[python] added f-string to python-package/lightgbm/basic.py (#4143)

* added f-string

* fix missing parentheses and other string formatting

* remove extra trailing parenthesis

* one more missing parenthesis

* fix pandas categoricals

* update uses of +

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <[email protected]>

Co-authored-by: James Lamb <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Nikita Titov <[email protected]>