.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DOCKER_REPOSITORY: mendersoftware/mender-convert
  MULTIPLATFORM_BUILD: "true"
  MULTIPLATFORM_PLATFORMS: "linux/amd64,linux/arm64"
  S3_BUCKET_NAME: mender-convert-images

  # These variables are present elsewhere in the repository too. Make sure to
  # search for and change them too.
  MENDER_ARTIFACT_VERSION:
    value: "3.11.2"
    description: |-
      Version of mender-artifact for the builder image - a specific version
  MENDER_CLIENT_VERSION:
    value: "latest"
    description: |-
      Version of mender for the converted image - 'latest', 'auto', 'master' or a specific version
  MENDER_FLASH_VERSION:
    value: "latest"
    description: |-
      Version of mender-flash for the converted image - 'latest', 'master' or a specific version
  MENDER_ADDON_CONNECT_VERSION:
    value: "latest"
    description: |-
      Version of mender-connect for the converted image - 'latest', 'master' or a specific version
  MENDER_ADDON_CONFIGURE_VERSION:
    value: "latest"
    description: |-
      Version of mender-configure for the converted image - 'latest', 'master' or a specific version

  # Which version of mender-convert to use in published image name. Normally
  # empty, in which case the branch or tag name will be used, but this variable
  # is available so that it's possible to make small build fixes on an already
  # tagged version.
  MENDER_CONVERT_PUBLISH_VERSION: ""

  TEST_MENDER_CONVERT:
    value: "true"
    options:
      - "true"
      - "false"
    description: |-
      Whether to run acceptance tests

  PUBLISH_MENDER_CONVERT_AUTOMATIC:
    value: "false"
    options:
      - "true"
      - "false"
    description: |-
      Whether to publish packages automatically - they can always be published manually

  TESTS_IN_PARALLEL_CLIENT_ACCEPTANCE: "4"

  DEBIAN_FRONTEND: noninteractive

  # Docker dind configuration.
  # To use dind, make sure gitlab-runner's configuration
  # has a common mount for /certs (i.e. runners.docker.volumes) directory
  # and that the dind service name is always docker (default hostname).
  DOCKER_HOST: "tcp://docker:2376"
  DOCKER_CERT_PATH: "/certs/client"
  DOCKER_TLS_VERIFY: "1"
  DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: "/certs"

  # Ubuntu distribution to use in test_acceptance jobs
  # Jammy Jellyfish is Ubuntu 22.04
  ACC_TESTS_UBUNTU_DISTRO: "jammy"

include:
  - project: 'Northern.tech/Mender/mendertesting'
    file:
      - '.gitlab-ci-check-commits.yml'
      - '.gitlab-ci-check-license.yml'
      - '.gitlab-ci-github-status-updates.yml'
      - '.gitlab-ci-check-shell-format.yml'
      - '.gitlab-ci-check-docker-build.yml'

stages:
  - test
  - build
  - convert
  - flash
  - test_acceptance
  - publish

test:check-commits:
  only:
    variables:
      - '$TEST_MENDER_CONVERT == "true"'

test:check-license:
  rules:
    - if: '$TEST_MENDER_CONVERT == "true"'

test:check-shell-formatting:
  rules:
    - if: '$TEST_MENDER_CONVERT == "true"'
  before_script:
    - SHELL_SCRIPTS=$(find mender-convert* modules configs scripts
            -type f
            -not -name "*.md"
            -not -path "scripts/linkbot/*"
            -not -wholename "scripts/test/*")

build:docker-multiplatform:
  variables:
    DOCKER_BUILDKIT: 1
    GITLAB_REGISTRY_TAG: '${CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE}:${CI_PIPELINE_ID}'
    EXTRA_DOCKER_ARGS: "--build-arg MENDER_ARTIFACT_VERSION=${MENDER_ARTIFACT_VERSION}"

.template_convert_raspbian: &convert_raspbian
  stage: convert
  needs:
    - job: build:docker-multiplatform
      artifacts: false
  image: ubuntu:22.04
  services:
    - docker:dind
  tags:
    - mender-qa-worker-generic
  before_script:
    - apt update && apt install -yy bash wget xz-utils awscli docker.io curl

    - docker pull ${CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE}:${CI_PIPELINE_ID}
    - export IMAGE_NAME=${CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE}:${CI_PIPELINE_ID}

    - export RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME="$(basename "$RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM")"

    - mkdir -p input
    - cd input
    - wget -q ${RASPBIAN_DOWNLOAD_CONVERT}
    - unxz ${RASPBIAN_NAME_CONVERT}.img.xz
    - cd ..

    - eval "$(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mendersoftware/mendertesting/master/mender-ci-common.sh)"

  script:
    - env MENDER_ARTIFACT_NAME=${RASPBIAN_NAME_CONVERT}-mender 
      ./docker-mender-convert --disk-image input/${RASPBIAN_NAME_CONVERT}.img
      --config configs/raspberrypi/${RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM}_config
      --config configs/images/raspberrypi_raspbian_config

    # Collect artifacts.
    - mv deploy ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}
    - tar czf ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}.tar.gz ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}
    # Upload to temporary S3 bucket
    - mender_ci_save_tmp_artifact ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}.tar.gz

  artifacts:
    paths:
      - checksums

convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit:
  <<: *convert_raspbian
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit
    RASPBIAN_NAME_CONVERT: 2024-10-22-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite
    ## Important: when updating the upstream image update also RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX in the publish jobs
    RASPBIAN_DOWNLOAD_CONVERT: https://downloads.raspberrypi.com/raspios_lite_arm64/images/raspios_lite_arm64-2024-10-28/2024-10-22-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite.img.xz

convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bookworm_32bit:
  <<: *convert_raspbian
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bookworm_32bit
    RASPBIAN_NAME_CONVERT: 2024-10-22-raspios-bookworm-armhf-lite
    ## Important: when updating the upstream image update also RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX in the publish jobs
    RASPBIAN_DOWNLOAD_CONVERT: https://downloads.raspberrypi.com/raspios_lite_armhf/images/raspios_lite_armhf-2024-10-28/2024-10-22-raspios-bookworm-armhf-lite.img.xz

convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bullseye_64bit:
  <<: *convert_raspbian
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bullseye_64bit
    RASPBIAN_NAME_CONVERT: 2024-07-04-raspios-bullseye-arm64-lite
    ## Important: when updating the upstream image update also RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX in the publish jobs
    RASPBIAN_DOWNLOAD_CONVERT: https://downloads.raspberrypi.com/raspios_oldstable_lite_arm64/images/raspios_oldstable_lite_arm64-2024-07-04/2024-07-04-raspios-bullseye-arm64-lite.img.xz

convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bullseye_32bit:
  <<: *convert_raspbian
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bullseye_32bit
    RASPBIAN_NAME_CONVERT: 2024-07-04-raspios-bullseye-armhf-lite
    ## Important: when updating the upstream image update also RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX in the publish jobs
    RASPBIAN_DOWNLOAD_CONVERT: https://downloads.raspberrypi.com/raspios_oldstable_lite_armhf/images/raspios_oldstable_lite_armhf-2024-07-04/2024-07-04-raspios-bullseye-armhf-lite.img.xz

.bash_helpers: &bash_helpers |
  # Bash function to check if the string is a final tag
  function is_final_tag () {
    version="$1"
    [[ "${version}" =~ ^[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$ ]] && return 0 || return $?
  }
  # Bash function to check if the string is a build tag
  function is_build_tag () {
    version="$1"
    [[ "${version}" =~ ^[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+-build[0-9]+$ ]] && return 0 || return $?
  }

.template_test_acceptance: &test_acceptance
  stage: test_acceptance
  needs:
    - job: build:docker-multiplatform
      artifacts: false
  image: ubuntu:${ACC_TESTS_UBUNTU_DISTRO}
  services:
    - docker:dind
  tags:
    - mender-qa-worker-mender-convert-tests
  timeout: 2h
  before_script:
    - *bash_helpers
    # Install dependencies
    - apt update
    - apt install -qyy bash wget git util-linux mtools python3 python3-pip
      gcc python3-dev libffi-dev liblzo2-dev libc-dev libssl-dev make sudo
      awscli unzip qemu-system-x86 ovmf curl docker.io s3cmd fdisk gnupg-agent
    # Python3 dependencies
    - python3 -m pip install -U pip
    - pip3 install --ignore-installed -r tests/requirements_py3.txt
    # Load image under test
    - docker pull ${CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE}:${CI_PIPELINE_ID}
    - export IMAGE_NAME=${CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE}:${CI_PIPELINE_ID}
    - export RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME="$(basename "$RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM")"
    # Set mender-image-tests submodule to correct version
    - git submodule update --init --recursive
    # Get mender-artifact for the tests
    - if is_final_tag "${MENDER_ARTIFACT_VERSION}" || is_build_tag "${MENDER_ARTIFACT_VERSION}"; then
      # Direct download from the pool
    -   wget "https://downloads.mender.io/repos/debian/pool/main/m/mender-artifact/mender-artifact_${MENDER_ARTIFACT_VERSION}-1%2Bubuntu%2B${ACC_TESTS_UBUNTU_DISTRO}_amd64.deb"
    -   dpkg --install mender-artifact_${MENDER_ARTIFACT_VERSION}-1+ubuntu+${ACC_TESTS_UBUNTU_DISTRO}_amd64.deb
    -   rm mender-artifact_${MENDER_ARTIFACT_VERSION}-1+ubuntu+${ACC_TESTS_UBUNTU_DISTRO}_amd64.deb
    - else
      # Assume master and install from experimental repo
    -   curl -fLsS https://downloads.mender.io/repos/debian/gpg | apt-key add -
    -   echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture)] https://downloads.mender.io/repos/debian ubuntu/${ACC_TESTS_UBUNTU_DISTRO}/experimental main" >
          /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mender.list
    -   apt-get update && apt-get install mender-artifact
    - fi
    # Prepare versions file for mender-convert
    - echo "MENDER_CLIENT_VERSION=${MENDER_CLIENT_VERSION}" > versions_override_config
    - echo "MENDER_FLASH_VERSION=${MENDER_FLASH_VERSION}" >> versions_override_config
    - echo "MENDER_ADDON_CONNECT_VERSION=${MENDER_ADDON_CONNECT_VERSION}" >> versions_override_config
    - echo "MENDER_ADDON_CONFIGURE_VERSION=${MENDER_ADDON_CONFIGURE_VERSION}" >> versions_override_config
    # Get Update Modules Artifact generators for the tests
    - if [ "${MENDER_CLIENT_VERSION}" = "latest" ]; then
    -   mender_version=master
    - else
    -   mender_version="${MENDER_CLIENT_VERSION}"
    - fi
    - curl -f -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mendersoftware/mender/${mender_version}/support/modules-artifact-gen/directory-artifact-gen
    - chmod ugo+x directory-artifact-gen
    - mv directory-artifact-gen /usr/bin/
    - curl -f -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mendersoftware/mender/${mender_version}/support/modules-artifact-gen/single-file-artifact-gen
    - chmod ugo+x single-file-artifact-gen
    - mv single-file-artifact-gen /usr/bin/
  artifacts:
    expire_in: 2w
    when: always
    paths:
      - results_*.xml
      - report_*.html
    reports:
      junit: results_*.xml
  rules:
    - if: '$TEST_MENDER_CONVERT == "true"'

.template_test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi: &test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi
  <<: *test_acceptance
  script:
    - eval "$(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mendersoftware/mendertesting/master/mender-ci-common.sh)"
    # Fetch artifacts from temporary S3 bucket
    - mender_ci_load_tmp_artifact ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}.tar.gz
    - tar xzf ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}.tar.gz
    - mv ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME} deploy
    # Extract converted Raspbian artifacts
    - unxz deploy/${RASPBIAN_NAME_ACCEPTANCE}-${MENDER_DEVICE_TYPE}-mender.img.xz
    - ./scripts/test/run-tests.sh
      --prebuilt-image ${MENDER_DEVICE_TYPE}
      ${RASPBIAN_NAME_ACCEPTANCE}-${MENDER_DEVICE_TYPE}-mender
      --
      -n $TESTS_IN_PARALLEL_CLIENT_ACCEPTANCE

test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit:
  <<: *test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi
  needs:
    - job: build:docker-multiplatform
      artifacts: false
    - job: convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit
      artifacts: true
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit
    RASPBIAN_NAME_ACCEPTANCE: 2024-10-22-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite
    MENDER_DEVICE_TYPE: raspberrypi4_64

test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi4_bookworm_32bit:
  <<: *test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi
  needs:
    - job: build:docker-multiplatform
      artifacts: false
    - job: convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bookworm_32bit
      artifacts: true
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bookworm_32bit
    RASPBIAN_NAME_ACCEPTANCE: 2024-10-22-raspios-bookworm-armhf-lite
    MENDER_DEVICE_TYPE: raspberrypi4

test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi4_bullseye_64bit:
  <<: *test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi
  needs:
    - job: build:docker-multiplatform
      artifacts: false
    - job: convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bullseye_64bit
      artifacts: true
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bullseye_64bit
    RASPBIAN_NAME_ACCEPTANCE: 2024-07-04-raspios-bullseye-arm64-lite
    MENDER_DEVICE_TYPE: raspberrypi4_64

test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi4_bullseye_32bit:
  <<: *test_acceptance_prebuilt_raspberrypi
  needs:
    - job: build:docker-multiplatform
      artifacts: false
    - job: convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bullseye_32bit
      artifacts: true
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bullseye_32bit
    RASPBIAN_NAME_ACCEPTANCE: 2024-07-04-raspios-bullseye-armhf-lite
    MENDER_DEVICE_TYPE: raspberrypi4

test_acceptance_ubuntu_qemux86_64:
  <<: *test_acceptance
  script:
    - mkdir -p input/config
    - cp versions_override_config input/config/versions_override_config
    - ./scripts/test/run-tests.sh
      --config input/config/versions_override_config
      --only ubuntu-qemux86-64
      --
      -n $TESTS_IN_PARALLEL_CLIENT_ACCEPTANCE

test_acceptance_ubuntu_qemux86_64_no_grub_d:
  <<: *test_acceptance
  script:
    - mkdir -p input/config
    - cp versions_override_config input/config/versions_override_config
    - ./scripts/test/run-tests.sh
      --config input/config/versions_override_config
      --only ubuntu-qemux86-64-no-grub-d
      --
      -n $TESTS_IN_PARALLEL_CLIENT_ACCEPTANCE

test_acceptance_debian_qemux86_64:
  <<: *test_acceptance
  script:
    - mkdir -p input/config
    - cp versions_override_config input/config/versions_override_config
    - ./scripts/test/run-tests.sh
      --config input/config/versions_override_config
      --only debian-qemux86-64
      --
      -n $TESTS_IN_PARALLEL_CLIENT_ACCEPTANCE

test_acceptance_raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit:
  <<: *test_acceptance
  script:
    - mkdir -p input/config
    - cp versions_override_config input/config/versions_override_config
    - ./scripts/test/run-tests.sh
      --config input/config/versions_override_config
      --only raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit
      --
      -n $TESTS_IN_PARALLEL_CLIENT_ACCEPTANCE

.template:publish:s3:
  stage: publish
  needs:
    - job: convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit
      artifacts: true
    - job: convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bookworm_32bit
      artifacts: true
    - job: convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bullseye_64bit
      artifacts: true
    - job: convert_raspbian_raspberrypi4_bullseye_32bit
      artifacts: true
  image: debian:buster
  before_script:
    - apt update && apt install -yyq awscli curl
    - eval "$(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mendersoftware/mendertesting/master/mender-ci-common.sh)"
    - IMAGE_VERSION=${MENDER_CONVERT_PUBLISH_VERSION:-${CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME}}
  script:
    # One by one, fetch artifacts from temporary S3 bucket and publish to production S3 bucket
    - for RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME in raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit raspberrypi4_bookworm_32bit raspberrypi4_bullseye_64bit raspberrypi4_bullseye_32bit; do
    -   mender_ci_load_tmp_artifact ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}.tar.gz
    -   tar xzf ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}.tar.gz
    -   PUBLISH_NAME=${RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX}-${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-mender-convert-${IMAGE_VERSION}.img.xz
    -   echo "Publishing ${PUBLISH_NAME} version to S3"
    #   It is not possible deduce filename from RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX and RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME,
    #   so use a wildcard and assume that there is only one conversion per directory (same below)
    -   aws s3 cp ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}/*-mender.img.xz
          s3://$S3_BUCKET_NAME/${RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX}/arm/${PUBLISH_NAME}
    -   aws s3api put-object-acl --acl public-read --bucket $S3_BUCKET_NAME
          --key ${RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX}/arm/${PUBLISH_NAME}

    -   PUBLISH_NAME=${RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX}-${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-mender-convert-${IMAGE_VERSION}.mender
    -   echo "Publishing ${PUBLISH_NAME} version to S3"
    -   aws s3 cp ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}/*-mender.mender
          s3://$S3_BUCKET_NAME/${RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX}/arm/${PUBLISH_NAME}
    -   aws s3api put-object-acl --acl public-read --bucket $S3_BUCKET_NAME
          --key ${RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX}/arm/${PUBLISH_NAME}

    #   Remove after upload to free disk space for the next board
    -   rm -rf ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}.tar.gz ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}/
    - done

publish:s3:manual:
  when: manual
  extends: .template:publish:s3
  variables:
    RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX: 2024-10-22-raspios-lite

publish:s3:automatic:
  rules:
    - if: '$PUBLISH_MENDER_CONVERT_AUTOMATIC == "true"'
  extends: .template:publish:s3
  variables:
    RASPBERRY_PI_OS_PREFIX: 2024-10-22-raspios-lite

# excludes non multiplatform build job
build:docker:
  rules:
    - when: never

# excludes non multiplatform build job
publish:image:
  rules:
    - when: never

# excludes non multiplatform build job
publish:image:mender:
  rules:
    - when: never

# excludes non multiplatform build job
publish:image:saas:
  rules:
    - when: never

####################
# Hardware testing #
####################

test:hardware:convert:
  <<: *convert_raspbian
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit
  when: manual
  stage: convert
  script:
    # Convert the image for the hardware tester
    - env MENDER_ARTIFACT_NAME=${RASPBIAN_NAME}-mender
      ./docker-mender-convert --disk-image input/${RASPBIAN_NAME}.img
      --config configs/raspberrypi/${RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM}_config
      --config configs/images/raspberrypi_raspbian_config
      --config configs/testing/hardware-testing
      --overlay tests/ssh-public-key-overlay
    # Collect artifacts.
    - mv deploy ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test
    - tar czf ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test.tar.gz ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test
    # Upload to temporary S3 bucket
    - mender_ci_save_tmp_artifact ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test.tar.gz
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - checksums

test:hardware:flash:
  needs:
    - job: test:hardware:convert
      artifacts: true
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit
  tags:
    - hw
  stage: flash
  script:
    - eval "$(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mendersoftware/mendertesting/master/mender-ci-common.sh)"
    # Fetch artifacts from temporary S3 bucket
    - mender_ci_load_tmp_artifact ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test.tar.gz
    # Flash and boot the device under test
    - slave-control mode flash
    - tar -xvzf ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test.tar.gz --wildcards --no-anchored '*.img' --to-stdout | dd of=/dev/sdmux bs=8M
    - slave-control mode test

test:hardware:acceptance:
  <<: *test_acceptance
  variables:
    RASPBERRYPI_PLATFORM: uboot/debian/raspberrypi4_bookworm_64bit
  stage: test_acceptance
  needs:
    - job: build:docker-multiplatform
      artifacts: false
    - job: test:hardware:convert
      artifacts: true
    - job: test:hardware:flash
  script:
    # Fetch artifacts from temporary S3 bucket
    - eval "$(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mendersoftware/mendertesting/master/mender-ci-common.sh)"
    - mender_ci_load_tmp_artifact ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test.tar.gz
    # Extract the configuration
    - tar xzf ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test.tar.gz
    - mv ${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-hardware-test deploy
    # Run the tests
    - ./scripts/test/run-tests.sh
      --prebuilt-image raspberrypi4_64
      ${RASPBIAN_NAME}-${RASPBERRYPI_CONFIG_NAME}-mender
      --
      --hardware-testing
      --host ${SSH_JUMP_HOST_IP}:${SSH_JUMP_HOST_PORT}
      -k "'not test_network_based_image_update and not test_image_update_broken_kernel'"
      -n 1