diff --git a/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml b/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml
index 327613f7..caab4019 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml
@@ -34,10 +34,9 @@ jobs:
       R_REMOTES_NO_ERRORS_FROM_WARNINGS: true
       RSPM: ${{ matrix.config.rspm }}
       GITHUB_PAT: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-
+      
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4        
       - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r@v2
         with:
           r-version: ${{ matrix.config.r }}
@@ -52,16 +51,9 @@ jobs:
           brew install --cask xquartz
           
       - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r-dependencies@v2
-        if: matrix.config.r == '3.6'
         with:
           extra-packages: any::rcmdcheck, soiltexture=?ignore-before-r=4.3.0, markovchain=?ignore-before-r=4.0.0, Hmisc=?ignore, knitr=?ignore-before-r=4.0.0, rmarkdown=?ignore-before-r=4.0.0, testthat=?ignore-before-r=4.0.0,
           needs: check
-          
-      - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r-dependencies@v2
-        if: matrix.config.r != '3.6'
-        with:
-          extra-packages: any::rcmdcheck, markovchain=?ignore-before-r=4.0.0
-          needs: check
             
       - name: Install soilDB from r-universe (R-devel only)
         if: matrix.config.r == 'devel'
@@ -70,6 +62,14 @@ jobs:
         shell: Rscript {0}
         
       - uses: r-lib/actions/check-r-package@v2
+        if: matrix.config.r != '3.6'
+        with:
+          upload-snapshots: true
+        
+      - uses: r-lib/actions/check-r-package@v2
+        if: matrix.config.r == '3.6'
         with:
+          args: 'c("--no-manual", "--as-cran", "--ignore-vignettes", "--no-tests")'
+          build_args: 'c("--no-manual", "--no-build-vignettes")'
           upload-snapshots: true
         
diff --git a/R/allocate.R b/R/allocate.R
index 037b8305..673d4aef 100644
--- a/R/allocate.R
+++ b/R/allocate.R
@@ -662,38 +662,32 @@ allocate <- function(..., to = c("FAO Salt Severity", "FAO Black Soil", "ST Diag
 #' @seealso [texture_to_taxpartsize()], [lookup_taxpartsize()]
 #' 
 #' @export
-
 #' @examples
 #' 
 #' h <- data.frame(
-#' id = 1,
-#' hzname = c("A", "BA", "Bw", "BC", "C"),
-#' top    = c( 0, 10, 45, 60,  90),
-#' bottom = c(10, 45, 60, 90, 150),
-#' clay   = c(15, 16, 45, 20,  10),
-#' sand   = c(10, 35, 40, 50,  90),
-#' frags  = c( 0,  5, 10, 38,  40)
-#' )
-#'
-#' h <- cbind(
-#' h, 
-#' texcl = ssc_to_texcl(clay = h$clay, sand = h$sand)
+#'   id = 1,
+#'   hzname = c("A", "BA", "Bw", "BC", "C"),
+#'   top    = c(0, 10, 45, 60,  90),
+#'   bottom = c(10, 45, 60, 90, 150),
+#'   clay   = c(15, 16, 45, 20,  10),
+#'   sand   = c(10, 35, 40, 50,  90),
+#'   frags  = c(0,  5, 10, 38,  40)
 #' )
 #' 
-#' pscs <- data.frame(
-#' id = 1, 
-#' top = 25, 
-#' bottom = 100
-#' )
+#' h <- cbind(h,
+#'            texcl = ssc_to_texcl(clay = h$clay, sand = h$sand))
+#' 
+#' pscs <- data.frame(id = 1,
+#'                    top = 25,
+#'                    bottom = 100)
 #' 
-#' h <- cbind(
-#' h, 
-#' taxpartsize = texture_to_taxpartsize(
-#' texcl = h$texcl,
-#' clay  = h$clay, 
-#' sand  = h$sand,
-#' fragvoltot = h$frags
-#' ))
+#' h <- cbind(h,
+#'            taxpartsize = texture_to_taxpartsize(
+#'              texcl = h$texcl,
+#'              clay  = h$clay,
+#'              sand  = h$sand,
+#'              fragvoltot = h$frags
+#'            ))
 #' 
 #' depths(h) <- id ~ top + bottom
 #' 
@@ -713,7 +707,6 @@ hz_to_taxpartsize <- function(x, y, taxpartsize = "taxpartsize", clay = "clay",
   # xy <- hz_intersect(x, y, idcol = idcol, depthcols = depthcols)
   # x_sub <- x[x$rn %in% xy$rn, ]
   
-  
   # check segment_id ----
   ## if it exists, overwrite it
   x_nm <- names(x)
@@ -723,7 +716,6 @@ hz_to_taxpartsize <- function(x, y, taxpartsize = "taxpartsize", clay = "clay",
     y[y_nm == "segment_id"] <- NULL
   }
   
-  
   # check dissolve_id ----
   ## if it exists, overwrite it
   x_nm <- names(x)
@@ -733,7 +725,6 @@ hz_to_taxpartsize <- function(x, y, taxpartsize = "taxpartsize", clay = "clay",
     y[y_nm == "dissolve_id"] <- NULL
   }
   
-  
   # standardize inputs ----
   vars <- c(idcol, depthcols, clay, taxpartsize)
   x <- x[vars]
@@ -744,26 +735,27 @@ hz_to_taxpartsize <- function(x, y, taxpartsize = "taxpartsize", clay = "clay",
   y <- y[c(idcol, depthcols)]
   y <- .standardize_inputs(y, idcol = idcol, depthcols = depthcols)$x
   
-  
   # dissolve on pscs ----
   # calculate non-trimmed horizon thickness
-  x_dis <- x |>
-    hz_dissolve(by = "taxpartsize", idcol = "idcol", depthcols = c("top", "bot")) |>
-    transform(thk_o = bot - top)
-  
+  x_dis <- transform(hz_dissolve(x, 
+                                 by = "taxpartsize", 
+                                 idcol = "idcol", 
+                                 depthcols = c("top", "bot")), 
+                     thk_o = bot - top)
   
   # trim depths ----
   # calculate trimmed horizon thickness
-  xy_dis <- x_dis |>
-    hz_intersect(y, idcol = "idcol", depthcols = c("top", "bot")) |>
-    transform(thk_t = bot - top)
-  
+  xy_dis <- transform(hz_intersect(x_dis, y, 
+                                   idcol = "idcol", 
+                                   depthcols = c("top", "bot")),
+                      thk_t = bot - top)
   
   # rejoin dissolved pscs to the original horizon table ----
-  xy <- hz_intersect(x, xy_dis, idcol = "idcol", depthcols = c("top", "bot")) |> suppressWarnings()
+  xy <- suppressWarnings(hz_intersect(x, xy_dis, 
+                                      idcol = "idcol", 
+                                      depthcols = c("top", "bot")))
   x_dis  <- NULL
   xy_dis <- NULL
-  
 
   # aggregate clay values within dissolved pscs ----
   top       <- NULL
@@ -777,7 +769,7 @@ hz_to_taxpartsize <- function(x, y, taxpartsize = "taxpartsize", clay = "clay",
     list(
       top       = min(top,                          na.rm = TRUE),
       bot       = max(bot,                          na.rm = TRUE),
-      clay_wt   = weighted.mean(clay,   w = thk_t,  na.rm = TRUE),
+      clay_wt   = weighted.mean(clay,   w = thk_t,  na.rm = TRUE), 
       # sandvf_wt = weighted.mean(sandvf, w = thk_t,  na.rm = TRUE),
       # need to impute frags
       # frag_wt = weighted.mean(total_frags_pct_nopf, w = thk_t), na.rm = TRUE,
@@ -788,21 +780,18 @@ hz_to_taxpartsize <- function(x, y, taxpartsize = "taxpartsize", clay = "clay",
   data.table::setorder(xy_agg, idcol, top)
   xy_agg <- as.data.frame(xy_agg)
   
-  
   # find adjacent horizons ----
-  xy_lag <- xy_agg |> 
-    hz_lag(idcol = "idcol", depthcols = c("top", "bot"))
-  
+  xy_lag <- hz_lag(xy_agg, idcol = "idcol", depthcols = c("top", "bot"))
   
   # address special cases of strongly contrasting classes ----
   clay_wt_bot.1     <- NULL
   sandvf_wt_bot.1   <- NULL
   taxpartsize_bot.1 <- NULL
   
-  
   # still needs special cases for very fine sand
-  xy_agg <- cbind(xy_agg, xy_lag) |> 
-    within({
+  xy_agg <- within(
+    cbind(xy_agg, xy_lag), 
+    {
       clay_dif = clay_wt_bot.1 - clay_wt
       sc       = paste0(taxpartsize, " over ", taxpartsize_bot.1)
       sc       = gsub(" over NA$", "", sc)
@@ -851,58 +840,58 @@ hz_to_taxpartsize <- function(x, y, taxpartsize = "taxpartsize", clay = "clay",
       # )
       # idx_sc = grepl("over", sc)
       sc = ifelse(idx_sc, sc, taxpartsize)
-    })
+    }
+  )
   xy_lag <- NULL
   
-  
   # find multiple strongly contrasting ps classes within the control section
   n_sc    <- NULL
   n_peiid <- NULL
   
-  test <- data.table::as.data.table(xy_agg)[, list(
-    n_sc    = sum(idx_sc, na.rm = TRUE), # sum(grepl(" over ", sc), na.rm = TRUE),
-    n_peiid = length(idx_sc)
-  ),
-  by = "idcol"
-  ] |>
-    as.data.frame()
-  
+  test <- as.data.frame(data.table::as.data.table(xy_agg)[, 
+                        list(n_sc    = sum(idx_sc, na.rm = TRUE),
+                             # sum(grepl(" over ", sc), na.rm = TRUE),
+                             n_peiid = length(idx_sc)),
+                        by = "idcol"])
   
   # pick the sc pscs with the largest contrast or pscs with the greatest thickness
-  xy_res <- xy_agg |>
-    merge(test, by = "idcol", all.x = TRUE, sort = FALSE) |>
-    transform(
+  xy_res <- transform(
+      merge(
+        xy_agg,
+        test,
+        by = "idcol",
+        all.x = TRUE,
+        sort = FALSE
+      ),
       idx_sc = sc %in% .pscs_sc,
       # idx_sc = grepl(" over ", sc),
       idx_c_ov_l = sc %in% c("clayey over fine-loamy")
     )
   
-  xy_res <- data.table::as.data.table(xy_res)[, list(
-    pscs1 = sc[n_sc == 0 & n_peiid == 1],
-    pscs2 = sc[n_sc == 1 & n_peiid  > 1 & idx_sc],
-    pscs3 = sc[which.max(thk_t[n_sc == 0 & n_peiid > 1])],
-    pscs4 = sc[n_sc == 1 & idx_sc],
-    pscs5 = sc[which.max(abs(clay_dif[n_sc > 1 & !is.na(sc)]))],
-    taxpartsizemod = ifelse(max(n_sc) > 1, "aniso", "not used")
-    ),
-    by =  "idcol"
-    ] |>
-    as.data.frame() |>
-    within({
-      # need to add fix for special case of sandy over loamy which requires fine sand percent
-      taxpartsize = paste(pscs1, pscs3, pscs4, pscs5, sep = "")
-      taxpartsize = gsub("NA", "", taxpartsize)
-      pscs1 = NULL
-      pscs2 = NULL
-      pscs3 = NULL
-      pscs4 = NULL
-      pscs5 = NULL
-    })
-  
+  xy_res <- within(as.data.frame(
+    data.table::as.data.table(xy_res)[ , 
+      list(
+        pscs1 = sc[n_sc == 0 & n_peiid == 1],
+        pscs2 = sc[n_sc == 1 & n_peiid  > 1 & idx_sc],
+        pscs3 = sc[which.max(thk_t[n_sc == 0 & n_peiid > 1])],
+        pscs4 = sc[n_sc == 1 & idx_sc],
+        pscs5 = sc[which.max(abs(clay_dif[n_sc > 1 & !is.na(sc)]))],
+        taxpartsizemod = ifelse(max(n_sc) > 1, "aniso", "not used")
+      ), 
+      by =  "idcol"]),
+      {
+        # need to add fix for special case of sandy over loamy which requires fine sand percent
+        taxpartsize = paste(pscs1, pscs3, pscs4, pscs5, sep = "")
+        taxpartsize = gsub("NA", "", taxpartsize)
+        pscs1 = NULL
+        pscs2 = NULL
+        pscs3 = NULL
+        pscs4 = NULL
+        pscs5 = NULL
+      })
   
   # reset inputs
   xy_res <- .reset_inputs(xy_res, x_conv[1])
   
-  
   return(xy_res)
 }
diff --git a/R/segment.R b/R/segment.R
index 1481cd00..dde1aefd 100644
--- a/R/segment.R
+++ b/R/segment.R
@@ -113,19 +113,17 @@ hz_segment <- function(object, intervals, trim = TRUE, depthcols = c("top", "bot
     bot = intervals[-1],
     stringsAsFactors = FALSE
   )
+  
   n <- max(nchar(intervals))
-  dep$id <- paste0(
-    formatC(dep$top, width = n, flag = 0), 
-    "-", 
-    formatC(dep$bot, width = n, flag = 0)
-  )
+  dep$id <- paste0(formatC(dep$top, width = n, flag = 0),
+                   "-",
+                   formatC(dep$bot, width = n, flag = 0))
   
   # argument sanity check ----
   test_spc <- inherits(object, 'SoilProfileCollection')
   test_df  <- inherits(object, 'data.frame')
   test_dep <- is.numeric(dep$top) & is.numeric(dep$bot) & all(dep$top < dep$bot)
   
-  
   if (!any(test_spc, test_df)) {
     stop("the input must be either a SoilProfileCollection or data.frame")
   }
@@ -136,7 +134,6 @@ hz_segment <- function(object, intervals, trim = TRUE, depthcols = c("top", "bot
     stop("intervals should be numeric and sequential (e.g. c(0, 1, 2, 3) or 0:100)")
   }
   
-  
   # standardize inputs ----
   if (test_spc) {
     idcol     <- idname(object)
@@ -149,7 +146,6 @@ hz_segment <- function(object, intervals, trim = TRUE, depthcols = c("top", "bot
   }
   names(h)[names(h) %in% depthcols] <- c("top", "bot")
   
-
   ## TODO: consider using dice()
   # filter horizons and trim ----
   .slice <- function(h, top = NULL, bot = NULL) {
@@ -164,7 +160,7 @@ hz_segment <- function(object, intervals, trim = TRUE, depthcols = c("top", "bot
       # h <- h[(h$bot - h$top) > 0, ]
     }
     
-    # h <- h[!is.na(h$peiid), ] 
+    # h <- h[!is.na(h$peiid), ]
     
     return(h)
   }
@@ -174,14 +170,17 @@ hz_segment <- function(object, intervals, trim = TRUE, depthcols = c("top", "bot
   df_str <- cbind(h[0, ], segment_id = NA_character_[0])
   dep$df <- list(df_str)[rep(1, nrow(dep))] # pre-allocate memory faster
   h <- {
-    split(dep, dep$id) ->.;
+    split(dep, dep$id) -> .
+    
     lapply(., function(x) {
       temp <- .slice(h, top = x$top, bot = x$bot)
-      if (nrow(temp) > 0) x$df[[1]] <- cbind(temp, segment_id = x$id)
+      if (nrow(temp) > 0)
+        x$df[[1]] <- cbind(temp, segment_id = x$id)
       return(x$df[[1]])
-    }) ->.;
-    do.call("rbind", .) ->.;
-    }
+    }) -> .
+    
+    do.call("rbind", .) -> .
+  }
   names(h)[names(h) %in% c("top", "bot")] <- depthcols
   
   
@@ -216,12 +215,10 @@ hz_segment <- function(object, intervals, trim = TRUE, depthcols = c("top", "bot
 #' @export 
 #' @rdname hz_segment
 segment <- function(object, intervals, trim = TRUE, hzdepcols = c("top", "bottom")) {
-  .Deprecated("segment() will be deprecated and replaced by hz_segment()")
+  .Deprecated("segment() is deprecated and has been replaced by hz_segment()")
   hz_segment(object, intervals, trim, depthcols = hzdepcols)
 }
 
-
-
 #' @title Dissolving horizon boundaries by grouping variables
 #' 
 #' @description This function dissolves or combines horizons that have a common set of grouping variables. It only combines those horizon records that are sequential (e.g. share a horizon boundary). Thus, it can be used to identify discontinuities in the grouping variables along a profile and their unique depths. It is particularly useful for determining the depth to the top or bottom of horizons with a specific category, and should be simpler than previous methods that require aggregating over profiles. 
@@ -281,8 +278,6 @@ segment <- function(object, intervals, trim = TRUE, hzdepcols = c("top", "bottom
 #' test <- hz_dissolve(df, "genhz")
 #' subset(test, value == "2Bt")
 #' 
-
-
 hz_dissolve <- function(object, by, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom"), collapse = FALSE, order = FALSE) {
   
   # id = "peiid"; hztop = "hzdept"; hzbot = "hzdepb", collapse = FALSE, order = FALSE
@@ -296,29 +291,24 @@ hz_dissolve <- function(object, by, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")
   if (!any(test_object)) {
     stop("the object argument must be a data.frame", call. = FALSE)
   }
-
   
   # check that collapse is a logical of length 1
   if (!inherits(collapse, "logical") || length(collapse) != 1) {
     stop("the collapse argument must be logical and a length of one", call. = FALSE)
   }
   
-  
   # check that by is not NULL
   if (is.null(by)) stop("the by argument must not be NULL")
   
-  
   # check that "by" are characters or convert
   if (any(!"character" %in% sapply(object[by], class))) {
     message("non-character grouping variables are being converted to characters")
     object[by] <- lapply(object[by], as.character)
   }
   
-  
   # check that the column names exist within the object
   .check_names(object, vars = c(idcol = idcol, top = depthcols[1], bot = depthcols[2], by))
   
-  
   # check if previous dissolve_id exists and overwrite
   nm  <- names(object)
   idx <- nm == "dissolve_id"
@@ -327,7 +317,6 @@ hz_dissolve <- function(object, by, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")
     object[idx] <- NULL
   }
   
-  
   # standardize inputs ----
   df_std <- .standardize_inputs(object, idcol = idcol, depthcols = depthcols)
   df_conversion <- df_std$x_conversion
@@ -346,7 +335,6 @@ hz_dissolve <- function(object, by, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")
     by    <- by_co
   }
   
-  
   # var thickness ----
   var_dep <- lapply(by, function(x) {
     
@@ -381,14 +369,9 @@ hz_dissolve <- function(object, by, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")
   #   )
   # }
   
-  
   # append dissolve_id
-  n <- c(
-    var_dep$top, 
-    var_dep$bot
-    ) |>
-    nchar() |>
-    max(na.rm = TRUE)
+  n <- max(nchar(c(var_dep$top, var_dep$bot)), na.rm = TRUE)
+  
   var_dep$dissolve_id <- paste0(
     var_dep$idcol,
     "_",
@@ -411,9 +394,9 @@ hz_dissolve <- function(object, by, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")
 #' @rdname hz_dissolve
 
 dissolve_hz <- function(object, by, id = "idcol", hztop = "top", hzbot = "bottom", collapse = FALSE, order = FALSE) {
-  .Deprecated("dissolve_hz() will be deprecated and replaced by hz_dissolve()")
+  .Deprecated("dissolve_hz() is deprecated and has been replaced by hz_dissolve()")
   hz_dissolve(object, by, idcol = id, depthcols = c(hztop, hzbot), collapse, order)
-  }
+}
 
 
 
@@ -439,25 +422,20 @@ dissolve_hz <- function(object, by, id = "idcol", hztop = "top", hzbot = "bottom
 #' @examples
 #' 
 #' h <- data.frame(
-#' id = 1,
-#' top    = c(0,  25, 44, 46, 50),
-#' bottom = c(25, 44, 46, 50, 100),
-#' by     = c("Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes"),
-#' clay   = c(10, 12, 27, 35, 16)
+#'   id = 1,
+#'   top    = c(0,  25, 44, 46, 50),
+#'   bottom = c(25, 44, 46, 50, 100),
+#'   by     = c("Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes"),
+#'   clay   = c(10, 12, 27, 35, 16)
 #' )
 #' 
-#' h |> hz_dissolve("by")
+#' hz_dissolve(h, "by")
 #' 
-#' h |> hz_dissolve("by") |> hz_intersect(x = _, y = h)
+#' hz_intersect(x = hz_dissolve(h, "by"), y = h)
 #' 
-#' h |> 
-#' hz_dissolve("by") |> 
-#' hz_intersect(x = h, y = _) |>
-#' aggregate(clay ~ dissolve_id, data = _, mean)
+#' hi <- hz_intersect(x = h, y = hz_dissolve(h, "by"))
+#' aggregate(clay ~ dissolve_id, data = hi, mean)
 #' 
-
-
-
 hz_intersect <- function(x, y, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")) {
   
   # test inputs ----
@@ -471,7 +449,6 @@ hz_intersect <- function(x, y, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")) {
   .check_names(x, c(idcol, depthcols))
   .check_names(y, c(idcol, depthcols))
   
-  
   # check segment_id ----
   ## if it exists, overwrite it
   x_nm <- names(x)
@@ -486,7 +463,6 @@ hz_intersect <- function(x, y, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")) {
     y[y_nm == "segment_id"] <- NULL
   }
   
-  
   # standardize inputs ----
   x_std <- .standardize_inputs(x, idcol = idcol, depthcols = depthcols)
   x_conversion <- x_std$x_conversion
@@ -495,37 +471,31 @@ hz_intersect <- function(x, y, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")) {
   y <- .standardize_inputs(y, idcol = idcol, depthcols = depthcols)$x
   
   # intersect x & y ----
-  split(x, x$idcol) ->.;
-  lapply(., function(x) {
+  res <- lapply(split(x, x$idcol), function(x) {
     xi <- x
     yi <- y[which(y$idcol == xi$idcol[1]), ]
     
     if (nrow(yi) > 0) {
       
-      int <- c(xi$top, xi$bot, yi$top, yi$bot) |>
-      sort() |>
-      unique()
+      int <-  unique(sort(c(xi$top, xi$bot, yi$top, yi$bot)))
       
       xi_seg <- hz_segment(xi, intervals = int, depthcols = names(x_conversion[2:3]), trim = TRUE)
       yi_seg <- hz_segment(yi, intervals = int, depthcols = names(x_conversion[2:3]), trim = TRUE)
       
       return(list(x_seg = xi_seg, y_seg = yi_seg))
     }
-  }) ->.;
-  
+  })
   
-  x_seg <- lapply(., function(x) x[["x_seg"]]) |> do.call("rbind", args = _)
-  y_seg <- lapply(., function(x) x[["y_seg"]]) |> do.call("rbind", args = _)
-
+  x_seg <- do.call("rbind", lapply(res, function(x) x[["x_seg"]]))
+  y_seg <- do.call("rbind", lapply(res, function(x) x[["y_seg"]]))
   
   xy_int <- merge(x_seg, y_seg, by = c("segment_id", "idcol", "top", "bot"), sort = FALSE)
   
-  
   # reset inputs ----
   xy_int <- .reset_inputs(xy_int, x_conversion)
   
   return(xy_int)
-  }
+}
 
 
 
@@ -552,46 +522,39 @@ hz_intersect <- function(x, y, idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom")) {
 #' @examples
 #' 
 #' h <- data.frame(
-#' id = 1,
-#' top    = c(0,  25, 44, 46, 50),
-#' bottom = c(25, 44, 46, 50, 100),
-#' texcl     = c("SL", "SL", "CL", "CL", "L"),
-#' clay   = c(10, 12, 27, 35, 16)
+#'   id = 1,
+#'   top    = c(0,  25, 44, 46, 50),
+#'   bottom = c(25, 44, 46, 50, 100),
+#'   texcl     = c("SL", "SL", "CL", "CL", "L"),
+#'   clay   = c(10, 12, 27, 35, 16)
 #' )
 #' 
-#' h |> hz_lag()
+#' hz_lag(h)
 #' 
-#' h |> hz_lag(-1)
+#' hz_lag(h, -1)
 #' 
-#' h |> hz_lag(10:15, unit = "depth")
+#' hz_lag(h, 10:15, unit = "depth")
 #' 
-#' h |> 
-#' hz_lag() |> 
-#' cbind(h, lag = _) |>
-#' transform(
-#' clay_dif = lag.clay_bot.1 - clay,
-#' texcl_contrast = paste0(texcl, "-", lag.texcl_bot.1))
+#' transform(cbind(h, lag = hz_lag(h)), 
+#'   clay_dif = lag.clay_bot.1 - clay,
+#'   texcl_contrast = paste0(texcl, "-", lag.texcl_bot.1)
+#' )
 #' 
-
-
-
 hz_lag <- function(object, lag = 1, unit = "index", idcol = "id", depthcols = c("top", "bottom"), order = FALSE) {
   
   nm <- names(object)
   idx_std <- which(! nm %in% c(idcol, depthcols))
   vars <- nm[idx_std]
   
-  
   # check arguments ----
   .check_depthcols_l(depthcols)
   .check_names(object, vars = c(idcol, depthcols, vars))
   
-  
   # standardize inputs ----
   x_std <- .standardize_inputs(object, idcol = idcol, depthcols = depthcols)
   x_conversion <- x_std$x_conversion
-  x            <- x_std$x; rm(x_std)
-   
+  x <- x_std$x
+  rm(x_std)
   
   # check depths ---
   if (unit == "depth" & max(object[[depthcols[2]]] > 1000)) {
@@ -599,20 +562,18 @@ hz_lag <- function(object, lag = 1, unit = "index", idcol = "id", depthcols = c(
     x <- x[x$bot < 1000, ]
   }
   
-  test <- aggregate(top ~ idcol, data = x, length)$top |> max()
+  test <- max(aggregate(top ~ idcol, data = x, length)$top)
   if (unit == "index") {
     if ((test - 1) < max(lag)) {
     stop("lag can not be greater than the maximum number of horizons")
     }
   }
   
-  
   # order ----
   if (order) {
     x <- x[order(x$idcol, x$top, x$bot), ]
   }
   
-  
   # lag ----
   .lag_ind <- function(x, lag = lag) {
     
@@ -630,7 +591,6 @@ hz_lag <- function(object, lag = 1, unit = "index", idcol = "id", depthcols = c(
     return(x_lag)
   }
   
-  
   .lag_dep <- function(x, lag = lag) {
     
     n <- length(x)
@@ -638,71 +598,69 @@ hz_lag <- function(object, lag = 1, unit = "index", idcol = "id", depthcols = c(
     x_seg <- hz_segment(x, intervals = min(x$top):max(x$bot), trim = TRUE, depthcols = c("top", "bot"))
     x_seg <- x_seg[1:(n + 1)]
     
-    
-    x_seg <- lapply(lag, function(i) {
-      
+    x_seg <- do.call("cbind", args =  lapply(lag, function(i) {
       x$bot_i <- x$bot + i
-      idx <- match(
-        paste(x$idcol,     x$bot_i),
-        paste(x_seg$idcol, x_seg$bot)
-        )
-      xi_seg <- x_seg[idx, ]
+      idx <- match(paste(x$idcol, x$bot_i),
+                   paste(x_seg$idcol, x_seg$bot))
+      xi_seg <- x_seg[idx,]
       xi_seg <- x[xi_seg$.ID, vars, drop = FALSE]
       xi_seg$.ID <- NULL
       
-      if (i >= 0) names(xi_seg) <- paste0(names(xi_seg), "_bot.",     i)
-      if (i <  0) names(xi_seg) <- paste0(names(xi_seg), "_top.", abs(i))
+      if (i >= 0)
+        names(xi_seg) <- paste0(names(xi_seg), "_bot.",     i)
       
+      if (i <  0)
+        names(xi_seg) <- paste0(names(xi_seg), "_top.", abs(i))
       
       return(xi_seg)
-    }) |>
-      do.call("cbind", args = _)
+    }))
     
     return(x_seg)
   }
   
-  
   if (unit == "index") {
-    x_lag <- lapply(lag, function(i) {
+    x_lag <- do.call("cbind", lapply(lag, function(i) {
       .lag_ind(x, i)
-    }) |>
-      do.call("cbind", args = _)
+    }))
     x_lag <- x_lag[sort(names(x_lag))]
   }
+  
   if (unit == "depth") {
     x_lag <- .lag_dep(x, lag)
     x_lag <- x_lag[sort(names(x_lag))]
   }
   
-  
   # # reset inputs ----
   x_lag <- .reset_inputs(x_lag, x_conversion)
   
-   
   return(x_lag)
 }
 
-
-
 # check depthcols length
 .check_depthcols_l <- function(x) {
   if (length(x) != 2 & !is.null(x)) stop("depthcols must length must equal 2")
 }
 
-
 ## check for matching column names
 .check_names <- function(x, vars) {
-  
   x_nm <- names(x)
   
-  if (! all(vars %in% x_nm)) {
+  if (!all(vars %in% x_nm)) {
     stop("x must contain columns with names that match the input arguments")
   }
 }
 
-
 # standardize inputs
-.standardize_inputs <- function(x, idcol = NULL, hzidcol = NULL, depthcols = NULL, texcl = NULL, clay = NULL, taxpartsize = NULL, sand = NULL) {
+.standardize_inputs <- function(
+    x,
+    idcol = NULL,
+    hzidcol = NULL,
+    depthcols = NULL,
+    texcl = NULL,
+    clay = NULL,
+    taxpartsize = NULL,
+    sand = NULL
+) {
   
   # set new names
   var_names <- c(
@@ -731,7 +689,9 @@ hz_lag <- function(object, lag = 1, unit = "index", idcol = "id", depthcols = c(
     
     idx_orig <- idx_dup[! idx_dup %in% idx_x]
     names(x)[idx_orig] <- paste0(names(x)[idx_orig], "_orig")
-  } else idx_orig = NULL
+  } else {
+    idx_orig <- NULL
+  }
     
   return(list(x = x, x_conversion = var_names, x_orig = idx_orig))
 }
@@ -747,4 +707,4 @@ hz_lag <- function(object, lag = 1, unit = "index", idcol = "id", depthcols = c(
   
   return(x)
 }
-  
\ No newline at end of file
+  
diff --git a/R/texture.R b/R/texture.R
index 70330a8f..bc803348 100644
--- a/R/texture.R
+++ b/R/texture.R
@@ -1081,7 +1081,6 @@ fragvol_to_texmod <- function(
 #' 
 
 lookup_taxpartsize <- function() {
-  
   fe <- c("diatomaceous", "very-fine", "clayey", "fine", "hydrous", "fine-silty", 
           "fine-gypseous", "fine-loamy", "medial", "loamy", "coarse-loamy", 
           "coarse-silty", "coarse-gypseous", "ashy", "sandy", "hydrous-pumiceous", 
@@ -1100,7 +1099,7 @@ lookup_taxpartsize <- function() {
   names(test) <- .pscs_sc
   
   idx <- lapply(test, function(x) {
-    idx <- sapply(x, function(y) rank[which(fe == y)]) |> unlist()
+    idx <- unlist(sapply(x, function(y) rank[which(fe == y)]))
     
     # select the 3rd value when "or" results in 3 values
     if (length(idx) > 2) idx <- c(idx[1], idx[3])
@@ -1132,5 +1131,4 @@ lookup_taxpartsize <- function() {
 }
 
 
-.pscs_sc <- c("Ashy over clayey", "Ashy over clayey-skeletal", "Ashy over loamy", "Ashy over loamy-skeletal", "Ashy over medial", "Ashy over medial-skeletal", "Ashy over pumiceous or cindery", "Ashy over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Ashy-skeletal over clayey", "Ashy-skeletal over fragmental or cindery", "Ashy-skeletal over loamy-skeletal", "Ashy-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Cindery over loamy", "Cindery over medial", "Cindery over medial-skeletal", "Clayey over coarse-gypseous", "Clayey over fine-gypseous", "Clayey over fragmental", "Clayey over gypseous-skeletal", "Clayey over loamy", "Clayey over loamy-skeletal", "Clayey over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Clayey-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Coarse-loamy over clayey", "Coarse-loamy over fragmental", "Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Coarse-silty over clayey", "Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Fine-loamy over clayey", "Fine-loamy over fragmental", "Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Fine-silty over clayey", "Fine-silty over fragmental", "Fine-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Hydrous over clayey", "Hydrous over clayey-skeletal", "Hydrous over fragmental", "Hydrous over loamy", "Hydrous over loamy-skeletal", "Hydrous over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Loamy over ashy or ashy-pumiceous", "Loamy over coarse-gypseous", "Loamy over fine-gypseous", "Loamy over pumiceous or cindery", "Loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Loamy-skeletal over cindery", "Loamy-skeletal over clayey", "Loamy-skeletal over fragmental", "Loamy-skeletal over gypseous-skeletal", "Loamy-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Medial over ashy", "Medial over ashy-pumiceous or ashy-skeletal", "Medial over clayey", "Medial over clayey-skeletal", "Medial over fragmental", "Medial over hydrous", "Medial over loamy", "Medial over loamy-skeletal", "Medial over pumiceous or cindery", "Medial over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Medial-skeletal over fragmental or cindery", "Medial-skeletal over loamy-skeletal", "Medial-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over loamy", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over loamy-skeletal", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over medial", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over medial-skeletal", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Sandy over clayey", "Sandy over loamy", "Sandy-skeletal over loamy") |> 
-  tolower()
+.pscs_sc <- tolower(c("Ashy over clayey", "Ashy over clayey-skeletal", "Ashy over loamy", "Ashy over loamy-skeletal", "Ashy over medial", "Ashy over medial-skeletal", "Ashy over pumiceous or cindery", "Ashy over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Ashy-skeletal over clayey", "Ashy-skeletal over fragmental or cindery", "Ashy-skeletal over loamy-skeletal", "Ashy-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Cindery over loamy", "Cindery over medial", "Cindery over medial-skeletal", "Clayey over coarse-gypseous", "Clayey over fine-gypseous", "Clayey over fragmental", "Clayey over gypseous-skeletal", "Clayey over loamy", "Clayey over loamy-skeletal", "Clayey over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Clayey-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Coarse-loamy over clayey", "Coarse-loamy over fragmental", "Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Coarse-silty over clayey", "Coarse-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Fine-loamy over clayey", "Fine-loamy over fragmental", "Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Fine-silty over clayey", "Fine-silty over fragmental", "Fine-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Hydrous over clayey", "Hydrous over clayey-skeletal", "Hydrous over fragmental", "Hydrous over loamy", "Hydrous over loamy-skeletal", "Hydrous over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Loamy over ashy or ashy-pumiceous", "Loamy over coarse-gypseous", "Loamy over fine-gypseous", "Loamy over pumiceous or cindery", "Loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Loamy-skeletal over cindery", "Loamy-skeletal over clayey", "Loamy-skeletal over fragmental", "Loamy-skeletal over gypseous-skeletal", "Loamy-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Medial over ashy", "Medial over ashy-pumiceous or ashy-skeletal", "Medial over clayey", "Medial over clayey-skeletal", "Medial over fragmental", "Medial over hydrous", "Medial over loamy", "Medial over loamy-skeletal", "Medial over pumiceous or cindery", "Medial over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Medial-skeletal over fragmental or cindery", "Medial-skeletal over loamy-skeletal", "Medial-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over loamy", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over loamy-skeletal", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over medial", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over medial-skeletal", "Pumiceous or ashy-pumiceous over sandy or sandy-skeletal", "Sandy over clayey", "Sandy over loamy", "Sandy-skeletal over loamy"))
diff --git a/man/hz_intersect.Rd b/man/hz_intersect.Rd
index 304e85a7..6841ec1b 100644
--- a/man/hz_intersect.Rd
+++ b/man/hz_intersect.Rd
@@ -27,21 +27,19 @@ This function intersects two horizon tables by harmonizing their depths and merg
 \examples{
 
 h <- data.frame(
-id = 1,
-top    = c(0,  25, 44, 46, 50),
-bottom = c(25, 44, 46, 50, 100),
-by     = c("Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes"),
-clay   = c(10, 12, 27, 35, 16)
+  id = 1,
+  top    = c(0,  25, 44, 46, 50),
+  bottom = c(25, 44, 46, 50, 100),
+  by     = c("Yes", "Yes", "No", "No", "Yes"),
+  clay   = c(10, 12, 27, 35, 16)
 )
 
-h |> hz_dissolve("by")
+hz_dissolve(h, "by")
 
-h |> hz_dissolve("by") |> hz_intersect(x = _, y = h)
+hz_intersect(x = hz_dissolve(h, "by"), y = h)
 
-h |> 
-hz_dissolve("by") |> 
-hz_intersect(x = h, y = _) |>
-aggregate(clay ~ dissolve_id, data = _, mean)
+hi <- hz_intersect(x = h, y = hz_dissolve(h, "by"))
+aggregate(clay ~ dissolve_id, data = hi, mean)
 
 }
 \seealso{
diff --git a/man/hz_lag.Rd b/man/hz_lag.Rd
index 1691dc65..4acb253b 100644
--- a/man/hz_lag.Rd
+++ b/man/hz_lag.Rd
@@ -38,25 +38,23 @@ This function finds adjacent values to a horizon values at lagged distances.
 \examples{
 
 h <- data.frame(
-id = 1,
-top    = c(0,  25, 44, 46, 50),
-bottom = c(25, 44, 46, 50, 100),
-texcl     = c("SL", "SL", "CL", "CL", "L"),
-clay   = c(10, 12, 27, 35, 16)
+  id = 1,
+  top    = c(0,  25, 44, 46, 50),
+  bottom = c(25, 44, 46, 50, 100),
+  texcl     = c("SL", "SL", "CL", "CL", "L"),
+  clay   = c(10, 12, 27, 35, 16)
 )
 
-h |> hz_lag()
+hz_lag(h)
 
-h |> hz_lag(-1)
+hz_lag(h, -1)
 
-h |> hz_lag(10:15, unit = "depth")
+hz_lag(h, 10:15, unit = "depth")
 
-h |> 
-hz_lag() |> 
-cbind(h, lag = _) |>
-transform(
-clay_dif = lag.clay_bot.1 - clay,
-texcl_contrast = paste0(texcl, "-", lag.texcl_bot.1))
+transform(cbind(h, lag = hz_lag(h)), 
+  clay_dif = lag.clay_bot.1 - clay,
+  texcl_contrast = paste0(texcl, "-", lag.texcl_bot.1)
+)
 
 }
 \seealso{
diff --git a/man/hz_to_taxpartsize.Rd b/man/hz_to_taxpartsize.Rd
index 2daefdf8..8a477fd2 100644
--- a/man/hz_to_taxpartsize.Rd
+++ b/man/hz_to_taxpartsize.Rd
@@ -38,34 +38,29 @@ This function differs from \code{\link{texture_to_taxpartsize}} in that is aggre
 \examples{
 
 h <- data.frame(
-id = 1,
-hzname = c("A", "BA", "Bw", "BC", "C"),
-top    = c( 0, 10, 45, 60,  90),
-bottom = c(10, 45, 60, 90, 150),
-clay   = c(15, 16, 45, 20,  10),
-sand   = c(10, 35, 40, 50,  90),
-frags  = c( 0,  5, 10, 38,  40)
+  id = 1,
+  hzname = c("A", "BA", "Bw", "BC", "C"),
+  top    = c(0, 10, 45, 60,  90),
+  bottom = c(10, 45, 60, 90, 150),
+  clay   = c(15, 16, 45, 20,  10),
+  sand   = c(10, 35, 40, 50,  90),
+  frags  = c(0,  5, 10, 38,  40)
 )
 
-h <- cbind(
-h, 
-texcl = ssc_to_texcl(clay = h$clay, sand = h$sand)
-)
+h <- cbind(h,
+           texcl = ssc_to_texcl(clay = h$clay, sand = h$sand))
 
-pscs <- data.frame(
-id = 1, 
-top = 25, 
-bottom = 100
-)
+pscs <- data.frame(id = 1,
+                   top = 25,
+                   bottom = 100)
 
-h <- cbind(
-h, 
-taxpartsize = texture_to_taxpartsize(
-texcl = h$texcl,
-clay  = h$clay, 
-sand  = h$sand,
-fragvoltot = h$frags
-))
+h <- cbind(h,
+           taxpartsize = texture_to_taxpartsize(
+             texcl = h$texcl,
+             clay  = h$clay,
+             sand  = h$sand,
+             fragvoltot = h$frags
+           ))
 
 depths(h) <- id ~ top + bottom