diff --git a/.ci/install-opencl.ps1 b/.ci/install-opencl.ps1
index 7e335fe13aa4..e48f24e4bf05 100644
--- a/.ci/install-opencl.ps1
+++ b/.ci/install-opencl.ps1
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ $ProgressPreference = "SilentlyContinue"  # progress bar bug extremely slows dow
 Invoke-WebRequest -OutFile "$installer" -Uri "https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/releases/download/v2.0.12/$installer"
 
 if (Test-Path "$installer") {
-  Write-Output "Successfully downloaded OpenCL platform installer"
+    Write-Output "Successfully downloaded OpenCL platform installer"
 } else {
-  Write-Output "Unable to download OpenCL platform installer"
-  Write-Output "Setting EXIT"
-  $host.SetShouldExit(-1)
-  exit 1
+    Write-Output "Unable to download OpenCL platform installer"
+    Write-Output "Setting EXIT"
+    $host.SetShouldExit(-1)
+    exit 1
 }
 
 # Install OpenCL platform from installer executable
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock { Start-Process "$installer" -ArgumentList '/S /V"/q
 
 $property = Get-ItemProperty -Path Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\OpenCL\Vendors
 if ($property -eq $null) {
-  Write-Output "Unable to install OpenCL CPU platform"
-  Write-Output "OpenCL installation log:"
-  Get-Content "opencl.log"
-  Write-Output "Setting EXIT"
-  $host.SetShouldExit(-1)
-  exit 1
+    Write-Output "Unable to install OpenCL CPU platform"
+    Write-Output "OpenCL installation log:"
+    Get-Content "opencl.log"
+    Write-Output "Setting EXIT"
+    $host.SetShouldExit(-1)
+    exit 1
 } else {
-  Write-Output "Successfully installed OpenCL CPU platform"
-  Write-Output "Current OpenCL drivers:"
-  Write-Output $property
+    Write-Output "Successfully installed OpenCL CPU platform"
+    Write-Output "Current OpenCL drivers:"
+    Write-Output $property
 }
diff --git a/.ci/test-r-package-windows.ps1 b/.ci/test-r-package-windows.ps1
index 57055db1a69f..1dff55c2a9aa 100644
--- a/.ci/test-r-package-windows.ps1
+++ b/.ci/test-r-package-windows.ps1
@@ -75,22 +75,22 @@ Remove-Item C:\rtools43 -Force -Recurse -ErrorAction Ignore
 #    * some paths and file names are different on R4.0
 $env:R_MAJOR_VERSION = $env:R_VERSION.split('.')[0]
 if ($env:R_MAJOR_VERSION -eq "3") {
-  # Rtools 3.x has to be installed at C:\Rtools\
-  #     * https://stackoverflow.com/a/46619260/3986677
-  $RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH = "C:\Rtools"
-  $env:RTOOLS_BIN = "$RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH\bin"
-  $env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN = "$RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH\mingw_64\bin"
-  $env:RTOOLS_EXE_FILE = "rtools35-x86_64.exe"
-  $env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION = "3.6.3"
+    # Rtools 3.x has to be installed at C:\Rtools\
+    #     * https://stackoverflow.com/a/46619260/3986677
+    $RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH = "C:\Rtools"
+    $env:RTOOLS_BIN = "$RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH\bin"
+    $env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN = "$RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH\mingw_64\bin"
+    $env:RTOOLS_EXE_FILE = "rtools35-x86_64.exe"
+    $env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION = "3.6.3"
 } elseif ($env:R_MAJOR_VERSION -eq "4") {
-  $RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH = "C:\rtools43"
-  $env:RTOOLS_BIN = "$RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH\usr\bin"
-  $env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN = "$RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH\x86_64-w64-mingw32.static.posix\bin"
-  $env:RTOOLS_EXE_FILE = "rtools43-5550-5548.exe"
-  $env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION = "4.3.1"
+    $RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH = "C:\rtools43"
+    $env:RTOOLS_BIN = "$RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH\usr\bin"
+    $env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN = "$RTOOLS_INSTALL_PATH\x86_64-w64-mingw32.static.posix\bin"
+    $env:RTOOLS_EXE_FILE = "rtools43-5550-5548.exe"
+    $env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION = "4.3.1"
 } else {
-  Write-Output "[ERROR] Unrecognized R version: $env:R_VERSION"
-  Assert-Output $false
+    Write-Output "[ERROR] Unrecognized R version: $env:R_VERSION"
+    Assert-Output $false
 }
 $env:CMAKE_VERSION = "3.30.0"
 
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@ $env:R_LIBS = "$env:R_LIB_PATH"
 $env:CMAKE_PATH = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/CMake_installation"
 $env:PATH = "$env:RTOOLS_BIN;" + "$env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN;" + "$env:R_LIB_PATH/R/bin/x64;" + "$env:CMAKE_PATH/cmake-$env:CMAKE_VERSION-windows-x86_64/bin;" + $env:PATH
 if ([version]$env:R_VERSION -lt [version]"4.0") {
-  $env:CRAN_MIRROR = "https://cran-archive.r-project.org"
+    $env:CRAN_MIRROR = "https://cran-archive.r-project.org"
 } else {
-  $env:CRAN_MIRROR = "https://cran.rstudio.com"
+    $env:CRAN_MIRROR = "https://cran.rstudio.com"
 }
 $env:MIKTEX_EXCEPTION_PATH = "$env:TEMP\miktex"
 
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -ne "cran") {
 }
 
 if (($env:COMPILER -eq "MINGW") -and ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cmake")) {
-  $env:CXX = "$env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN/g++.exe"
-  $env:CC = "$env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN/gcc.exe"
+    $env:CXX = "$env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN/g++.exe"
+    $env:CC = "$env:RTOOLS_MINGW_BIN/gcc.exe"
 }
 
 cd $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY
@@ -152,158 +152,158 @@ Write-Output "Building R-package"
 # R CMD check is not used for MSVC builds
 if ($env:COMPILER -ne "MSVC") {
 
-  $PKG_FILE_NAME = "lightgbm_$env:LGB_VER.tar.gz"
-  $LOG_FILE_NAME = "lightgbm.Rcheck/00check.log"
+    $PKG_FILE_NAME = "lightgbm_$env:LGB_VER.tar.gz"
+    $LOG_FILE_NAME = "lightgbm.Rcheck/00check.log"
 
-  if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cmake") {
-    if ($env:TOOLCHAIN -eq "MINGW") {
-      Write-Output "Telling R to use MinGW"
-      $env:BUILD_R_FLAGS = "c('--skip-install', '--use-mingw', '-j4')"
-    } elseif ($env:TOOLCHAIN -eq "MSYS") {
-      Write-Output "Telling R to use MSYS"
-      $env:BUILD_R_FLAGS = "c('--skip-install', '--use-msys2', '-j4')"
-    } elseif ($env:TOOLCHAIN -eq "MSVC") {
-      $env:BUILD_R_FLAGS = "'--skip-install'"
-    } else {
-      Write-Output "[ERROR] Unrecognized toolchain: $env:TOOLCHAIN"
-      Assert-Output $false
-    }
-    Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr "commandArgs <- function(...){$env:BUILD_R_FLAGS}; source('build_r.R')"; Assert-Output $?
-  } elseif ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cran") {
-    # NOTE: gzip and tar are needed to create a CRAN package on Windows, but
-    # some flavors of tar.exe can fail in some settings on Windows.
-    # Putting the msys64 utilities at the beginning of PATH temporarily to be
-    # sure they're used for that purpose.
-    if ($env:R_MAJOR_VERSION -eq "3") {
-      $env:PATH = "C:\msys64\usr\bin;" + $env:PATH
+    if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cmake") {
+        if ($env:TOOLCHAIN -eq "MINGW") {
+            Write-Output "Telling R to use MinGW"
+            $env:BUILD_R_FLAGS = "c('--skip-install', '--use-mingw', '-j4')"
+        } elseif ($env:TOOLCHAIN -eq "MSYS") {
+            Write-Output "Telling R to use MSYS"
+            $env:BUILD_R_FLAGS = "c('--skip-install', '--use-msys2', '-j4')"
+        } elseif ($env:TOOLCHAIN -eq "MSVC") {
+            $env:BUILD_R_FLAGS = "'--skip-install'"
+        } else {
+            Write-Output "[ERROR] Unrecognized toolchain: $env:TOOLCHAIN"
+            Assert-Output $false
+        }
+        Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr "commandArgs <- function(...){$env:BUILD_R_FLAGS}; source('build_r.R')"; Assert-Output $?
+    } elseif ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cran") {
+        # NOTE: gzip and tar are needed to create a CRAN package on Windows, but
+        # some flavors of tar.exe can fail in some settings on Windows.
+        # Putting the msys64 utilities at the beginning of PATH temporarily to be
+        # sure they're used for that purpose.
+        if ($env:R_MAJOR_VERSION -eq "3") {
+            $env:PATH = "C:\msys64\usr\bin;" + $env:PATH
+        }
+        Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr "result <- processx::run(command = 'sh', args = 'build-cran-package.sh', echo = TRUE, windows_verbatim_args = FALSE, error_on_status = TRUE)" ; Assert-Output $?
+        Remove-From-Path ".*msys64.*"
+        # Test CRAN source .tar.gz in a directory that is not this repo or below it.
+        # When people install.packages('lightgbm'), they won't have the LightGBM
+        # git repo around. This is to protect against the use of relative paths
+        # like ../../CMakeLists.txt that would only work if you are in the repoo
+        $R_CMD_CHECK_DIR = "tmp-r-cmd-check"
+        New-Item -Path "C:\" -Name $R_CMD_CHECK_DIR -ItemType "directory" > $null
+        Move-Item -Path "$PKG_FILE_NAME" -Destination "C:\$R_CMD_CHECK_DIR\" > $null
+        cd "C:\$R_CMD_CHECK_DIR\"
     }
-    Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr "result <- processx::run(command = 'sh', args = 'build-cran-package.sh', echo = TRUE, windows_verbatim_args = FALSE, error_on_status = TRUE)" ; Assert-Output $?
-    Remove-From-Path ".*msys64.*"
-    # Test CRAN source .tar.gz in a directory that is not this repo or below it.
-    # When people install.packages('lightgbm'), they won't have the LightGBM
-    # git repo around. This is to protect against the use of relative paths
-    # like ../../CMakeLists.txt that would only work if you are in the repoo
-    $R_CMD_CHECK_DIR = "tmp-r-cmd-check"
-    New-Item -Path "C:\" -Name $R_CMD_CHECK_DIR -ItemType "directory" > $null
-    Move-Item -Path "$PKG_FILE_NAME" -Destination "C:\$R_CMD_CHECK_DIR\" > $null
-    cd "C:\$R_CMD_CHECK_DIR\"
-  }
 
-  Write-Output "Running R CMD check"
-  if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cran") {
-    # CRAN packages must pass without --no-multiarch (build on 64-bit and 32-bit)
-    $check_args = "c('CMD', 'check', '--as-cran', '--run-donttest', '$PKG_FILE_NAME')"
-  } else {
-    $check_args = "c('CMD', 'check', '--no-multiarch', '--as-cran', '--run-donttest', '$PKG_FILE_NAME')"
-  }
-  Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr "result <- processx::run(command = 'R.exe', args = $check_args, echo = TRUE, windows_verbatim_args = FALSE, error_on_status = TRUE)" ; $check_succeeded = $?
+    Write-Output "Running R CMD check"
+    if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cran") {
+        # CRAN packages must pass without --no-multiarch (build on 64-bit and 32-bit)
+        $check_args = "c('CMD', 'check', '--as-cran', '--run-donttest', '$PKG_FILE_NAME')"
+    } else {
+        $check_args = "c('CMD', 'check', '--no-multiarch', '--as-cran', '--run-donttest', '$PKG_FILE_NAME')"
+    }
+    Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr "result <- processx::run(command = 'R.exe', args = $check_args, echo = TRUE, windows_verbatim_args = FALSE, error_on_status = TRUE)" ; $check_succeeded = $?
 
-  Write-Output "R CMD check build logs:"
-  $INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME = "lightgbm.Rcheck\00install.out"
-  Get-Content -Path "$INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME"
+    Write-Output "R CMD check build logs:"
+    $INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME = "lightgbm.Rcheck\00install.out"
+    Get-Content -Path "$INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME"
 
-  Assert-Output $check_succeeded
+    Assert-Output $check_succeeded
 
-  Write-Output "Looking for issues with R CMD check results"
-  if (Get-Content "$LOG_FILE_NAME" | Select-String -Pattern "NOTE|WARNING|ERROR" -CaseSensitive -Quiet) {
-      echo "NOTEs, WARNINGs, or ERRORs have been found by R CMD check"
-      Assert-Output $False
-  }
+    Write-Output "Looking for issues with R CMD check results"
+    if (Get-Content "$LOG_FILE_NAME" | Select-String -Pattern "NOTE|WARNING|ERROR" -CaseSensitive -Quiet) {
+        echo "NOTEs, WARNINGs, or ERRORs have been found by R CMD check"
+        Assert-Output $False
+    }
 
 } else {
-  $INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY\00install_out.txt"
-  Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr "source('build_r.R')" 1> $INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME ; $install_succeeded = $?
-  Write-Output "----- build and install logs -----"
-  Get-Content -Path "$INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME"
-  Write-Output "----- end of build and install logs -----"
-  Assert-Output $install_succeeded
-  # some errors are not raised above, but can be found in the logs
-  if (Get-Content "$INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME" | Select-String -Pattern "ERROR" -CaseSensitive -Quiet) {
-      echo "ERRORs have been found installing lightgbm"
-      Assert-Output $False
-  }
+    $INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY\00install_out.txt"
+    Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr "source('build_r.R')" 1> $INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME ; $install_succeeded = $?
+    Write-Output "----- build and install logs -----"
+    Get-Content -Path "$INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME"
+    Write-Output "----- end of build and install logs -----"
+    Assert-Output $install_succeeded
+    # some errors are not raised above, but can be found in the logs
+    if (Get-Content "$INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME" | Select-String -Pattern "ERROR" -CaseSensitive -Quiet) {
+        echo "ERRORs have been found installing lightgbm"
+        Assert-Output $False
+    }
 }
 
 # Checking that the correct R version was used
 if ($env:TOOLCHAIN -ne "MSVC") {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "using R version $env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION"
-  $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "using R version $env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION"
+    $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
 } else {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "R version passed into FindLibR.* $env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION"
-  $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "R version passed into FindLibR.* $env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION"
+    $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
 }
 if ($checks_cnt -eq 0) {
-  Write-Output "Wrong R version was found (expected '$env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION'). Check the build logs."
-  Assert-Output $False
+    Write-Output "Wrong R version was found (expected '$env:R_WINDOWS_VERSION'). Check the build logs."
+    Assert-Output $False
 }
 
 # Checking that we actually got the expected compiler. The R-package has some logic
 # to fail back to MinGW if MSVC fails, but for CI builds we need to check that the correct
 # compiler was used.
 if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cmake") {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "Check for working CXX compiler.*$env:COMPILER"
-  if ($checks.Matches.length -eq 0) {
-    Write-Output "The wrong compiler was used. Check the build logs."
-    Assert-Output $False
-  }
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "Check for working CXX compiler.*$env:COMPILER"
+    if ($checks.Matches.length -eq 0) {
+        Write-Output "The wrong compiler was used. Check the build logs."
+        Assert-Output $False
+    }
 }
 
 # Checking that we got the right toolchain for MinGW. If using MinGW, both
 # MinGW and MSYS toolchains are supported
 if (($env:COMPILER -eq "MINGW") -and ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cmake")) {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "Trying to build with.*$env:TOOLCHAIN"
-  if ($checks.Matches.length -eq 0) {
-    Write-Output "The wrong toolchain was used. Check the build logs."
-    Assert-Output $False
-  }
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "Trying to build with.*$env:TOOLCHAIN"
+    if ($checks.Matches.length -eq 0) {
+        Write-Output "The wrong toolchain was used. Check the build logs."
+        Assert-Output $False
+    }
 }
 
 # Checking that MM_PREFETCH preprocessor definition is actually used in CI builds.
 if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cran") {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "checking whether MM_PREFETCH work.*yes"
-  $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "checking whether MM_PREFETCH work.*yes"
+    $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
 } elseif ($env:TOOLCHAIN -ne "MSVC") {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern ".*Performing Test MM_PREFETCH - Success"
-  $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern ".*Performing Test MM_PREFETCH - Success"
+    $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
 } else {
-  $checks_cnt = 1
+    $checks_cnt = 1
 }
 if ($checks_cnt -eq 0) {
-  Write-Output "MM_PREFETCH preprocessor definition wasn't used. Check the build logs."
-  Assert-Output $False
+    Write-Output "MM_PREFETCH preprocessor definition wasn't used. Check the build logs."
+    Assert-Output $False
 }
 
 # Checking that MM_MALLOC preprocessor definition is actually used in CI builds.
 if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cran") {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "checking whether MM_MALLOC work.*yes"
-  $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern "checking whether MM_MALLOC work.*yes"
+    $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
 } elseif ($env:TOOLCHAIN -ne "MSVC") {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern ".*Performing Test MM_MALLOC - Success"
-  $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern ".*Performing Test MM_MALLOC - Success"
+    $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
 } else {
-  $checks_cnt = 1
+    $checks_cnt = 1
 }
 if ($checks_cnt -eq 0) {
-  Write-Output "MM_MALLOC preprocessor definition wasn't used. Check the build logs."
-  Assert-Output $False
+    Write-Output "MM_MALLOC preprocessor definition wasn't used. Check the build logs."
+    Assert-Output $False
 }
 
 # Checking that OpenMP is actually used in CMake builds.
 if ($env:R_BUILD_TYPE -eq "cmake") {
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern ".*Found OpenMP: TRUE.*"
-  if ($checks.Matches.length -eq 0) {
-    Write-Output "OpenMP wasn't found. Check the build logs."
-    Assert-Output $False
-  }
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${INSTALL_LOG_FILE_NAME}" -Pattern ".*Found OpenMP: TRUE.*"
+    if ($checks.Matches.length -eq 0) {
+        Write-Output "OpenMP wasn't found. Check the build logs."
+        Assert-Output $False
+    }
 }
 
 if ($env:COMPILER -eq "MSVC") {
-  Write-Output "Running tests with testthat.R"
-  cd R-package/tests
-  # NOTE: using Rscript.exe intentionally here, instead of Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr,
-  #       because something about the interaction between Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr
-  #       and testthat results in failing tests not exiting with a non-0 exit code.
-  Rscript.exe --vanilla "testthat.R" ; Assert-Output $?
+    Write-Output "Running tests with testthat.R"
+    cd R-package/tests
+    # NOTE: using Rscript.exe intentionally here, instead of Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr,
+    #       because something about the interaction between Invoke-R-Code-Redirect-Stderr
+    #       and testthat results in failing tests not exiting with a non-0 exit code.
+    Rscript.exe --vanilla "testthat.R" ; Assert-Output $?
 }
 
 Write-Output "No issues were found checking the R-package"
diff --git a/.ci/test-windows.ps1 b/.ci/test-windows.ps1
index 87c214856212..f3015ae7d180 100644
--- a/.ci/test-windows.ps1
+++ b/.ci/test-windows.ps1
@@ -17,41 +17,41 @@ Remove-Item $env:TMPDIR -Force -Recurse -ErrorAction Ignore
 [Void][System.IO.Directory]::CreateDirectory($env:TMPDIR)
 
 if ($env:TASK -eq "r-package") {
-  & .\.ci\test-r-package-windows.ps1 ; Assert-Output $?
-  Exit 0
+    & .\.ci\test-r-package-windows.ps1 ; Assert-Output $?
+    Exit 0
 }
 
 if ($env:TASK -eq "cpp-tests") {
-  cmake -B build -S . -DBUILD_CPP_TEST=ON -DUSE_DEBUG=ON -A x64
-  cmake --build build --target testlightgbm --config Debug ; Assert-Output $?
-  .\Debug\testlightgbm.exe ; Assert-Output $?
-  Exit 0
+    cmake -B build -S . -DBUILD_CPP_TEST=ON -DUSE_DEBUG=ON -A x64
+    cmake --build build --target testlightgbm --config Debug ; Assert-Output $?
+    .\Debug\testlightgbm.exe ; Assert-Output $?
+    Exit 0
 }
 
 if ($env:TASK -eq "swig") {
-  $env:JAVA_HOME = $env:JAVA_HOME_8_X64  # there is pre-installed Eclipse Temurin 8 somewhere
-  $ProgressPreference = "SilentlyContinue"  # progress bar bug extremely slows down download speed
-  Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://sourceforge.net/projects/swig/files/latest/download" -OutFile $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig/swigwin.zip -UserAgent "curl"
-  Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IO.Compression.FileSystem
-  [System.IO.Compression.ZipFile]::ExtractToDirectory("$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig/swigwin.zip", "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig") ; Assert-Output $?
-  $SwigFolder = Get-ChildItem -Directory -Name -Path "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig"
-  $env:PATH = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig/$SwigFolder;" + $env:PATH
-  $BuildLogFileName = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY\cmake_build.log"
-  cmake -B build -S . -A x64 -DUSE_SWIG=ON *> "$BuildLogFileName" ; $build_succeeded = $?
-  Write-Output "CMake build logs:"
-  Get-Content -Path "$BuildLogFileName"
-  Assert-Output $build_succeeded
-  $checks = Select-String -Path "${BuildLogFileName}" -Pattern "-- Found SWIG.*${SwigFolder}/swig.exe"
-  $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
-  if ($checks_cnt -eq 0) {
-    Write-Output "Wrong SWIG version was found (expected '${SwigFolder}'). Check the build logs."
-    Assert-Output $False
-  }
-  cmake --build build --target ALL_BUILD --config Release ; Assert-Output $?
-  if ($env:AZURE -eq "true") {
-    cp ./build/lightgbmlib.jar $env:BUILD_ARTIFACTSTAGINGDIRECTORY/lightgbmlib_win.jar ; Assert-Output $?
-  }
-  Exit 0
+    $env:JAVA_HOME = $env:JAVA_HOME_8_X64  # there is pre-installed Eclipse Temurin 8 somewhere
+    $ProgressPreference = "SilentlyContinue"  # progress bar bug extremely slows down download speed
+    Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://sourceforge.net/projects/swig/files/latest/download" -OutFile $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig/swigwin.zip -UserAgent "curl"
+    Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IO.Compression.FileSystem
+    [System.IO.Compression.ZipFile]::ExtractToDirectory("$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig/swigwin.zip", "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig") ; Assert-Output $?
+    $SwigFolder = Get-ChildItem -Directory -Name -Path "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig"
+    $env:PATH = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/swig/$SwigFolder;" + $env:PATH
+    $BuildLogFileName = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY\cmake_build.log"
+    cmake -B build -S . -A x64 -DUSE_SWIG=ON *> "$BuildLogFileName" ; $build_succeeded = $?
+    Write-Output "CMake build logs:"
+    Get-Content -Path "$BuildLogFileName"
+    Assert-Output $build_succeeded
+    $checks = Select-String -Path "${BuildLogFileName}" -Pattern "-- Found SWIG.*${SwigFolder}/swig.exe"
+    $checks_cnt = $checks.Matches.length
+    if ($checks_cnt -eq 0) {
+        Write-Output "Wrong SWIG version was found (expected '${SwigFolder}'). Check the build logs."
+        Assert-Output $False
+    }
+    cmake --build build --target ALL_BUILD --config Release ; Assert-Output $?
+    if ($env:AZURE -eq "true") {
+        cp ./build/lightgbmlib.jar $env:BUILD_ARTIFACTSTAGINGDIRECTORY/lightgbmlib_win.jar ; Assert-Output $?
+    }
+    Exit 0
 }
 
 # setup for Python
@@ -61,82 +61,82 @@ conda config --set always_yes yes --set changeps1 no
 conda update -q -y conda "python=$env:PYTHON_VERSION[build=*cpython]"
 
 if ($env:PYTHON_VERSION -eq "3.7") {
-  $env:CONDA_REQUIREMENT_FILE = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/.ci/conda-envs/ci-core-py37.txt"
+    $env:CONDA_REQUIREMENT_FILE = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/.ci/conda-envs/ci-core-py37.txt"
 } elseif ($env:PYTHON_VERSION -eq "3.8") {
-  $env:CONDA_REQUIREMENT_FILE = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/.ci/conda-envs/ci-core-py38.txt"
+    $env:CONDA_REQUIREMENT_FILE = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/.ci/conda-envs/ci-core-py38.txt"
 } else {
-  $env:CONDA_REQUIREMENT_FILE = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/.ci/conda-envs/ci-core.txt"
+    $env:CONDA_REQUIREMENT_FILE = "$env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/.ci/conda-envs/ci-core.txt"
 }
 
 conda create `
-  -y `
-  -n $env:CONDA_ENV `
-  --file $env:CONDA_REQUIREMENT_FILE `
-  "python=$env:PYTHON_VERSION[build=*cpython]" ; Assert-Output $?
+    -y `
+    -n $env:CONDA_ENV `
+    --file $env:CONDA_REQUIREMENT_FILE `
+    "python=$env:PYTHON_VERSION[build=*cpython]" ; Assert-Output $?
 
 if ($env:TASK -ne "bdist") {
-  conda activate $env:CONDA_ENV
+    conda activate $env:CONDA_ENV
 }
 
 cd $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY
 if ($env:TASK -eq "regular") {
-  cmake -B build -S . -A x64 ; Assert-Output $?
-  cmake --build build --target ALL_BUILD --config Release ; Assert-Output $?
-  sh ./build-python.sh install --precompile ; Assert-Output $?
-  cp ./Release/lib_lightgbm.dll $env:BUILD_ARTIFACTSTAGINGDIRECTORY
-  cp ./Release/lightgbm.exe $env:BUILD_ARTIFACTSTAGINGDIRECTORY
+    cmake -B build -S . -A x64 ; Assert-Output $?
+    cmake --build build --target ALL_BUILD --config Release ; Assert-Output $?
+    sh ./build-python.sh install --precompile ; Assert-Output $?
+    cp ./Release/lib_lightgbm.dll $env:BUILD_ARTIFACTSTAGINGDIRECTORY
+    cp ./Release/lightgbm.exe $env:BUILD_ARTIFACTSTAGINGDIRECTORY
 }
 elseif ($env:TASK -eq "sdist") {
-  sh ./build-python.sh sdist ; Assert-Output $?
-  sh ./.ci/check-python-dists.sh ./dist ; Assert-Output $?
-  cd dist; pip install @(Get-ChildItem *.gz) -v ; Assert-Output $?
+    sh ./build-python.sh sdist ; Assert-Output $?
+    sh ./.ci/check-python-dists.sh ./dist ; Assert-Output $?
+    cd dist; pip install @(Get-ChildItem *.gz) -v ; Assert-Output $?
 }
 elseif ($env:TASK -eq "bdist") {
-  # Import the Chocolatey profile module so that the RefreshEnv command
-  # invoked below properly updates the current PowerShell session environment.
-  $module = "$env:ChocolateyInstall\helpers\chocolateyProfile.psm1"
-  Import-Module "$module" ; Assert-Output $?
-  RefreshEnv
+    # Import the Chocolatey profile module so that the RefreshEnv command
+    # invoked below properly updates the current PowerShell session environment.
+    $module = "$env:ChocolateyInstall\helpers\chocolateyProfile.psm1"
+    Import-Module "$module" ; Assert-Output $?
+    RefreshEnv
 
-  Write-Output "Current OpenCL drivers:"
-  Get-ItemProperty -Path Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\OpenCL\Vendors
+    Write-Output "Current OpenCL drivers:"
+    Get-ItemProperty -Path Registry::HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\OpenCL\Vendors
 
-  conda activate $env:CONDA_ENV
-  sh "build-python.sh" bdist_wheel --integrated-opencl ; Assert-Output $?
-  sh ./.ci/check-python-dists.sh ./dist ; Assert-Output $?
-  cd dist; pip install @(Get-ChildItem *py3-none-win_amd64.whl) ; Assert-Output $?
-  cp @(Get-ChildItem *py3-none-win_amd64.whl) $env:BUILD_ARTIFACTSTAGINGDIRECTORY
+    conda activate $env:CONDA_ENV
+    sh "build-python.sh" bdist_wheel --integrated-opencl ; Assert-Output $?
+    sh ./.ci/check-python-dists.sh ./dist ; Assert-Output $?
+    cd dist; pip install @(Get-ChildItem *py3-none-win_amd64.whl) ; Assert-Output $?
+    cp @(Get-ChildItem *py3-none-win_amd64.whl) $env:BUILD_ARTIFACTSTAGINGDIRECTORY
 } elseif (($env:APPVEYOR -eq "true") -and ($env:TASK -eq "python")) {
-  if ($env:COMPILER -eq "MINGW") {
-    sh ./build-python.sh install --mingw ; Assert-Output $?
-  } else {
-    sh ./build-python.sh install; Assert-Output $?
-  }
+    if ($env:COMPILER -eq "MINGW") {
+        sh ./build-python.sh install --mingw ; Assert-Output $?
+    } else {
+        sh ./build-python.sh install; Assert-Output $?
+    }
 }
 
 if (($env:TASK -eq "sdist") -or (($env:APPVEYOR -eq "true") -and ($env:TASK -eq "python"))) {
-  # cannot test C API with "sdist" task
-  $tests = $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY + "/tests/python_package_test"
+    # cannot test C API with "sdist" task
+    $tests = $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY + "/tests/python_package_test"
 } else {
-  $tests = $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY + "/tests"
+    $tests = $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY + "/tests"
 }
 if ($env:TASK -eq "bdist") {
-  # Make sure we can do both CPU and GPU; see tests/python_package_test/test_dual.py
-  $env:LIGHTGBM_TEST_DUAL_CPU_GPU = "1"
+    # Make sure we can do both CPU and GPU; see tests/python_package_test/test_dual.py
+    $env:LIGHTGBM_TEST_DUAL_CPU_GPU = "1"
 }
 
 pytest $tests ; Assert-Output $?
 
 if (($env:TASK -eq "regular") -or (($env:APPVEYOR -eq "true") -and ($env:TASK -eq "python"))) {
-  cd $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/examples/python-guide
-  @("import matplotlib", "matplotlib.use('Agg')") + (Get-Content "plot_example.py") | Set-Content "plot_example.py"
-  (Get-Content "plot_example.py").replace('graph.render(view=True)', 'graph.render(view=False)') | Set-Content "plot_example.py"  # prevent interactive window mode
-  conda install -y -n $env:CONDA_ENV "h5py>=3.10" "ipywidgets>=8.1.2" "notebook>=7.1.2"
-  foreach ($file in @(Get-ChildItem *.py)) {
-    @("import sys, warnings", "warnings.showwarning = lambda message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None: sys.stdout.write(warnings.formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line))") + (Get-Content $file) | Set-Content $file
-    python $file ; Assert-Output $?
-  }  # run all examples
-  cd $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/examples/python-guide/notebooks
-  (Get-Content "interactive_plot_example.ipynb").replace('INTERACTIVE = False', 'assert False, \"Interactive mode disabled\"') | Set-Content "interactive_plot_example.ipynb"
-  jupyter nbconvert --ExecutePreprocessor.timeout=180 --to notebook --execute --inplace *.ipynb ; Assert-Output $?  # run all notebooks
+    cd $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/examples/python-guide
+    @("import matplotlib", "matplotlib.use('Agg')") + (Get-Content "plot_example.py") | Set-Content "plot_example.py"
+    (Get-Content "plot_example.py").replace('graph.render(view=True)', 'graph.render(view=False)') | Set-Content "plot_example.py"  # prevent interactive window mode
+    conda install -y -n $env:CONDA_ENV "h5py>=3.10" "ipywidgets>=8.1.2" "notebook>=7.1.2"
+    foreach ($file in @(Get-ChildItem *.py)) {
+        @("import sys, warnings", "warnings.showwarning = lambda message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None: sys.stdout.write(warnings.formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line))") + (Get-Content $file) | Set-Content $file
+        python $file ; Assert-Output $?
+    }  # run all examples
+    cd $env:BUILD_SOURCESDIRECTORY/examples/python-guide/notebooks
+    (Get-Content "interactive_plot_example.ipynb").replace('INTERACTIVE = False', 'assert False, \"Interactive mode disabled\"') | Set-Content "interactive_plot_example.ipynb"
+    jupyter nbconvert --ExecutePreprocessor.timeout=180 --to notebook --execute --inplace *.ipynb ; Assert-Output $?  # run all notebooks
 }
diff --git a/.ci/test.sh b/.ci/test.sh
index 9b3e1ee3938d..f959af16ccf3 100755
--- a/.ci/test.sh
+++ b/.ci/test.sh
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fi
 if [[ $TASK == "lint" ]]; then
     pwsh -command "Install-Module -Name PSScriptAnalyzer -Scope CurrentUser -SkipPublisherCheck"
     echo "Linting PowerShell code"
-    pwsh -file "./.ci/lint-powershell.ps1" || exit 0
+    pwsh -file "./.ci/lint-powershell.ps1" || :
     conda create -q -y -n "${CONDA_ENV}" \
         "${CONDA_PYTHON_REQUIREMENT}" \
         'cmakelint>=1.4.3' \