From 2a7648c58ab20b2d958d4e5c17c4fcff56b716ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lagleki <gleki.is.my.name@gmail.com> Date: Sun, 13 Oct 2024 04:04:41 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] add BrE table for issue #409 --- chapters/03.xml | 415 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 255 insertions(+), 160 deletions(-) diff --git a/chapters/03.xml b/chapters/03.xml index a5628f79..7c81ce06 100644 --- a/chapters/03.xml +++ b/chapters/03.xml @@ -3058,166 +3058,261 @@ </tr> </informaltable> <para>The following guide will help American English speakers approximate Lojban sounds using familiar reference points from their dialect. When speaking Lojban, aim to pronounce each sound clearly and distinctly. Avoid the tendency in American English to reduce unstressed vowels to schwa or to add glides to pure vowels. Practice each sound individually and in combination to improve your Lojban pronunciation.</para> - <para role="allowbreaks" /> - <informaltable class="vertsep"> - <colgroup /> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>a</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>father</quote>, but pronounced slightly forward in the mouth. Think of the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>spa</quote> without rounding your lips. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[b]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>b</letteral>. Identical to the <quote>b</quote> in <quote>boy</quote> or <quote>about</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>d</letteral>. As in <quote>dog</quote> or <quote>add</quote>. Be careful not to soften this to a flap <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase> between vowels, as in American <quote>ladder</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[e]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>e</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>ay</quote> in <quote>say</quote>, but without the glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the first part of the English vowel. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[f]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>f</letteral>. As in <quote>four</quote> or <quote>if</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[g]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>g</letteral>. As in <quote>go</quote> or <quote>big</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban apostrophe. As in <quote>ahead</quote> or the second <quote>h</quote> in <quote>oh hi</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[i]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>i</letteral>. Like the <quote>ee</quote> in <quote>see</quote>, but without any glide at the end. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[j]</phrase></td> - <td> - Used in Lojban diphthongs with <letteral>i</letteral>. Like the <quote>y</quote> in <quote>yes</quote> or the <quote>i</quote> in <quote>radio</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>k</letteral>. As in <quote>ski</quote> or <quote>take</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>l</letteral>. As in <quote>love</quote> or <quote>fall</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>m</letteral>. As in <quote>more</quote> or <quote>him</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>n</letteral>. As in <quote>no</quote> or <quote>on</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>o</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>o</quote> in <quote>go</quote>, but without the glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the first part of the English vowel. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[p]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>p</letteral>. As in <quote>spin</quote> or <quote>top</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>r</letteral>. Similar to the American <quote>r</quote> in <quote>red</quote> or <quote>car</quote>, but can also be trilled as in Spanish. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>s</letteral>. As in <quote>sit</quote> or <quote>bus</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>c</letteral>. The <quote>sh</quote> sound in <quote>ship</quote> or <quote>cash</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[t]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>t</letteral>. As in <quote>stop</quote> or <quote>it</quote>. Avoid softening to a flap <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase> between vowels, as in American <quote>water</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[u]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>u</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>oo</quote> in <quote>boot</quote>, but without any glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the vowel. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[v]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>v</letteral>. As in <quote>vote</quote> or <quote>have</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase></td> - <td> - Used in Lojban diphthongs with <letteral>u</letteral>. As in <quote>wet</quote> or <quote>cow</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>x</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>ch</quote> in the German <quote>Bach</quote> or Scottish <quote>loch</quote>. Pronounce like a strong <quote>h</quote> with friction in your throat. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[y]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>y</letteral>. Like the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>sofa</quote> or the <quote>u</quote> in <quote>supply</quote>. This is the schwa sound. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[z]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>z</letteral>. As in <quote>zip</quote> or <quote>easy</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase></td> - <td> - The Lojban <letteral>j</letteral>. The <quote>s</quote> in <quote>treasure</quote> or <quote>j</quote> in <quote>Jacques</quote>. - </td> - </tr> - </informaltable> + <para role="allowbreaks" /> + <informaltable class="vertsep"> + <colgroup /> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>a</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>father</quote>, but pronounced slightly forward in the mouth. Think of the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>spa</quote> without rounding your lips. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[b]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>b</letteral>. Identical to the <quote>b</quote> in <quote>boy</quote> or <quote>about</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>d</letteral>. As in <quote>dog</quote> or <quote>add</quote>. Be careful not to soften this to a flap <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase> between vowels, as in American <quote>ladder</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[e]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>e</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>ay</quote> in <quote>say</quote>, but without the glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the first part of the English vowel. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[f]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>f</letteral>. As in <quote>four</quote> or <quote>if</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[g]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>g</letteral>. As in <quote>go</quote> or <quote>big</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban apostrophe. As in <quote>ahead</quote> or the second <quote>h</quote> in <quote>oh hi</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[i]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>i</letteral>. Like the <quote>ee</quote> in <quote>see</quote>, but without any glide at the end. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[j]</phrase></td> + <td> + Used in Lojban diphthongs with <letteral>i</letteral>. Like the <quote>y</quote> in <quote>yes</quote> or the <quote>i</quote> in <quote>radio</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>k</letteral>. As in <quote>ski</quote> or <quote>take</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>l</letteral>. As in <quote>love</quote> or <quote>fall</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>m</letteral>. As in <quote>more</quote> or <quote>him</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>n</letteral>. As in <quote>no</quote> or <quote>on</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>o</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>o</quote> in <quote>go</quote>, but without the glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the first part of the English vowel. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[p]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>p</letteral>. As in <quote>spin</quote> or <quote>top</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>r</letteral>. Similar to the American <quote>r</quote> in <quote>red</quote> or <quote>car</quote>, but can also be trilled as in Spanish. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>s</letteral>. As in <quote>sit</quote> or <quote>bus</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>c</letteral>. The <quote>sh</quote> sound in <quote>ship</quote> or <quote>cash</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[t]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>t</letteral>. As in <quote>stop</quote> or <quote>it</quote>. Avoid softening to a flap <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase> between vowels, as in American <quote>water</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[u]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>u</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>oo</quote> in <quote>boot</quote>, but without any glide at the end. Hold your tongue still while saying the vowel. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[v]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>v</letteral>. As in <quote>vote</quote> or <quote>have</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase></td> + <td> + Used in Lojban diphthongs with <letteral>u</letteral>. As in <quote>wet</quote> or <quote>cow</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>x</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>ch</quote> in the German <quote>Bach</quote> or Scottish <quote>loch</quote>. Pronounce like a strong <quote>h</quote> with friction in your throat. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[y]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>y</letteral>. Like the <quote>a</quote> in <quote>sofa</quote> or the <quote>u</quote> in <quote>supply</quote>. This is the schwa sound. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[z]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>z</letteral>. As in <quote>zip</quote> or <quote>easy</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase></td> + <td> + The Lojban <letteral>j</letteral>. The <quote>s</quote> in <quote>treasure</quote> or <quote>j</quote> in <quote>Jacques</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + </informaltable> + <para> + The following table is tailored for speakers of British English, particularly those familiar with Received Pronunciation (RP). While Lojban has a standardised pronunciation, some sounds may be challenging for RP speakers. This guide aims to clarify these differences and provide familiar reference points. + </para> + + <para role="allowbreaks" /> + <informaltable class="vertsep"> + <colgroup /> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>a</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>a</quote> in RP <quote>bath</quote> or <quote>palm</quote>, but shorter and more forward in the mouth. Avoid the tendency to use the <quote>æ</quote> sound as in <quote>cat</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[ɛ]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>e</letteral>. As in the <quote>e</quote> of RP <quote>bet</quote> or <quote>set</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[i]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>i</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>ee</quote> in RP <quote>see</quote> or <quote>meat</quote>, but without the slight glide often present in English. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>o</letteral>. This sound doesn<quote>t quite exist in RP. It</quote>s similar to the first part of the <quote>o</quote> in <quote>go</quote>, but without the glide to <phrase role="IPA">[ʊ]</phrase>. Think of the <quote>o</quote> in Scottish English <quote>go</quote> or try to hold the first part of the RP <quote>o</quote> sound without moving your tongue. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[u]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>u</letteral>. Similar to the <quote>oo</quote> in RP <quote>boot</quote> or <quote>food</quote>, but without the slight glide often present in English. It's closer to the <quote>u</quote> in Scottish English <quote>good</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>y</letteral>. As in the <quote>a</quote> of RP <quote>about</quote> or the <quote>er</quote> of <quote>river</quote> when not rhotic. This is the neutral schwa sound. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>x</letteral>. This sound is not common in RP but occurs in Scottish <quote>loch</quote> or German <quote>Bach</quote>. Produce it by forcing air through your throat without vibrating your vocal cords. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase></td> + <td> + One version of Lojban <letteral>r</letteral>. This is a trilled <quote>r</quote>, not typically used in RP. It's similar to the Scottish rolled <quote>r</quote>. RP speakers may find it easier to use <phrase role="IPA">[ɹ]</phrase>, which is also acceptable in Lojban. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>c</letteral>. As in the <quote>sh</quote> of RP <quote>ship</quote> or <quote>wash</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase></td> + <td> + The preferred pronunciation of Lojban <letteral>j</letteral>. As in the <quote>s</quote> in RP <quote>vision</quote> or <quote>measure</quote>. + </td> + </tr> + </informaltable> + + <para> + Note that Lojban consonants not listed here are pronounced similarly to their RP counterparts. RP speakers should be particularly mindful of the following: + </para> + + <itemizedlist role="bullets"> + <listitem> + <para> + Lojban <letteral>r</letteral> can be pronounced as in RP, but a trilled <phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase> is also acceptable and sometimes preferred. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + The letter <letteral>x</letteral> represents a sound not native to RP. Practice may be required to produce this sound consistently. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + Vowels in Lojban are pure, without the glides often found in RP. Concentrate on producing steady vowel sounds without movement. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> + Lojban does not use the RP vowels <phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase> (as in <quote>bit</quote>), <phrase role="IPA">[ʊ]</phrase> (as in <quote>put</quote>), or <phrase role="IPA">[ʌ]</phrase> (as in <quote>but</quote>). Be careful not to substitute these for Lojban vowels. + </para> + </listitem> + </itemizedlist> </section> <section xml:id="section-anglophone-diphthongs"> <title><anchor xml:id="c3s11" />English analogues for Lojban diphthongs</title>