1],C2,U) .
refu([],_,[]) :-
! .
refu(_,[],[]) :-
! .
selunion(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2,ATTR=UVALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,nominal),true), !,
union(VALS1,VALS2,UVALS),
clause(valueset(ATTR,ALL_VALS),true),
not(equals(UVALS,ALL_VALS)) .
selunion(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2,ATTR=UVALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true), !, low(VALS1,L1),
low(VALS2,L2), min([L1,L2],LOW), highest(VALS1,H1),
highest(VALS2,H2), max([H1,H2],HIGH),
clause(range(ATTR,MIN,MAX),true), not(LOW=MIN),
not(HIGH==MAX), UVALS==[LOW..HIGH], ! .
selunion(ATTR=VAL1,ATTR=VAL2,ATTR=UV_AL) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,structured),true),
supremum(ATTR,UV_AL,VAL1), supremum(ATTR,UV_AL,VAL2) .
product([A=V1|T1],[A=V2|T2],[A=V3|T3]) :-
!, selproduct(A=V1,A=V2,A=V3), !, product(T1,T2,T3) .
product([A1=V1|T1],[A2=V2|T2],[A1=V1|T3]) :-
A1@<A2, !, product([A2=V2|T2],T1,T3) .
product([A1=V1|T1],[A2=V2|T2],[A2=V2|T3]) :-
!, product([A1=V1|T1],T2,T3) .
product(X,[],X) :-
! .
product([],X,X) :-
! .
selproduct(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2,ATTR=PROD_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,nominal),true), !,
intersection(VALS1,VALS2,PROD_VALS), not(PROD_VALS = []) .
selproduct(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2,ATTR=PROD_VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true), !,
productlin(VALS1,VALS2,PROD_VALS), not(PROD_VALS = []) .
selproduct(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2,ATTR=VALS1) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,structured),true),
supremum(ATTR,VALS2,VALS1), ! .
selproduct(ATTR=VALS1,ATTR=VALS2,ATTR=VALS2) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,structured),true),
supremum(ATTR,VALS1,VALS2), ! .
trim(COMP,COVERED_EVENTS,TRIMMED_COMP) :-
!, refunion(COVERED_EVENTS,REFU),
trimcomp(COMP,REFU,TRIMMED_COMP) .
trimcomp([A=V1|C1],[A=VU|CU],[A=VT|CT]) :-
!, selproduct(A=V1,A=VU,A=VT), trimcomp(C1,CU,CT) .
trimcomp([A1=V1|C1],[A2=VU|CU],CT) :-
A2@<A1, !, trimcomp([A1=V1|C1],CU,CT) .
trimcomp([A1=V1|C1],[A2=VU|CU],[A1=V1|CT]) :-
!, trimcomp(C1,[A2=VU|CU],CT) .
trimcomp(X,[],X) :-
! .
trimcomp([],_,[]) :-
! .
encodeevents([],[]) :-
! .
encodeevents([E|REST],[EE|ENCODE_REST]) :-
!, encodeevent(E,[],EE), encodeevents(REST,ENCODE_REST) .
encodeevent([],EVENT,EVENT) :-
! .
encodeevent([SEL|E],PARTIAL_EV,NEW_PARTIAL_EV) :-
!, encodesel(SEL,ENCODED_SEL),
newselector(PARTIAL_EV,ENCODED_SEL,PPEV),
encodeevent(E,PPEV,NEW_PARTIAL_EV) .
encodesel([ATTR=VAL],ATTR=[VAL]) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,nominal),true), ! .
encodesel([ATTR=VAL],ATTR=[VAL..VAL]) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true),
clause(subtyp(ATTR,integer),true), ! .
encodesel([ATTR=SYM],ATTR=[ORD..ORD]) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true),
clause(subtyp(ATTR,'symbolic'),true), !, ord(ATTR,SYM,ORD) .
encodesel([ATTR=VAL],ATTR=VAL) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,structured),true), ! .
encodesel(S,_) :-
write('===> ERROR - unknown selector type: '), write(S) .
showcovers :-
clause(class(CLASS),true), showcover(CLASS), fail .
showcovers .
showcover(CLASS) :-
nl, nl, write('===> Cover of class '), write(CLASS),
write(':'), !, nl, clause(cover(CLASS,COVER),true),
printcomplex(COVER), nl, fail .
showcover(_) .
printcomplex(COMPLEX) :-
member(SELECTOR,COMPLEX), printselector(SELECTOR), fail .
printcomplex(_) :-
! .
printselector(ATTR=VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,nominal),true), !, write('['),
write(ATTR), write(' = '), prinlist(VALS), write(']') .
printselector(ATTR=VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true),
clause(subtyp(ATTR,integer),true), !, write('['),
write(ATTR), write(' = '), prinlin(VALS), write(']') .
printselector(ATTR=VALS) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,linear),true),
clause(subtyp(ATTR,'symbolic'),true), !, write('['),
write(ATTR), write(' = '), prinsym(ATTR,VALS), write(']') .
printselector(ATTR=VAL) :-
clause(domaintype(ATTR,structured),true), !, write('['),
write(ATTR), write(' = '), write(VAL), write(']') .
intersection([A|B],[A|C],[A|X]) :-
!, intersection(B,C,X) .
intersection([A|B],[C|D],X) :-
A@<C, !, intersection([C|D],B,X) .
intersection([A|B],[C|D],X) :-
!, intersection([A|B],D,X) .
intersection(Y,[],[]) :-
! .
intersection([],Y,[]) :-
! .
difference([A|B],[A|C],X) :-
!, difference(B,C,X) .
difference([A|B],[C|D],[A|X]) :-
A@<C, !, difference(B,[C|D],X) .
difference([A|B],[C|D],[C|X]) :-
!, difference([A|B],D,X) .
difference(Y,[],Y) :-
! .
difference([],Y,[]) :-
! .
union([A|B],[A|C],[A|X]) :-
!, union(B,C,X) .
union([A|B],[C|D],[A|X]) :-
A@<C, !, union([C|D],B,X) .
union([A|B],[C|D],[C|X]) :-
!, union([A|B],D,X) .
union(Y,[],Y) :-
! .
union([],Y,Y) :-
! .
disjoint([A|B],[C|D]) :-
A@<C, !, disjoint([C|D],B) .
disjoint([A|B],[C|D]) :-
C@<A, !, disjoint([A|B],D) .
disjoint(_,[]) :-
! .
disjoint([],_) :-
! .
subset([A|B],[A|C]) :-
!, subset(B,C) .
subset([A|B],[C|D]) :-
A@>C, !, subset([A|B],D) .
subset([],_) :-
! .
equals(X,Y) :-
X=Y, ! .
cardinality(X,N) :-
!, length(X,N) .
ord(ATTR,SYM,N) :-
clause(order(ATTR,L),true), at(SYM,L,N,1), ! .
at(SYM,[SYM|X],N,N) .
at(SYM,[_|X],N,I) :-
J is I + 1, at(SYM,X,N,J), ! .
at(_,_,_,_) :-
write('===> ERROR - symbol undeclared') .
low([L..H|_],L) .
highest([L..H],H) .
highest([L..H|X],HIGH) :-
!, highest(X,HIGH) .
includeslin(_,[]) .
includeslin([LO..HO|XO],[LI..HI|XI]) :-
HO@<LI, !, includeslin(XO,[LI..HI|XI]) .
includeslin([LO..HO|XO],[LI..HI|XI]) :-
!, LO@=<LI, HO@>=HI, includeslin([LO..HO|XO],XI) .
disjointlin([],_) :-
! .
disjointlin(_,[]) :-
! .
disjointlin([L1..H1|X1],[L2..H2|X2]) :-
H1@<L2, !, disjointlin(X1,[L2..H2|X2]) .
disjointlin([L1..H1|X1],[L2..H2|X2]) :-
H2@<L1, !, disjointlin(X2,[L1..H1|X1]) .
negatelin(ATTR,[LP..HP|XP],N) :-
!, neglinlow(ATTR,LP,LOW), neglinmid([LP..HP|XP],HI,MID),
neglinhi(ATTR,HI,HIGH), appendx([LOW,MID,HIGH],N) .
neglinlow(ATTR,LP,[]) :-
clause(range(ATTR,LP,_),true), ! .
neglinlow(ATTR,LP,[LOW..H]) :-
!, clause(range(ATTR,LOW,_),true), H is LP - 1 .
neglinmid([L..H],H,[]) :-
! .
neglinmid([L1..H1,L2..H2|X],HI,[L..H,N]) :-
L2 > H1 + 1, !, L is H1 + 1, H is L2 - 1,
neglinmid([L2..H2|X],HI,N) .
neglinmid([L1..H1,L2..H2|X],HI,N) :-
!, neglinmid(X,HI,N) .
neglinhi(ATTR,HI,[]) :-
clause(range(ATTR,_,HI),true), ! .
neglinhi(ATTR,HI,[L..HIGH]) :-
!, clause(range(ATTR,_,HIGH),true), L is HI + 1 .
extendedlin(_,[],[]) :-
! .
extendedlin([],_,[]) :-
! .
extendedlin([LP..HP|XP],[LN..HN|XN],XVALS) :-
HN@<LP, !, extendedlin([LP..HP|XP],XN,XVALS) .
extendedlin([LP..HP|XP],[LN..HN|XN],XVALS) :-
HP@<LN, !, extendedlin(XP,[LN..HN|XN],XVALS) .
extendedlin([LP..HP|XP],[LN..HN|XN],[LN..HN|XVALS]) :-
!, LN@=<LP, HN@>=HP, extendedlin(XP,XN,XVALS) .
productlin([],_,[]) :-
! .
productlin(_,[],[]) :-
! .
productlin([L1..H1|X1],[L2..H2|X2],P) :-
H1@<L2, !, productlin(X1,[L2..H2|X2],P) .
productlin([L1..H1|X1],[L2..H2|X2],P) :-
H2@<L1, !, productlin(X2,[L1..H1|X1],P) .
productlin([L1..H1|X1],[L2..H2|X2],[L..H|P]) :-
!, max([L1,L2],L), min([H1,H2],H), productlin(X1,X2,P) .
prinlin([A]) :-
!, prinseg(A) .
prinlin([A,B]) :-
!, prinseg(A), write(' v '), prinlin(B) .
prinlin([]) :-
!, write('===> ERROR - null RHS in linear selector') .
prinseg(L..H) :-
L=H, write(L), ! .
prinseg(A) :-
write(A), ! .
prinsym(ATTR,[A]) :-
!, prinsymseg(ATTR,A) .
prinsym(ATTR,[A|B]) :-
!, prinsymseg(ATTR,A), write(','), prinsym(ATTR,B) .
prinsym(_,[]) :-
!, write('===> ERROR - null RHS in linear selector') .
prinsymseg(ATTR,L..H) :-
L=H, ord(ATTR,SYM,L), write(SYM), ! .
prinsymseg(ATTR,L..H) :-
ord(ATTR,SYML,L), ord(ATTR,SYMH,H), write(SYML..SYMH), ! .
/******************************************************************/
/* In AQ-PROLOG the procedure 'predecessor' is called 'ancestor'. */
/* Because in some (I think the most) PROLOG dialects a build-in */
/* predicate 'ancestor' exists, I preferred to rename it. */
/******************************************************************/
supremum(ATTR,HI_NODE,LO_NODE) :-
clause(ancest(ATTR,LO_NODE,ALIST),true),
member(HI_NODE,ALIST) .
supremum(ATTR,X,X) .
parent(ATTR,NODE,PARENT) :-
clause(ancest(ATTR,NODE,[PARENT|_]),true) .
explodestruc(ATTR,STRUCTUR_SPEC) :-
allnodes(STRUCTUR_SPEC,NODE_LIST), member(NODE,NODE_LIST),
predecessorlist(NODE,STRUCTUR_SPEC,ALIST),
assertz(ancest(ATTR,NODE,ALIST)), fail .
explodestruc(_,_) .
allnodes([],[]) :-
! .
allnodes([parent(SIBS,P)|X],NODE_LIST) :-
!, qsort(SIBS,L1), union(L1,[P],L2), allnodes(X,L3),
union(L2,L3,NODE_LIST) .
/******************************************************************/
/* In AQ-PROLOG the procedure 'predecessorlist' is called */
/* 'ancestorlist' Because I wanna be a little bit consistend in */
/* the naming of predicates and 'ancestor' was already renamed */
/* I preferred to rename this predicate too. */
/******************************************************************/
predecessorlist(NODE,STRUCTUR_SPEC,[P|X]) :-
father(NODE,STRUCTUR_SPEC,P), !,
predecessorlist(P,STRUCTUR_SPEC,X) .
predecessorlist(_,_,[]) :-
! .
father(NODE,[parent(SIBS,P)|X],P) :-
member(NODE,SIBS), ! .
father(NODE,[_|X],P) :-
father(NODE,X,P), ! .
first([A|B],A) :-
! .
appendx(X,Y) :-
findset(A,(member(B,X),member(A,B)),Y), ! .
firstn(_,0,[]) :-
! .
firstn([A|B],N,[A|C]) :-
!, M is N - 1, firstn(B,M,C) .
firstn([],_,[]) :-
! .
following(X,[X|AFTER_X],AFTER_X) :-
! .
following(X,[_|LIST],AFTER_X) :-
!, following(X,LIST,AFTER_X) .
following(X,[],[]) :-
! .
qsort(L0,L) :-
qsort(L0,L,[]), !.
qsort([X|L],R,R0) :-
partition(L,X,L0,L1),
qsort(L1,R1,R0),
qsort(L0,R,[X|R1]).
qsort([],R,R) :-
!.
partition([X|L],Y,[X|L0],L1) :-
X @=< Y, !,
partition(L,Y,L0,L1) .
partition([X|L],Y,L0,[X|L1]) :-
!, partition(L,Y,L0,L1) .
partition([],_,[],[]) .
remove(X,[],[]) :-
! .
remove(X,[X|B],C) :-
!, remove(X,B,C) .
remove(X,[A|B],[A|C]) :-
!, remove(X,B,C) .
prinlist([A]) :-
write(A), ! .
prinlist([A|B]) :-
!, write(A), write(' v '), prinlist(B) .
prinlist([]) :-
write('===> Nothing to print'), ! .
min([X,Y|T],Z) :-
X@=<Y, !, min([X|T],Z) .
min([X,Y|T],Z) :-
!, min([Y|T],Z) .
min([X],X) :-
! .
max([X,Y|T],Z) :-
X@>=Y, !, max([X|T],Z) .
max([X,Y|T],Z) :-
!, max([Y|T],Z) .
max([X],X) :-
! .
findset(X,G,L) :-
findall(X,G,ZWERG), sort(ZWERG,L) .
/******************************************************************/
/* This is adopted from the Clocksin/Mellish definition of */
/* 'bagof', if you're local PROLOG system does not know 'findall' */
/* you should use this definition. AQ is ensured to work correctly*/
/* with this definition. In the case that your local Prolog */
/* dialect has 'findall' as built-in and AQ will give no result, */
/* it is likely that the problem depends on the 'findall' */
/* definition. You should rename the 'findalls' of AQ and try it */
/* again. */
/******************************************************************/
/* findall(X,G,_) :- */
/* asserta(yk_found(mark)), call(G), */
/* asserta(yk_found(X)), fail . */
/* findall(_,_,L) :- */
/* yk_collect_found(L) . */
/* */
/* yk_collect_found([X|L]) :- */
/* yk_getnext(X), yk_collect_found(L) . */
/* yk_collect_found(nil) . */
/* */
/* yk_getnext(X) :- */
/* retract(yk_found(X)), !, not (X == mark) . */
/******************************************************************/
help :- nl, nl, write('===> AQ-PROLOG'), nl,
write('===> Load data with command: data(fn)'), nl,
write('===> Show data with command: listdata'), nl,
write('===> Start AQ with command: start'), nl, nl .
:- help.