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<title>Emacs Mini Manual (PART 3) - CUSTOMIZING AND EXTENDING EMACS</title>
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<h2><a href="index.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></h2>
</div>
<div id="content">
<h1 class="title">Emacs Mini Manual (PART 3) - CUSTOMIZING AND EXTENDING EMACS</h1>
<div id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-1">Why customize and extend Emacs?</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2">Just enough Emacs Lisp</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-2-1">Function: <b>(setq [ <i>SYM</i> <i>VAL</i> ]…)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-2">Function: <b>(load <i>FILE</i> &optional <i>NOERROR</i> <i>NOMESSAGE</i> <i>NOSUFFIX</i> <i>MUST-SUFFIX</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-3">Function: <b>(require <i>FEATURE</i> &optional <i>FILENAME</i> <i>NOERROR</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-4">Function: <b>(provide <i>FEATURE</i> &optional <i>SUBFEATURES</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-5">Function: <b>(add-to-list <i>LIST-VAR</i> <i>ELEMENT</i> &optional <i>APPEND</i> <i>COMPARE-FN</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-6">Function: <b>(add-hook <i>HOOK</i> <i>FUNCTION</i> &optional <i>APPEND</i> <i>LOCAL</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-7">Function: <b>(global-set-key <i>KEY</i> <i>COMMAND</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-8">Function: <b>(define-key <i>KEYMAP</i> <i>KEY</i> <i>DEF</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-9">Function: <b>(defalias <i>SYMBOL</i> <i>DEFINITION</i> &optional <i>DOCSTRING</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-10">Function: <b>(mapc <i>FUNCTION</i> <i>SEQUENCE</i>)</b></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-2-11">Macro: <b>(defun <i>NAME</i> <i>ARGLIST</i> &optional <i>DOCSTRING</i> <i>DECL</i> &rest <i>BODY</i>)</b></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-3">Useful built-in key bindings for navigating pairs</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4">Let's supercharge Emacs</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-1">How to use Emacs package manager</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-2">Customize Emacs</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-2-1">Using GUI</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-2-2">Using Emacs Lisp</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-3">init.el</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-3-1">Package: <code>workgroups2</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-4">setup-editing.el</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-4-1">Customize built-in functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-4-2">Package: <code>duplicate-thing</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-4-3">Package: <code>volatile-highlights</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-4-4">Package: <code>smartparens</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-4-5">Package: <code>clean-aindent-mode</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-4-6">Package: <code>undo-tree</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-4-7">Package: <code>yasnippet</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-5">setup-convenience.el</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-5-1">Package: <code>company</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-5-2">Package: <code>expand-region</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-5-3">Package: <code>ibuffer-vc</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-5-4">Package: <code>projectile</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-6">Package in a league of its own: <code>helm</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-7">Alternative to Helm: <code>ido</code> + <code>ido-ubiquitous</code> + <code>flx-ido</code> + <code>smex</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-7-1">Package: <code>ido-ubiquitous</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-7-2">Package: <code>flx-ido</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-7-3">Package: <code>smex</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-8">setup-files.el</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-8-1">Package: <code>dired+</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-8-2">Package: <code>recentf-ext</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-8-3">Package: <code>ztree</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-8-4">Package: <code>vlf</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-9">setup-text.el</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-10">setup-data.el</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-11">setup-external.el</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-12">setup-communication.el</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-13">setup-programming.el</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-13-1">Package: <code>diff-hl</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-13-2">Package: <code>magit</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-13-3">Package: <code>flycheck</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-13-4">Package: <code>flycheck-tip</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-14">setup-applications.el</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-15">setup-development.el</a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-16">setup-environment.el</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-16-1">Package: <code>nyan-mode</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-16-2">Package: <code>golden-ratio</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-17">setup-faces-and-ui.el</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-17-1">Package: <code>highlight-numbers</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-17-2">Package: <code>highlight-symbol</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-17-3">Change Emacs appearance by using color theme</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-18">setup-help.el</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#sec-4-18-1">Package: <code>info+</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-18-2">Package: <code>discover-my-major</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-18-3">Package: <code>rainbow-mode</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-18-4">Package: <code>help+</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-18-5">Package: <code>help-fns+</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-18-6">Package: <code>help-mode+</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-4-19">setup-local.el</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sec-5">More Emacs Lisp resources</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-1" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="sec-1"><a id="ID-bbed4318-de81-421d-a6c4-04b40b60b591" name="ID-bbed4318-de81-421d-a6c4-04b40b60b591"></a>Why customize and extend Emacs?</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<p>
Emacs comes with default settings. Some interesting features are
disabled and hidden, i.e. ibuffer, Semantic, electric
modes… Probably, to make it more user friendly to new users and
make it behave more like "normal" editors, i.e. Normal users do not
expect automatic pairing of punctuation marks like parentheses,
brackets, curly brackets…
</p>
<p>
Because the nature of Emacs is an extensible system, people write
extensions to improve Emacs and share with others. The extensions
improve various aspects of Emacs: Improve existing and add new editing
features, integrate 3rd party tools, add programming languages
supports, change Emacs appearance… Without the ability to extend,
Emacs will just be another obscure editor with some useful features
but cannot meet the demands of people, because different people have
different needs, and Emacs maintainers cannot provide them all and
integrate all into Emacs. With the ability to extend, people can bend
Emacs the way they want, much like Lisp.
</p>
<p>
Unlike other editors which encourage users to stay with the default as
much as they can, Emacs encourages users to customize and extend Emacs
as much as they can.
</p>
<p>
In the old days, when Emacs did not have a package manager and did
not have many learning resources, it's really uneasy to customize
Emacs, because to customize Emacs properly you have to read a decent
chunk of the Emacs Lisp manual. Many of us, including me, do not have
that luxury of time. The way I learned to customize Emacs was copying
little code snippets that solve specific problems - when I encountered
them - and paste everything in my <code>~/.emacs</code> file. I also had to
download Emacs packages manually and load it manually in <code>~/.emacs</code>. I
hope that this guide helps you to be at least as good as me in
customizing Emacs without having to spend a long time in collecting
configurations, or reading the whole Emacs Lisp manual. After you
finish this chapter, you can dive in the Emacs Lisp manually if you
want, and easier.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="sec-2"><a id="ID-bd3c88d9-3a94-483f-bc35-3b5c215d0e79" name="ID-bd3c88d9-3a94-483f-bc35-3b5c215d0e79"></a>Just enough Emacs Lisp</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
<p>
In this section, you only need to read and understand. I will list the
commonly used function used for customizing Emacs that we will use in
later sections. It's important that you understand the core
ideas. After you finish the sub-sections of this section, we will play
with Emacs Lisp code for customizing Emacs, and it's really fun to see
your Emacs "evolves" gradually.
</p>
<p>
It's worth to review again. To read most of Lisp code, it is easy. You
only need to these rules:
</p>
<ul class="org-ul">
<li>Code that get executed is a pair of parentheses, with things in it:
<code>(...)</code>. The first element always gets evaluated; your Lisp
environment (in our case, Emacs) determines which of the following 3
forms the symbol in the first slot is, then acts accordingly:
</li>
<li>Function form: if the first element points to a function definition,
then the following elements get evaluated from left to right and
finally passed into the function as arguments.
<p>
For example:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #783f5a;">message</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"Hello word %d"</span> <span style="color: #7388d6;">(</span><span style="color: #707e4f;">+</span> <span style="color: #008b8b;">10</span> <span style="color: #008b8b;">10</span><span style="color: #7388d6;">)</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<code>message</code> is a function that prints to echo area and <code>*Message*</code>
buffer (can be opened with <b>C-h e</b>). Emacs detects that <code>message</code> is a
function, then it evaluates the string "Hello world %d" and another
nested form <code>(+ 10 10)</code> sequentially. When Emacs gets to <code>(+ 10
10)</code>, it evaluates the form and return <code>20</code>. Then the string "Hello
world %d" and the number <code>20</code> are passed into <code>message</code>, and finally
output "Hello world 20" in the echo area and <code>*Message*</code> buffer.
</p>
</li>
<li>Special form: if the first element is one of predefined functions in
Emacs Lisp that need special rules and/or syntax, then the remaining
elements are evaluated depend on the rule of the predefined
functions. Special form is just function form, but handle the
remaining in its own way rather than using the default in function
form. That's why we call it special.
<p>
For example, <code>if</code> is a special form as we learned in previous part:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #a020f0;">if</span> <span style="color: #4f7e67;">condition</span>
<span style="color: #783778;">true-case</span>
<span style="color: #37785e;">false-case</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<code>condition</code> is a valid Lisp form; if it is evaluated to true (which
is anything not <code>NIL</code>, or the empty list <code>()</code>), then the true case -
also a valid Lisp form - gets evaluated; otherwise the false case -
also a valid Lisp form - gets evaluated.
</p>
<p>
Another special form is <code>and</code>. After Emacs determines the first
element is <code>and</code> special form, then it keeps evaluating the
remaining elements from left to right until one of the element
return false. If all elements get evaluated, <code>and</code> returns true.
</p>
</li>
<li>Macro form: if the first element is created by the function
<code>defmacro</code> (which you do not need to know at this stage), then Emacs
do not evaluate any remaining elements, but passes them in as
data. Macro is a way for programmers to create their own
mini-language that do not follow the evaluation rules predefined in
Emacs (function form and special form). If you read a form that is
not a function form or any predefined special form, don't panic!
It's a macro form. Programmers always provide documentations on how
to use their mini-languages.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
After all, those different forms are just under one category:
function. Function form is a regular function; special form is a
function with its own rule; macro form is a function that generate
code.
</p>
<ul class="org-ul">
<li>Data: has two types:
</li>
<li><b>Atom</b>: primitives such as number, string, symbol and NIL.
</li>
<li><b>Non-atom</b>: if you put a <code>’</code> just before a form, it becomes
a list. Emacs treats these <b>quoted</b> forms as data.
<p>
Emacs also has other data types like array, hash-table… but list
is the most popular, used when performance is not needed.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
In this section, I only explained the frequently used functions. In
the later sections, there are more functions used. I can't explain
them all. You should really work it out on your own gradually with
<b>C-h f</b> and <b>C-h v</b>.
</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-1" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-1"><a id="ID-efdf75c7-0278-46ab-910c-fd557d0584e9" name="ID-efdf75c7-0278-46ab-910c-fd557d0584e9"></a>Function: <b>(setq [ <i>SYM</i> <i>VAL</i> ]…)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-1">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>: A really fundamental function for customizing Emacs
settings. An Emacs setting is really just a variable. Emacs has GUI
for changing setting, but <code>setq</code> a variable is also equivalent.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Example</span>:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #784437;">setq</span> <span style="color: #7a4f7e;">global-mark-ring-max</span> <span style="color: #008b8b;">50000</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<span class="underline">Built-in Documentation</span>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
Set each <i>SYM</i> to the value of its <i>VAL</i>.
The symbols <i>SYM</i> are variables; they are literal (not evaluated).
The values <i>VAL</i> are expressions; they are evaluated.
Thus, (setq x (1+ y)) sets `x' to the value of `(1+ y)'.
The second <i>VAL</i> is not computed until after the first <i>SYM</i> is set, and so on;
each VAL can use the new value of variables set earlier in the `<sub>setq</sub><sub>'</sub>.
The return value of the `<sub>setq</sub><sub>'</sub> form is the value of the last <i>VAL</i>.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-2" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-2"><a id="ID-554a5d52-623c-487d-9e9b-81c5f8f67746" name="ID-554a5d52-623c-487d-9e9b-81c5f8f67746"></a>Function: <b>(load <i>FILE</i> &optional <i>NOERROR</i> <i>NOMESSAGE</i> <i>NOSUFFIX</i> <i>MUST-SUFFIX</i>)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-2">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>: This function allows you to load a file. <i>FILE</i> is the
a filename that is looked up in the variable <code>load-path</code>. Do you
notice <code>&optional</code> keyword? When you see this keyword, it means
everything after <code>&optional</code> is, optional. The parameters <i>NOERROR</i>,
<i>NOMESSAGE</i>, <i>NOSUFFIX</i>, <i>MUST-SUFFIX</i> are not required to be passed
into the function if you don't need. However, if you want to pass an
argument into the place of one a parameter, you must also pass
arguments to all the parameters to the left of your chosen
parameter. For example, if you want to pass an argument into
<i>NOSUFFIX</i>, you are <b>required</b> to pass arguments into <i>NOERROR</i>,
<i>NOMESSAGE</i> first. You are safe to ignore everything after your
chosen parameter, and in our example, it's <i>MUST-SUFFIX</i>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Example</span>:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #7e544f;">load</span> <span style="color: #7388d6;">(</span><span style="color: #7a4f7e;">substitute-in-file-name</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"$HOME/.emacs.d/module"</span><span style="color: #7388d6;">)</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span> <span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">first try to load module.elc; if not found, try to load module.el</span>
<span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #7e544f;">load</span> <span style="color: #7388d6;">(</span><span style="color: #7a4f7e;">substitute-in-file-name</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"$HOME/.emacs.d/module.el"</span><span style="color: #7388d6;">)</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span> <span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">only load module.el</span>
<span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #7e544f;">load</span> <span style="color: #7388d6;">(</span><span style="color: #7a4f7e;">substitute-in-file-name</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"$HOME/.emacs.d/module.elc"</span><span style="color: #7388d6;">)</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span> <span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">only load module.elc</span>
<span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #7e544f;">load</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"module"</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span> <span style="color: #b22222;">; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">search for the file module.el or module.elc in variable load-path</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<span class="underline">Built-in Documentation</span>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
Execute a file of Lisp code named FILE.
First try FILE with `.elc' appended, then try with `.el', then try
FILE unmodified (the exact suffixes in the exact order are determined
by `load-suffixes'). Environment variable references in FILE are
replaced with their values by calling `substitute-in-file-name'. This
function searches the directories in `load-path'.
</p>
<p>
….(<b>C-h f</b> for more information)…
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-3" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-3"><a id="ID-6b51529d-424f-4735-84e6-c13a0818376b" name="ID-6b51529d-424f-4735-84e6-c13a0818376b"></a>Function: <b>(require <i>FEATURE</i> &optional <i>FILENAME</i> <i>NOERROR</i>)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-3">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>: If you install a package from <code>M-x list-packages</code>, to
load that package, use <code>(require 'installed-package)</code>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Example</span>: For example, you installed package <code>volatile-highlights</code>,
to load it:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #a020f0;">require</span> '<span style="color: #008b8b;">volatile-highlights</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Later in the guide, you will create your own custom modules that uses
<code>provide</code> function to provide new feature to Emacs. To use a feature,
the module must be activated with <code>require</code>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Built-in Documentation</span>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
If feature <i>FEATURE</i> is not loaded, load it from <i>FILENAME</i>.
If <i>FEATURE</i> is not a member of the list `features', then the feature
is not loaded; so load the file <i>FILENAME</i>.
If <i>FILENAME</i> is omitted, the printname of <i>FEATURE</i> is used as the file name,
and `load' will try to load this name appended with the suffix `.elc' or
`.el', in that order. The name without appended suffix will not be used.
See `get-load-suffixes' for the complete list of suffixes.
If the optional third argument <i>NOERROR</i> is non-nil,
then return nil if the file is not found instead of signaling an error.
Normally the return value is <i>FEATURE</i>.
The normal messages at start and end of loading <i>FILENAME</i> are suppressed.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-4" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-4"><a id="ID-8adc5418-4ddc-4755-9ed6-f10cc96cfdb2" name="ID-8adc5418-4ddc-4755-9ed6-f10cc96cfdb2"></a>Function: <b>(provide <i>FEATURE</i> &optional <i>SUBFEATURES</i>)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-4">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>: You can use this function at the end of a file to turn the
file into a loadable module that is only loaded when called with
<code>require</code>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Example</span>:
</p>
<p>
Suppose that in a file <code>setup-editing.el</code>, you put this line at the
bottom:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #a020f0;">provide</span> '<span style="color: #008b8b;">setup-editing</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Then, even if you load it with <code>load</code> function, it won't be
activated. To activate, you have to execute <code>(require
'setup-editing)</code>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Built-in Documentation</span>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
Announce that <i>FEATURE</i> is a feature of the current Emacs. The optional
argument <i>SUBFEATURES</i> should be a list of symbols listing particular
subfeatures supported in this version of <i>FEATURE</i>.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-5" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-5"><a id="ID-6d573c2c-768b-4233-b8c0-5796f0b23304" name="ID-6d573c2c-768b-4233-b8c0-5796f0b23304"></a>Function: <b>(add-to-list <i>LIST-VAR</i> <i>ELEMENT</i> &optional <i>APPEND</i> <i>COMPARE-FN</i>)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-5">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>: Add an element <code>ELEMENT</code> to a list named <code>LIST-VAR</code>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Example</span>:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #7a4f7e;">add-to-list</span> '<span style="color: #5e7837;">load-path</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"~/.emacs.d/personal"</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span> <span style="color: #b22222;">; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">add personal to load-path,</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">so "load" function can search for files in it</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<span class="underline">Built-in Documentation</span>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
Add <i>ELEMENT</i> to the value of <i>LIST-VAR</i> if it isn't there yet.
The test for presence of <i>ELEMENT</i> is done with `equal', or with
<i>COMPARE-FN</i> if that's non-nil.
If <i>ELEMENT</i> is added, it is added at the beginning of the list,
unless the optional argument <i>APPEND</i> is non-nil, in which case
<i>ELEMENT</i> is added at the end.
</p>
<p>
The return value is the new value of <i>LIST-VAR</i>.
</p>
<p>
This is handy to add some elements to configuration variables,
but please do not abuse it in Elisp code, where you are usually
better off using `push' or `cl-pushnew'.
</p>
<p>
If you want to use `add-to-list' on a variable that is not
defined until a certain package is loaded, you should put the
call to `add-to-list' into a hook function that will be run only
after loading the package. `eval-after-load' provides one way to
do this. In some cases other hooks, such as major mode hooks,
can do the job.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-6" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-6"><a id="ID-acb677cd-cad6-43c7-9bdb-b31578337fe0" name="ID-acb677cd-cad6-43c7-9bdb-b31578337fe0"></a>Function: <b>(add-hook <i>HOOK</i> <i>FUNCTION</i> &optional <i>APPEND</i> <i>LOCAL</i>)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-6">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>: A <b>hook</b> is a Lisp variable which holds a list of
functions, to be called on some well-defined occasion. (This is called
running the hook. You can search for hook using <b>C-h v</b> and enter
<code>-hook</code> suffix then <b>TAB</b>. Or you can find hooks in <b>Customization Groups</b>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Example</span>:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #783778;">add-hook</span> '<span style="color: #43783f;">prog-mode-hook</span> '<span style="color: #5e7837;">linum-mode</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
After you add the function <code>linum-mode</code> - which activates line number
on the left margin of your Emacs - then every time you enter a
<code>prog-mode</code>, which is the root all programming major modes derive
from. A programming mode can be <code>c-mode</code>, <code>asm-mode</code>,
<code>emacs-lisp-mode</code>, <code>java-mode</code>…
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Built-in Documentation</span>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
Add to the value of HOOK the function <i>FUNCTION</i>.
<i>FUNCTION</i> is not added if already present.
<i>FUNCTION</i> is added (if necessary) at the beginning of the hook list
unless the optional argument <i>APPEND</i> is non-nil, in which case
<i>FUNCTION</i> is added at the end.
</p>
<p>
The optional fourth argument, <i>LOCAL</i>, if non-nil, says to modify
the hook's buffer-local value rather than its global value.
This makes the hook buffer-local, and it makes t a member of the
buffer-local value. That acts as a flag to run the hook
functions of the global value as well as in the local value.
</p>
<p>
<i>HOOK</i> should be a symbol, and <i>FUNCTION</i> may be any valid function. If
<i>HOOK</i> is void, it is first set to nil. If <i>HOOK</i>'s value is a single
function, it is changed to a list of functions.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-7" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-7"><a id="ID-5c06ee7d-fb65-48bb-8419-c5660d4d4fd2" name="ID-5c06ee7d-fb65-48bb-8419-c5660d4d4fd2"></a>Function: <b>(global-set-key <i>KEY</i> <i>COMMAND</i>)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-7">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>: This function binds a command to a key, as you can see in
the function interface.
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Example</span>:
</p>
<p>
You can bind in one of the following ways:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #374478;">global-set-key</span> <span style="color: #7388d6;">(</span><span style="color: #783f5a;">kbd</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"C-x C-b"</span><span style="color: #7388d6;">)</span> '<span style="color: #783f5a;">ibuffer</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span> <span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">bind "C-x C-b" to ibuffer command</span>
<span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #374478;">global-set-key</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"\C-x\C-b"</span> '<span style="color: #783f5a;">ibuffer</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span> <span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">bind "C-x C-b to ibuffer command, but modifier </span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">keys must be escaped with the backslash</span>
<span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #374478;">global-set-key</span> <span style="color: #7388d6;">[</span><span style="color: #78683f;">?</span>\<span style="color: #784437;">C-x?</span>\<span style="color: #78683f;">C-b</span><span style="color: #7388d6;">]</span> '<span style="color: #783f5a;">ibuffer</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span> <span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">use vector instead of a string</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
I recommend you to use <code>(kbd ...)</code> function because we can write key
bindings using our familiar key notations without adding unnecessary
characters. Vector is array in other languages. Vector was used for
mapping function keys, such as <code>[left]</code>, <code>[right]</code>, <code>[up]</code>, <code>[down]</code>,
<code>[f1]...[f12]</code>. But now, you can also map function keys in <code>(kbd
...)</code> function using angle brackets:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #374478;">global-set-key</span> <span style="color: #7388d6;">(</span><span style="color: #783f5a;">kbd</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"<f3>"</span><span style="color: #7388d6;">)</span> '<span style="color: #4f5c7e;">kmacro-start-macro-or-insert-counter</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Here are common function keys (remember to wrap them in a pair of
angle bracket):
</p>
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<colgroup>
<col class="left" />
<col class="left" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="left">Key</th>
<th scope="col" class="left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>left, up, right, down</code></td>
<td class="left">Cursor arrow keys</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>begin, end, home, next, prior</code></td>
<td class="left">Other cursor re-positioning keys</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"> </td>
<td class="left"><code>prior</code> means <code>PageUp</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"> </td>
<td class="left"><code>next</code> means <code>PageDOwn</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>select, print, execute, backtab</code></td>
<td class="left">Miscellaneous keys</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>insert, undo, redo, clearline</code></td>
<td class="left"><code>backtab</code> means <code>S-TAB</code> or <code>C-iso-tab</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>insertline, deleteline, insertchar, deletechar</code></td>
<td class="left"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>f1, f2, ... F35</code></td>
<td class="left">Numbered function keys on top of your keyboard</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>kp-add, kp-subtract, kp-multiply, kp-divide</code></td>
<td class="left">Keypad keys (to the right of the regular keyboard)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>kp-backtab, kp-space, kp-tab, kp-enter</code></td>
<td class="left">, with names or punctuation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>kp-separator, kp-decimal, kp-equal</code></td>
<td class="left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"> </td>
<td class="left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>kp-0, kp-1, ... kp-9</code></td>
<td class="left">Keypad keys with digits.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"> </td>
<td class="left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left"><code>kp-f1, kp-f2, kp-f3, kp-f4</code></td>
<td class="left">Keypad PF keys.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
<span class="underline">Built-in Documentation</span>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
Give <i>KEY</i> a global binding as <i>COMMAND</i>.
<i>COMMAND</i> is the command definition to use; usually it is
a symbol naming an interactively-callable function.
<i>KEY</i> is a key sequence; noninteractively, it is a string or vector
of characters or event types, and non-ASCII characters with codes
above 127 (such as ISO Latin-1) can be included if you use a vector.
</p>
<p>
Note that if <i>KEY</i> has a local binding in the current buffer,
that local binding will continue to shadow any global binding
that you make with this function.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-8" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-8"><a id="ID-879a92aa-5c2b-4623-913a-45dddb84ed7b" name="ID-879a92aa-5c2b-4623-913a-45dddb84ed7b"></a>Function: <b>(define-key <i>KEYMAP</i> <i>KEY</i> <i>DEF</i>)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-8">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>:
</p>
<p>
This function binds a definition <code>DEF</code>, usually a command, to a key
sequence <code>KEY</code>. A definition can be other things that you can find in
the built-in documentation.
</p>
<p>
A key sequence (key, for short) is a sequence of input events that
have a meaning as a unit. Input events include characters, function
keys and mouse buttons—all the inputs that you can send to the
computer. A key sequence gets its meaning from its binding, which says
what command it runs.
</p>
<p>
When a key sequence <code>KEY</code> is pressed, Emacs runs the associated
function. A keymap <code>KEYMAP</code> stores a list of bindings between <code>KEY</code>
and definition <code>DEF</code>. Major mode or minor mode uses keymap to provide
its own key bindings. A keymap usually has <code>-mode-map</code> suffix,
i.e. dired-mode-map; if you want to change or add a key binding in a
major mode or minor mode, you use <code>define-key</code> function like this:
</p>
<p>
<span class="underline">Example</span>:
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-emacs-lisp"><span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">Dired uses "e", "f" or RET to open a file</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">you can reuse one of these keys for different purpose</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">for example, you can bind it to wdired-change-to-wdired-mode</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">wdired-change-to-wdired-mode allows you to edit your Dired buffer</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">like a normal text buffer, such as edit file/directory names,</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">permission bits.. and then commit the changes to disk.</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;;</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">"e" is short for "edit"</span>
<span style="color: #b22222;">;; </span><span style="color: #b22222;">After finish your editing, "C-c C-c" to commit, "C-c C-k" to abort</span>
<span style="color: #707183;">(</span><span style="color: #37785e;">define-key</span> <span style="color: #783778;">dired-mode-map</span> <span style="color: #7388d6;">(</span><span style="color: #783f5a;">kbd</span> <span style="color: #8b2252;">"e"</span><span style="color: #7388d6;">)</span> '<span style="color: #4f7e67;">wdired-change-to-wdired-mode</span><span style="color: #707183;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<span class="underline">Built-in Documentation</span>:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
In <i>KEYMAP</i>, define key sequence <i>KEY</i> as <i>DEF</i>.
<i>KEYMAP</i> is a keymap.
</p>
<p>
<i>KEY</i> is a string or a vector of symbols and characters, representing a
sequence of keystrokes and events. Non-ASCII characters with codes
above 127 (such as ISO Latin-1) can be represented by vectors.
Two types of vector have special meanings:
[remap COMMAND] remaps any key binding for <i>COMMAND</i>.
[t] creates a default definition, which applies to any event with no
other definition in <i>KEYMAP</i>.
</p>
<p>
<i>DEF</i> is anything that can be a key's definition:
nil (means key is undefined in this keymap),
a command (a Lisp function suitable for interactive calling),
a string (treated as a keyboard macro),
a keymap (to define a prefix key),
a symbol (when the key is looked up, the symbol will stand for its
function definition, which should at that time be one of the above,
or another symbol whose function definition is used, etc.),
a cons (STRING . DEFN), meaning that DEFN is the definition
(DEFN should be a valid definition in its own right),
or a cons (MAP . CHAR), meaning use definition of CHAR in keymap MAP,
or an extended menu item definition.
(See info node `(elisp)Extended Menu Items'.)
</p>
<p>
If <i>KEYMAP</i> is a sparse keymap with a binding for <i>KEY</i>, the existing
binding is altered. If there is no binding for <i>KEY</i>, the new pair
binding <i>KEY</i> to <i>DEF</i> is added at the front of <i>KEYMAP</i>.
</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-sec-2-9" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="sec-2-9"><a id="ID-bc2a13cd-9341-45f9-aad5-a0d94c7c4b0f" name="ID-bc2a13cd-9341-45f9-aad5-a0d94c7c4b0f"></a>Function: <b>(defalias <i>SYMBOL</i> <i>DEFINITION</i> &optional <i>DOCSTRING</i>)</b></h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-9">
<p>
<span class="underline">Comment</span>: <code>defalias</code> allows you to rename a command. It is usually