From a5f2581de2795be2b49d5948976c783837e5cbab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: faucomte97 <f.aucomte@hotmail.co.uk>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 21:26:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] fix: Update Selenium

---
 Pipfile                                       |   4 +-
 Pipfile.lock                                  | 847 ++++++++++--------
 portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/base_page.py  |  22 +-
 .../portal/email_verification_needed_page.py  |   4 +-
 portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/game_page.py  |  20 +-
 portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/home_page.py  |  20 +-
 .../portal/independent_login_page.py          |  12 +-
 .../portal/kurono_teacher_dashboard_page.py   |  16 +-
 .../portal/password_reset_form_page.py        |  17 +-
 .../pageObjects/portal/password_reset_page.py |   8 +-
 .../pageObjects/portal/play/account_page.py   |  28 +-
 .../pageObjects/portal/play/dashboard_page.py |   4 +-
 .../portal/play/join_school_or_club_page.py   |  14 +-
 .../pageObjects/portal/play/play_base_page.py |   8 +-
 .../tests/pageObjects/portal/signup_page.py   |  35 +-
 .../portal/student_login_class_code.py        |  11 +-
 .../pageObjects/portal/student_login_page.py  |  10 +-
 .../add_independent_student_to_class_page.py  |   6 +-
 ...added_independent_student_to_class_page.py |   4 +-
 .../pageObjects/portal/teach/class_page.py    |  30 +-
 .../portal/teach/dashboard_page.py            |  63 +-
 .../portal/teach/dismiss_students_page.py     |  10 +-
 .../portal/teach/edit_student_page.py         |  18 +-
 .../portal/teach/move_class_page.py           |   9 +-
 .../portal/teach/move_classes_page.py         |   6 +-
 .../teach/move_students_disambiguate_page.py  |   6 +-
 .../portal/teach/move_students_page.py        |   9 +-
 .../portal/teach/onboarding_classes_page.py   |   8 +-
 .../teach/onboarding_organisation_page.py     |  13 +-
 .../teach/onboarding_student_list_page.py     |  12 +-
 .../portal/teach/onboarding_students_page.py  |   6 +-
 .../portal/teach/teach_base_page.py           |  10 +-
 .../pageObjects/portal/teacher_login_page.py  |  13 +-
 portal/tests/test_independent_student.py      |  17 +-
 portal/tests/test_invite_teacher.py           |  17 +-
 portal/tests/test_organisation.py             |   5 +-
 portal/tests/test_teacher.py                  |  52 +-
 portal/tests/test_teacher_student.py          |   3 +-
 portal/tests/utils/messages.py                |   4 +-
 39 files changed, 775 insertions(+), 626 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Pipfile b/Pipfile
index fa97c512b..5d3ecb750 100644
--- a/Pipfile
+++ b/Pipfile
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ codeforlife-portal = {path = ".", editable = true}
 cfl-common = {path = "./cfl_common", editable = true}
 
 [dev-packages]
-django-selenium-clean = "==0.3.3"
+django-selenium-clean = "==1.0.0"
 django-test-migrations = "==1.2.0"
 responses = "==0.18.0"
-selenium = "==3.141.0"
+selenium = "==4.9.0"
 snapshottest = "==0.6.0"
 pytest-django = "==4.5.2"
 pytest = "==7.*"
diff --git a/Pipfile.lock b/Pipfile.lock
index 51af28a9c..ba9684d9c 100644
--- a/Pipfile.lock
+++ b/Pipfile.lock
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
     "_meta": {
         "hash": {
-            "sha256": "24bd7ab7b9f5645f6f5c263522071443114990dbd3e3268f8ef6c8fb7b2f2994"
+            "sha256": "b32e10e75dcbe40b70f7f4bbb3d24994c11d9064f36389ecc3a09912deeeb7a2"
         },
         "pipfile-spec": 6,
         "requires": {
@@ -61,84 +61,99 @@
         },
         "charset-normalizer": {
             "hashes": [
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             "markers": "python_full_version >= '3.7.0'",
-            "version": "==3.2.0"
+            "version": "==3.3.0"
         },
         "codeforlife-portal": {
             "editable": true,
@@ -198,11 +213,11 @@
         },
         "django-import-export": {
             "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:38fd7b9439b9e3aa1a4747421c1087a5bc194e915a28d795fb8429a5f8028f2d"
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             ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
-            "version": "==3.2.0"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
+            "version": "==3.3.1"
         },
         "django-js-reverse": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -306,81 +321,79 @@
         },
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-            "version": "==2.0.2"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
+            "version": "==3.0.0"
         },
         "hypothesis": {
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@@ -543,65 +556,63 @@
         },
         "pillow": {
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@@ -830,11 +841,11 @@
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@@ -846,19 +857,19 @@
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@@ -876,11 +887,11 @@
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@@ -892,6 +903,14 @@
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
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@@ -930,84 +949,99 @@
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-                "sha256:8a07b692129b8a14ad7a37941a3029c291254feb7a4237f245cfae2de78de037",
-                "sha256:966f10df9b2b2115da87f50f6a248e313c72a668248be1b9060ce935c871f276",
-                "sha256:a6191b3a6ad3e09b6cfd75b45c6aeeffe7e3b0ad46b268345d159b8df8d835f9",
-                "sha256:aab8e9464c00da5cb9c536150b7fbcd8850d376d1151741dd0d16dfe1ba4fd26",
-                "sha256:ac3c5b7e75acac31e490b7851595212ed951889918d398b7afa12736c85e13ce",
-                "sha256:ac9ad38204887349853d7c313f53a7b1c210ce138c73859e925bc4e5d8fc18e7",
-                "sha256:b9c0c19f70d30219113b18fe07e372b244fb2a773d4afde29d5a2f7930765136",
-                "sha256:c397c70cd20f6df7d2a52283857af622d5f23300c4ca8e5bd8c7a543825baa5a",
-                "sha256:c6601a60318f9c3945be6ea0f2a80571f4299b6801716f8a6e4846892737ebe4",
-                "sha256:c6f55d38818ca9596dc9019eae19a47410d5322408140d9a0076001a3dcb938c",
-                "sha256:ca70466ca3a17460e8fc9cea7123c8cbef5ada4be3140a1ef8f7b63f2f37108f",
-                "sha256:ca833941ec701fda15414be400c3259479bfde7ae6d806b69e63b3dc423b1832",
-                "sha256:cd0f7429ecfd1ff597389907045ff209c8fdb5b013d38cfa7c60728cb484b6e3",
-                "sha256:cd694e19c031733e446c8024dedd12a00cda87e1c10bd7b8539a87963685e969",
-                "sha256:cdd088c00c39a27cfa5329349cc763a48761fdc785879220d54eb785c8a38520",
-                "sha256:de30c1aa80f30af0f6b2058a91505ea6e36d6535d437520067f525f7df123887",
-                "sha256:defbbb51121189722420a208957e26e49809feafca6afeef325df66c39c4fdb3",
-                "sha256:f09195dda68d94a53123883de75bb97b0e35f5f6f9f3aa5bf6e496da718f0cb6",
-                "sha256:f12d8b11a54f32688b165fd1a788c408f927b0960984b899be7e4c190ae758f1",
-                "sha256:f1a317fdf5c122ad642db8a97964733ab7c3cf6009e1a8ae8821089993f175ff",
-                "sha256:f2781fd3cabc28278dc982a352f50c81c09a1a500cc2086dc4249853ea96b981",
-                "sha256:f4f456590eefb6e1b3c9ea6328c1e9fa0f1006e7481179d749b3376fc793478e"
+                "sha256:0cbf38419fb1a347aaf63481c00f0bdc86889d9fbf3f25109cf96c26b403fda1",
+                "sha256:12d15ab5833a997716d76f2ac1e4b4d536814fc213c85ca72756c19e5a6b3d63",
+                "sha256:149de1d2401ae4655c436a3dced6dd153f4c3309f599c3d4bd97ab172eaf02d9",
+                "sha256:1981f785239e4e39e6444c63a98da3a1db8e971cb9ceb50a945ba6296b43f312",
+                "sha256:2443cbda35df0d35dcfb9bf8f3c02c57c1d6111169e3c85fc1fcc05e0c9f39a3",
+                "sha256:289fe43bf45a575e3ab10b26d7b6f2ddb9ee2dba447499f5401cfb5ecb8196bb",
+                "sha256:2f11cc3c967a09d3695d2a6f03fb3e6236622b93be7a4b5dc09166a861be6d25",
+                "sha256:307adb8bd3abe389a471e649038a71b4eb13bfd6b7dd9a129fa856f5c695cf92",
+                "sha256:310b3bb9c91ea66d59c53fa4989f57d2436e08f18fb2f421a1b0b6b8cc7fffda",
+                "sha256:315a989e861031334d7bee1f9113c8770472db2ac484e5b8c3173428360a9148",
+                "sha256:3a4006916aa6fee7cd38db3bfc95aa9c54ebb4ffbfc47c677c8bba949ceba0a6",
+                "sha256:3c7bba973ebee5e56fe9251300c00f1579652587a9f4a5ed8404b15a0471f216",
+                "sha256:4175e10cc8dda0265653e8714b3174430b07c1dca8957f4966cbd6c2b1b8065a",
+                "sha256:43668cabd5ca8258f5954f27a3aaf78757e6acf13c17604d89648ecc0cc66640",
+                "sha256:4cbae1051ab791debecc4a5dcc4a1ff45fc27b91b9aee165c8a27514dd160836",
+                "sha256:5c913b556a116b8d5f6ef834038ba983834d887d82187c8f73dec21049abd65c",
+                "sha256:5f7363d3b6a1119ef05015959ca24a9afc0ea8a02c687fe7e2d557705375c01f",
+                "sha256:630b13e3036e13c7adc480ca42fa7afc2a5d938081d28e20903cf7fd687872e2",
+                "sha256:72c0cfa5250f483181e677ebc97133ea1ab3eb68645e494775deb6a7f6f83901",
+                "sha256:7dbc3ed60e8659bc59b6b304b43ff9c3ed858da2839c78b804973f613d3e92ed",
+                "sha256:88ed2c30a49ea81ea3b7f172e0269c182a44c236eb394718f976239892c0a27a",
+                "sha256:89a937174104339e3a3ffcf9f446c00e3a806c28b1841c63edb2b369310fd074",
+                "sha256:9028a3871280110d6e1aa2df1afd5ef003bab5fb1ef421d6dc748ae1c8ef2ebc",
+                "sha256:99b89d9f76070237975b315b3d5f4d6956ae354a4c92ac2388a5695516e47c84",
+                "sha256:9f805d62aec8eb92bab5b61c0f07329275b6f41c97d80e847b03eb894f38d083",
+                "sha256:a889ae02f43aa45032afe364c8ae84ad3c54828c2faa44f3bfcafecb5c96b02f",
+                "sha256:aa72dbaf2c2068404b9870d93436e6d23addd8bbe9295f49cbca83f6e278179c",
+                "sha256:ac8c802fa29843a72d32ec56d0ca792ad15a302b28ca6203389afe21f8fa062c",
+                "sha256:ae97af89f0fbf373400970c0a21eef5aa941ffeed90aee43650b81f7d7f47637",
+                "sha256:af3d828d2c1cbae52d34bdbb22fcd94d1ce715d95f1a012354a75e5913f1bda2",
+                "sha256:b4275802d16882cf9c8b3d057a0839acb07ee9379fa2749eca54efbce1535b82",
+                "sha256:b4767da59464bb593c07afceaddea61b154136300881844768037fd5e859353f",
+                "sha256:b631c92dfe601adf8f5ebc7fc13ced6bb6e9609b19d9a8cd59fa47c4186ad1ce",
+                "sha256:be32ad29341b0170e795ca590e1c07e81fc061cb5b10c74ce7203491484404ef",
+                "sha256:beaa5c1b4777f03fc63dfd2a6bd820f73f036bfb10e925fce067b00a340d0f3f",
+                "sha256:c0ba320de3fb8c6ec16e0be17ee1d3d69adcda99406c43c0409cb5c41788a611",
+                "sha256:c9eacf273e885b02a0273bb3a2170f30e2d53a6d53b72dbe02d6701b5296101c",
+                "sha256:cb536f0dcd14149425996821a168f6e269d7dcd2c273a8bff8201e79f5104e76",
+                "sha256:d1bc430677773397f64a5c88cb522ea43175ff16f8bfcc89d467d974cb2274f9",
+                "sha256:d1c88ec1a7ff4ebca0219f5b1ef863451d828cccf889c173e1253aa84b1e07ce",
+                "sha256:d3d9df4051c4a7d13036524b66ecf7a7537d14c18a384043f30a303b146164e9",
+                "sha256:d51ac2a26f71da1b57f2dc81d0e108b6ab177e7d30e774db90675467c847bbdf",
+                "sha256:d872145f3a3231a5f20fd48500274d7df222e291d90baa2026cc5152b7ce86bf",
+                "sha256:d8f17966e861ff97305e0801134e69db33b143bbfb36436efb9cfff6ec7b2fd9",
+                "sha256:dbc1b46b92186cc8074fee9d9fbb97a9dd06c6cbbef391c2f59d80eabdf0faa6",
+                "sha256:e10c39c0452bf6e694511c901426d6b5ac005acc0f78ff265dbe36bf81f808a2",
+                "sha256:e267e9e2b574a176ddb983399dec325a80dbe161f1a32715c780b5d14b5f583a",
+                "sha256:f47d39359e2c3779c5331fc740cf4bce6d9d680a7b4b4ead97056a0ae07cb49a",
+                "sha256:f6e9589bd04d0461a417562649522575d8752904d35c12907d8c9dfeba588faf",
+                "sha256:f94b734214ea6a36fe16e96a70d941af80ff3bfd716c141300d95ebc85339738",
+                "sha256:fa28e909776dc69efb6ed975a63691bc8172b64ff357e663a1bb06ff3c9b589a",
+                "sha256:fe494faa90ce6381770746077243231e0b83ff3f17069d748f645617cefe19d4"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
-            "version": "==7.3.1"
+            "version": "==7.3.2"
         },
         "defusedxml": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -1104,19 +1138,19 @@
         },
         "django-import-export": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:1d3f2cb2ee3cca0386ed60651fa1623be989f130d9fbdf98a67f7dc3a94b8a37",
-                "sha256:38fd7b9439b9e3aa1a4747421c1087a5bc194e915a28d795fb8429a5f8028f2d"
+                "sha256:88ecaf06be06bd95d97cf34f3c911c56c012a7a81712a8956740e5bfc2465162",
+                "sha256:d02e31908c965d512cc6f7ef6e72935177647b15d3846050d0f094177fca0d86"
             ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
-            "version": "==3.2.0"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
+            "version": "==3.3.1"
         },
         "django-selenium-clean": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:19c2ef55558e7d57dd7fda690f0e6830b461098c564d736f93be37dcbfb42560",
-                "sha256:98c20ee83c4554397ff3ef226bebd0d8962891303162b9f874687490474d88e9"
+                "sha256:35982f7af664f578b6db48053ade5e4260f96c13d778308b992007a548d1fc26",
+                "sha256:a31b71a92934399597c1fa84401892987524d95168f48ea4212812f6f05d1eaa"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.3.3"
+            "version": "==1.0.0"
         },
         "django-test-migrations": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -1157,6 +1191,14 @@
             ],
             "version": "==0.3.0"
         },
+        "h11": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:8f19fbbe99e72420ff35c00b27a34cb9937e902a8b810e2c88300c6f0a3b699d",
+                "sha256:e3fe4ac4b851c468cc8363d500db52c2ead036020723024a109d37346efaa761"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
+            "version": "==0.14.0"
+        },
         "idna": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:814f528e8dead7d329833b91c5faa87d60bf71824cd12a7530b5526063d02cb4",
@@ -1201,13 +1243,21 @@
             ],
             "version": "==3.1.2"
         },
+        "outcome": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:6f82bd3de45da303cf1f771ecafa1633750a358436a8bb60e06a1ceb745d2672",
+                "sha256:c4ab89a56575d6d38a05aa16daeaa333109c1f96167aba8901ab18b6b5e0f7f5"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
+            "version": "==1.2.0"
+        },
         "packaging": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:994793af429502c4ea2ebf6bf664629d07c1a9fe974af92966e4b8d2df7edc61",
-                "sha256:a392980d2b6cffa644431898be54b0045151319d1e7ec34f0cfed48767dd334f"
+                "sha256:048fb0e9405036518eaaf48a55953c750c11e1a1b68e0dd1a9d62ed0c092cfc5",
+                "sha256:8c491190033a9af7e1d931d0b5dacc2ef47509b34dd0de67ed209b5203fc88c7"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
-            "version": "==23.1"
+            "version": "==23.2"
         },
         "pathspec": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -1219,11 +1269,11 @@
         },
         "platformdirs": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:b45696dab2d7cc691a3226759c0d3b00c47c8b6e293d96f6436f733303f77f6d",
-                "sha256:d7c24979f292f916dc9cbf8648319032f551ea8c49a4c9bf2fb556a02070ec1d"
+                "sha256:cf8ee52a3afdb965072dcc652433e0c7e3e40cf5ea1477cd4b3b1d2eb75495b3",
+                "sha256:e9d171d00af68be50e9202731309c4e658fd8bc76f55c11c7dd760d023bda68e"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
-            "version": "==3.10.0"
+            "version": "==3.11.0"
         },
         "pluggy": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -1241,6 +1291,14 @@
             "index": "pypi",
             "version": "==2.10.6"
         },
+        "pysocks": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:08e69f092cc6dbe92a0fdd16eeb9b9ffbc13cadfe5ca4c7bd92ffb078b293299",
+                "sha256:2725bd0a9925919b9b51739eea5f9e2bae91e83288108a9ad338b2e3a4435ee5",
+                "sha256:3f8804571ebe159c380ac6de37643bb4685970655d3bba243530d6558b799aa0"
+            ],
+            "version": "==1.7.1"
+        },
         "pytest": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:1d881c6124e08ff0a1bb75ba3ec0bfd8b5354a01c194ddd5a0a870a48d99b002",
@@ -1357,11 +1415,11 @@
         },
         "selenium": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:2d7131d7bc5a5b99a2d9b04aaf2612c411b03b8ca1b1ee8d3de5845a9be2cb3c",
-                "sha256:deaf32b60ad91a4611b98d8002757f29e6f2c2d5fcaf202e1c9ad06d6772300d"
+                "sha256:478fae77cdfaec32adb1e68d59632c8c191f920535282abcaa2d1a3d98655624",
+                "sha256:4c19e6aac202719373108d53a5a8e9336ba8d2b25822ca32ae6ff37acbabbdbe"
             ],
             "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==3.141.0"
+            "version": "==4.9.0"
         },
         "six": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -1379,6 +1437,21 @@
             "index": "pypi",
             "version": "==0.6.0"
         },
+        "sniffio": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:e60305c5e5d314f5389259b7f22aaa33d8f7dee49763119234af3755c55b9101",
+                "sha256:eecefdce1e5bbfb7ad2eeaabf7c1eeb404d7757c379bd1f7e5cce9d8bf425384"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
+            "version": "==1.3.0"
+        },
+        "sortedcontainers": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:25caa5a06cc30b6b83d11423433f65d1f9d76c4c6a0c90e3379eaa43b9bfdb88",
+                "sha256:a163dcaede0f1c021485e957a39245190e74249897e2ae4b2aa38595db237ee0"
+            ],
+            "version": "==2.4.0"
+        },
         "sqlparse": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:5430a4fe2ac7d0f93e66f1efc6e1338a41884b7ddf2a350cedd20ccc4d9d28f3",
@@ -1418,21 +1491,37 @@
             "markers": "python_version < '3.11'",
             "version": "==2.0.1"
         },
-        "typing-extensions": {
+        "trio": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:440d5dd3af93b060174bf433bccd69b0babc3b15b1a8dca43789fd7f61514b36",
-                "sha256:b75ddc264f0ba5615db7ba217daeb99701ad295353c45f9e95963337ceeeffb2"
+                "sha256:3887cf18c8bcc894433420305468388dac76932e9668afa1c49aa3806b6accb3",
+                "sha256:f43da357620e5872b3d940a2e3589aa251fd3f881b65a608d742e00809b1ec38"
             ],
             "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
-            "version": "==4.7.1"
+            "version": "==0.22.2"
+        },
+        "trio-websocket": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:18c11793647703c158b1f6e62de638acada927344d534e3c7628eedcb746839f",
+                "sha256:520d046b0d030cf970b8b2b2e00c4c2245b3807853ecd44214acd33d74581638"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
+            "version": "==0.11.1"
+        },
+        "typing-extensions": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:8f92fc8806f9a6b641eaa5318da32b44d401efaac0f6678c9bc448ba3605faa0",
+                "sha256:df8e4339e9cb77357558cbdbceca33c303714cf861d1eef15e1070055ae8b7ef"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.8'",
+            "version": "==4.8.0"
         },
         "urllib3": {
             "hashes": [
-                "sha256:8d36afa7616d8ab714608411b4a3b13e58f463aee519024578e062e141dce20f",
-                "sha256:8f135f6502756bde6b2a9b28989df5fbe87c9970cecaa69041edcce7f0589b14"
+                "sha256:7a7c7003b000adf9e7ca2a377c9688bbc54ed41b985789ed576570342a375cd2",
+                "sha256:b19e1a85d206b56d7df1d5e683df4a7725252a964e3993648dd0fb5a1c157564"
             ],
-            "markers": "python_version >= '2.7' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5'",
-            "version": "==1.26.16"
+            "markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
+            "version": "==2.0.6"
         },
         "wasmer": {
             "hashes": [
@@ -1472,6 +1561,14 @@
             ],
             "version": "==1.1.0"
         },
+        "wsproto": {
+            "hashes": [
+                "sha256:ad565f26ecb92588a3e43bc3d96164de84cd9902482b130d0ddbaa9664a85065",
+                "sha256:b9acddd652b585d75b20477888c56642fdade28bdfd3579aa24a4d2c037dd736"
+            ],
+            "markers": "python_full_version >= '3.7.0'",
+            "version": "==1.2.0"
+        },
         "xlrd": {
             "hashes": [
                 "sha256:6a33ee89877bd9abc1158129f6e94be74e2679636b8a205b43b85206c3f0bbdd",
@@ -1487,4 +1584,4 @@
             "version": "==1.3.0"
         }
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/base_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/base_page.py
index 508d615be..a41c7ad72 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/base_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/base_page.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
-from builtins import object
 import time
+from builtins import object
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
+from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
 from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
 from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
-from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
 
 FADE_TIME = 0.5
 
@@ -74,27 +74,27 @@ def on_correct_page(self, pageName):
         return self.element_exists_by_id(pageName)
 
     def hover_over_resources_dropdown(self):
-        resources_dropdown = self.browser.find_element_by_id("teaching_resources_button")
+        resources_dropdown = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teaching_resources_button")
         hover = ActionChains(self.browser).move_to_element(resources_dropdown)
         hover.perform()
 
     def go_to_rapid_router_resources_page(self):
         self.hover_over_resources_dropdown()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("rapid_router_resources_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "rapid_router_resources_button").click()
         from .resources_page import ResourcesPage
 
         return ResourcesPage(self.browser)
 
     def go_to_kurono_resources_page(self):
         self.hover_over_resources_dropdown()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("kurono_resources_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "kurono_resources_button").click()
         from .resources_page import ResourcesPage
 
         return ResourcesPage(self.browser)
 
     def go_to_kurono_teacher_dashboard_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("games_button").click()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("teacher_kurono_dashboard_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "games_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teacher_kurono_dashboard_button").click()
         from .kurono_teacher_dashboard_page import KuronoTeacherDashboardPage
 
         return KuronoTeacherDashboardPage(self.browser)
@@ -112,19 +112,19 @@ def is_on_403_forbidden(self):
         return self.on_correct_page("403_forbidden")
 
     def was_form_invalid(self, formID, error):
-        errors = self.browser.find_element_by_id(formID).find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+        errors = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, formID).find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         return error in errors
 
     def is_dialog_showing(self):
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
-        return self.browser.find_element_by_id("popup").is_displayed()
+        return self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "popup").is_displayed()
 
     def confirm_dialog(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("confirm_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "confirm_button").click()
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
         return self
 
     def cancel_dialog(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("cancel_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "cancel_button").click()
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
         return self
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/email_verification_needed_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/email_verification_needed_page.py
index 90b03ff30..7f1a5c868 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/email_verification_needed_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/email_verification_needed_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from . import home_page
 from .base_page import BasePage
 
@@ -10,5 +12,5 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("emailVerificationNeeded_page")
 
     def return_to_home_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("home_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "home_button").click()
         return home_page.HomePage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/game_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/game_page.py
index 46e84e027..8028db181 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/game_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/game_page.py
@@ -25,20 +25,20 @@ def _dismiss_initial_dialog(self):
 
     def dismiss_dialog(self, button_id):
         self.wait_for_element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, button_id))
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id(button_id).click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, button_id).click()
         self.wait_for_element_to_be_invisible((By.ID, button_id))
 
     def load_solution(self, workspace_id):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("load_tab").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "load_tab").click()
         selector = "#loadWorkspaceTable tr[value='" + str(workspace_id) + "']"
         self.wait_for_element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector))
-        self.browser.find_element_by_css_selector(selector).click()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("loadWorkspace").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, selector).click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "loadWorkspace").click()
         time.sleep(1)
         return self
 
     def clear(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("clear_tab").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "clear_tab").click()
         return self
 
     def try_again(self):
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def try_again(self):
         return self
 
     def step(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("step_tab").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "step_tab").click()
         return self
 
     def assert_is_green_light(self, traffic_light_index):
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ def assert_is_red_light(self, traffic_light_index):
         self._assert_light_is_on(traffic_light_index, "red")
 
     def _assert_light_is_on(self, traffic_light_index, colour):
-        image = self.browser.find_element_by_id("trafficLight_%s_%s" % (traffic_light_index, colour))
+        image = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "trafficLight_%s_%s" % (traffic_light_index, colour))
 
         assert_that(image.get_attribute("opacity"), equal_to("1"))
 
     def run_program(self, wait_for_element_id="algorithmScore"):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("fast_tab").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "fast_tab").click()
 
         try:
             self.wait_for_element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, wait_for_element_id), 45)
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@ def run_program_that_runs_out_of_instructions(self):
 
     def _run_failing_program(self, text):
         self.run_program("try_again_button")
-        error_message = self.browser.find_element_by_id("myModal-lead").text
+        error_message = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "myModal-lead").text
         assert_that(error_message, contains_string(text))
         return self
 
     def _assert_score(self, element_id, score):
-        route_score = self.browser.find_element_by_id(element_id).text
+        route_score = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, element_id).text
         assert_that(route_score, equal_to(score))
         return self
 
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/home_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/home_page.py
index 978702878..398851c7d 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/home_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/home_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from .base_page import BasePage
 
 
@@ -9,36 +11,36 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("home_page")
 
     def go_to_teacher_login_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("login_dropdown").click()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("teacher_login_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "login_dropdown").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teacher_login_button").click()
 
         from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.teacher_login_page import TeacherLoginPage
 
         return TeacherLoginPage(self.browser)
 
     def teacher_logout(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("logout_menu").click()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("logout_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "logout_menu").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "logout_button").click()
         return HomePage(self.browser)
 
     def go_to_independent_student_login_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("login_dropdown").click()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("independent_login_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "login_dropdown").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "independent_login_button").click()
 
         from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.independent_login_page import IndependentStudentLoginPage
 
         return IndependentStudentLoginPage(self.browser)
 
     def go_to_student_login_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("login_dropdown").click()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_login_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "login_dropdown").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_login_button").click()
 
         from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.student_login_class_code import StudentLoginClassCodePage
 
         return StudentLoginClassCodePage(self.browser)
 
     def go_to_signup_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("signup_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "signup_button").click()
 
         import portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.signup_page as signup_page
 
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/independent_login_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/independent_login_page.py
index 8fd16b2a3..a16605795 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/independent_login_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/independent_login_page.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from .base_page import BasePage
 from .password_reset_page import PasswordResetPage
 from .play import dashboard_page
@@ -19,14 +21,14 @@ def independent_student_login_failure(self, email, password):
         return self
 
     def _independent_student_login(self, email, password):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_username").send_keys(email)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_password").send_keys(password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("independent_student_login").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_username").send_keys(email)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_password").send_keys(password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "independent_student_login").click()
 
     def go_to_indep_forgotten_password_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_forgotten_password_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_forgotten_password_button").click()
         return PasswordResetPage(self.browser)
 
     def has_login_failed(self, form_id, error):
-        errors = self.browser.find_element_by_id(form_id).find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+        errors = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, form_id).find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         return error in errors
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/kurono_teacher_dashboard_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/kurono_teacher_dashboard_page.py
index 641bc9515..37e831cb7 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/kurono_teacher_dashboard_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/kurono_teacher_dashboard_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from .base_page import BasePage
 
 
@@ -12,14 +14,14 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
     def create_game(self, class_id):
         self._click_add_game_dropdown()
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id(f"class_{class_id}").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, f"class_{class_id}").click()
 
         return self
 
     def change_game_worksheet(self, worksheet_id):
         self._click_change_worksheet_dropdown()
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id(f"worksheet_{worksheet_id}").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, f"worksheet_{worksheet_id}").click()
 
         self.confirm_dialog()
 
@@ -28,20 +30,20 @@ def change_game_worksheet(self, worksheet_id):
     def delete_games(self, game_ids):
         # Tick checkboxes
         for game_id in game_ids:
-            self.browser.find_element_by_xpath(f"//input[@name='game_ids' and @value='{game_id}']").click()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.XPATH, f"//input[@name='game_ids' and @value='{game_id}']").click()
 
         # Click delete
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("deleteGamesButton").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "deleteGamesButton").click()
 
         self.confirm_dialog()
 
         return self
 
     def _click_change_worksheet_confirm_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("confirm_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "confirm_button").click()
 
     def _click_add_game_dropdown(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("add_class_dropdown").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "add_class_dropdown").click()
 
     def _click_change_worksheet_dropdown(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("worksheets_dropdown").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "worksheets_dropdown").click()
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/password_reset_form_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/password_reset_form_page.py
index 0178abbe3..beec01e29 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/password_reset_form_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/password_reset_form_page.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
-from .base_page import BasePage
-
 from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
+from .base_page import BasePage
 
 
 class PasswordResetPage(BasePage):
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ def teacher_reset_password(self, new_password):
         self.clear_and_fill("new_password1", new_password)
         self.clear_and_fill("new_password2", new_password)
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("teacher_update_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teacher_update_button").click()
 
         self.wait_for_element_by_id("reset_password_done_page")
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ def student_reset_password(self, new_password):
         self.clear_and_fill("new_password1", new_password)
         self.clear_and_fill("new_password2", new_password)
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_update_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_update_button").click()
 
         self.wait_for_element_by_id("reset_password_done_page")
 
@@ -36,14 +37,14 @@ def reset_password_fail(self, new_password):
         self.clear_and_fill("new_password2", new_password)
 
         try:
-            update_button = self.browser.find_element_by_id("teacher_update_button")
+            update_button = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teacher_update_button")
         except NoSuchElementException:
-            update_button = self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_update_button")
+            update_button = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_update_button")
 
         update_button.click()
 
         return self
 
     def clear_and_fill(self, field, value):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).clear()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).send_keys(value)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).clear()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).send_keys(value)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/password_reset_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/password_reset_page.py
index 1de99c162..d734132c8 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/password_reset_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/password_reset_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from .base_page import BasePage
 from .home_page import HomePage
 
@@ -11,13 +13,13 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("reset_password_page")
 
     def cancel(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("cancel_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "cancel_button").click()
         return HomePage(self.browser)
 
     def reset_email_submit(self, email):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_email").send_keys(email)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_email").send_keys(email)
 
         self.wait_for_element_by_id("reset_button")
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("reset_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "reset_button").click()
         return self
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/account_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/account_page.py
index c8747a1e6..8baef5a5b 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/account_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/account_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.email_verification_needed_page import EmailVerificationNeededPage
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.independent_login_page import IndependentStudentLoginPage
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.play.dashboard_page import PlayDashboardPage
@@ -17,18 +19,18 @@ def check_account_details(self, details):
         correct = True
 
         for field, value in list(details.items()):
-            correct &= self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).get_attribute("value") == value
+            correct &= self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).get_attribute("value") == value
 
         return correct
 
     def _change_details(self, details):
         for field, value in list(details.items()):
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).clear()
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).send_keys(value)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("update_button").click()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).clear()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).send_keys(value)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "update_button").click()
 
     def submit_empty_form(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("update_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "update_button").click()
         return self
 
     def update_password_failure(self, new_password, confirm_new_password, old_password):
@@ -55,13 +57,13 @@ def change_email(self, new_email, password):
         return EmailVerificationNeededPage(self.browser)
 
     def _update_password(self, new_password, confirm_new_password, old_password):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_password").send_keys(new_password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_confirm_password").send_keys(confirm_new_password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_current_password").send_keys(old_password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("update_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_password").send_keys(new_password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_confirm_password").send_keys(confirm_new_password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_current_password").send_keys(old_password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "update_button").click()
 
     def _update_name(self, new_name, password):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_name").clear()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_name").send_keys(new_name)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_current_password").send_keys(password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("update_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").clear()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(new_name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_current_password").send_keys(password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "update_button").click()
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/dashboard_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/dashboard_page.py
index 4301fe91d..6afb3aa73 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/dashboard_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/dashboard_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.play.join_school_or_club_page import JoinSchoolOrClubPage
 from .play_base_page import PlayBasePage
 
@@ -11,6 +13,6 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("play_dashboard_page")
 
     def go_to_join_a_school_or_club_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_join_school_link").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_join_school_link").click()
 
         return JoinSchoolOrClubPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/join_school_or_club_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/join_school_or_club_page.py
index 9157f1981..367f60349 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/join_school_or_club_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/join_school_or_club_page.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.play.play_base_page import PlayBasePage
 
 
@@ -8,24 +10,24 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("play_join_organisation_page")
 
     def join_a_school_or_club(self, access_code):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_access_code").send_keys(access_code)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("request_join_a_school_or_club_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_access_code").send_keys(access_code)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "request_join_a_school_or_club_button").click()
         assert self.element_exists_by_css(".success")
 
         return self
 
     def join_a_school_or_club_failure(self, access_code):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_access_code").send_keys(access_code)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("request_join_a_school_or_club_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_access_code").send_keys(access_code)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "request_join_a_school_or_club_button").click()
         assert not self.element_exists_by_css(".success")
 
         return self
 
     def has_join_request_failed(self, error):
-        errors = self.browser.find_element_by_id("join_class_form").find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+        errors = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "join_class_form").find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         return error in errors
 
     def revoke_join_request(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("revoke_join_request").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "revoke_join_request").click()
 
         return self
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/play_base_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/play_base_page.py
index 2ffa49c3c..cdfe07ff2 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/play_base_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/play/play_base_page.py
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 import time
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.base_page import BasePage
 
 
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
 
     def logout(self):
         self.open_user_options_box()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("logout_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "logout_button").click()
 
         from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.home_page import HomePage
 
@@ -19,12 +21,12 @@ def logout(self):
 
     def go_to_account_page(self):
         self.open_user_options_box()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_edit_account_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_edit_account_button").click()
 
         from .account_page import PlayAccountPage
 
         return PlayAccountPage(self.browser)
 
     def open_user_options_box(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("logout_menu").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "logout_menu").click()
         time.sleep(1)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/signup_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/signup_page.py
index 0b5646fad..7122974d9 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/signup_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/signup_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
 from . import email_verification_needed_page
@@ -22,17 +23,17 @@ def signup(
         success=True,
         newsletter=False,
     ):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_teacher_signup-teacher_first_name").send_keys(first_name)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_teacher_signup-teacher_last_name").send_keys(last_name)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_teacher_signup-teacher_email").send_keys(email)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_teacher_signup-teacher_password").send_keys(password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_teacher_signup-teacher_confirm_password").send_keys(confirm_password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_teacher_signup-consent_ticked").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_teacher_signup-teacher_first_name").send_keys(first_name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_teacher_signup-teacher_last_name").send_keys(last_name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_teacher_signup-teacher_email").send_keys(email)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_teacher_signup-teacher_password").send_keys(password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_teacher_signup-teacher_confirm_password").send_keys(confirm_password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_teacher_signup-consent_ticked").click()
 
         if newsletter:
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_teacher_signup-newsletter_ticked").click()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_teacher_signup-newsletter_ticked").click()
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("teacher_signup").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "teacher_signup").click()
 
         if success:
             return email_verification_needed_page.EmailVerificationNeededPage(self.browser)
@@ -40,22 +41,22 @@ def signup(
             return self
 
     def independent_student_signup(self, name, email_address, password, confirm_password, success=True):
-        dob_day_element = self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_independent_student_signup-date_of_birth_day")
-        dob_month_element = self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_independent_student_signup-date_of_birth_month")
-        dob_year_element = self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_independent_student_signup-date_of_birth_year")
+        dob_day_element = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_independent_student_signup-date_of_birth_day")
+        dob_month_element = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_independent_student_signup-date_of_birth_month")
+        dob_year_element = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_independent_student_signup-date_of_birth_year")
         day_select = Select(dob_day_element)
         month_select = Select(dob_month_element)
         year_select = Select(dob_year_element)
         day_select.select_by_value("7")
         month_select.select_by_value("10")
         year_select.select_by_value("1997")
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_independent_student_signup-name").send_keys(name)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_independent_student_signup-email").send_keys(email_address)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_independent_student_signup-password").send_keys(password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_independent_student_signup-confirm_password").send_keys(confirm_password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_independent_student_signup-consent_ticked").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_independent_student_signup-name").send_keys(name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_independent_student_signup-email").send_keys(email_address)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_independent_student_signup-password").send_keys(password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_independent_student_signup-confirm_password").send_keys(confirm_password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_independent_student_signup-consent_ticked").click()
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("independent_student_signup").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "independent_student_signup").click()
         if success:
             from .email_verification_needed_page import EmailVerificationNeededPage
 
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/student_login_class_code.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/student_login_class_code.py
index e9dd29921..594beb07c 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/student_login_class_code.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/student_login_class_code.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from .base_page import BasePage
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from . import student_login_page
-import time
+from .base_page import BasePage
 
 
 class StudentLoginClassCodePage(BasePage):
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ def student_input_access_code_failure(self, access_code):
         return self
 
     def _student_input_access_code(self, access_code):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_access_code").send_keys(access_code)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("school_login_class_code").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_access_code").send_keys(access_code)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "school_login_class_code").click()
 
     def has_access_code_input_failed(self, form_id, error):
-        errors = self.browser.find_element_by_id(form_id).find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+        errors = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, form_id).find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         return error in errors
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/student_login_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/student_login_page.py
index 7a19387fd..acc26e927 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/student_login_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/student_login_page.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from .base_page import BasePage
 from .play import dashboard_page
 
@@ -18,10 +20,10 @@ def student_login_failure(self, name, password):
         return self
 
     def _student_login(self, name, password):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_username").send_keys(name)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_password").send_keys(password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("school_login").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_username").send_keys(name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_password").send_keys(password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "school_login").click()
 
     def has_login_failed(self, form_id, error):
-        errors = self.browser.find_element_by_id(form_id).find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+        errors = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, form_id).find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         return error in errors
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/add_independent_student_to_class_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/add_independent_student_to_class_page.py
index ef40158b6..bde454a5e 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/add_independent_student_to_class_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/add_independent_student_to_class_page.py
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("add_independent_student_to_class")
 
     def _rename(self, name):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_name").clear()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_name").send_keys(name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").clear()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(name)
 
     def save(self, name):
         self._rename(name)
         self.wait_for_element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "save_student_name_button"))
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("save_student_name_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "save_student_name_button").click()
 
         return AddedIndependentStudentToClassPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/added_independent_student_to_class_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/added_independent_student_to_class_page.py
index bca4ee7b8..858bfc573 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/added_independent_student_to_class_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/added_independent_student_to_class_page.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.teach.class_page import TeachClassPage
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.teach.teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
@@ -9,6 +11,6 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("added_independent_student_to_class")
 
     def return_to_class(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("return_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "return_button").click()
 
         return TeachClassPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/class_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/class_page.py
index 9b24c6b55..f7b72f995 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/class_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/class_page.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from .teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
 
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("teach_class_page")
 
     def type_student_name(self, name):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_names").send_keys(name + "\n")
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_names").send_keys(name + "\n")
         return self
 
     def create_students(self):
@@ -19,14 +21,14 @@ def create_students(self):
         return onboarding_student_list_page.OnboardingStudentListPage(self.browser)
 
     def click_create_students(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("new_students").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "new_students").click()
         return self
 
     def adding_students_failed(self):
         if not self.element_exists_by_css(".errorlist"):
             return False
 
-        error_list = self.browser.find_element_by_id("form-create-students").find_element_by_class_name("errorlist")
+        error_list = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "form-create-students").find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist")
 
         return error_list.text
 
@@ -34,35 +36,35 @@ def duplicate_students(self, name):
         if not self.element_exists_by_css(".errorlist"):
             return False
 
-        errors = self.browser.find_element_by_id("form-create-students").find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+        errors = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "form-create-students").find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         error = "You cannot add more than one student called '{0}'".format(name)
         return error in errors
 
     def student_exists(self, name):
-        return name in self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_table").text
+        return name in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_table").text
 
     def delete_students(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("deleteSelectedStudents").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "deleteSelectedStudents").click()
         return self
 
     def reset_passwords(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("resetSelectedStudents").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "resetSelectedStudents").click()
         return self
 
     def move_students(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("moveSelectedStudents").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "moveSelectedStudents").click()
 
         import portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.teach.move_students_page as move_students_page
 
         return move_students_page.TeachMoveStudentsPage(self.browser)
 
     def move_students_none_selected(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("moveSelectedStudents").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "moveSelectedStudents").click()
 
         return self
 
     def dismiss_students(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("dismissSelectedStudents").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "dismissSelectedStudents").click()
 
         import portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.teach.dismiss_students_page as dismiss_students_page
 
@@ -81,25 +83,25 @@ def confirm_reset_student_dialog(self):
         return onboarding_student_list_page.OnboardingStudentListPage(self.browser)
 
     def toggle_select_student(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_checkbox").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_checkbox").click()
         return self
 
     def toggle_all_students(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("selectedStudentsListToggle").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "selectedStudentsListToggle").click()
         return self
 
     def has_students(self):
         return self.element_exists_by_id("student_table")
 
     def go_to_edit_student_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("edit_student_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "edit_student_button").click()
 
         import portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.teach.edit_student_page as edit_student_page
 
         return edit_student_page.EditStudentPage(self.browser)
 
     def go_to_dashboard(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("return_to_classes_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "return_to_classes_button").click()
         # stop scrolling animation and scroll to top as the classes page will scroll to classes by default
         self.browser.execute_script("$('html,body').stop();window.scrollTo(0, 0)")
 
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/dashboard_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/dashboard_page.py
index 177d425ee..4edcfda1e 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/dashboard_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/dashboard_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
 from .add_independent_student_to_class_page import AddIndependentStudentToClassPage
@@ -16,19 +17,19 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("teach_dashboard_page")
 
     def go_to_class_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("class_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "class_button").click()
         return TeachClassPage(self.browser)
 
     def open_school_tab(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("tab-school").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "tab-school").click()
         return self
 
     def open_classes_tab(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("tab-classes").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "tab-classes").click()
         return self
 
     def open_account_tab(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("tab-account").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "tab-account").click()
         return self
 
     def check_organisation_details(self, details):
@@ -38,33 +39,33 @@ def check_organisation_details(self, details):
         self.wait_for_element_by_id("id_" + first_field)
 
         for field, value in list(details.items()):
-            correct &= self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).get_attribute("value") == value
+            correct &= self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).get_attribute("value") == value
 
         return correct
 
     def change_organisation_details(self, details):
         for field, value in list(details.items()):
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).clear()
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).send_keys(value)
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).clear()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).send_keys(value)
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("update_details_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "update_details_button").click()
         return self
 
     def has_edit_failed(self):
         self.wait_for_element_by_id("edit_form")
-        errorlist = self.browser.find_element_by_id("edit_form").find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+        errorlist = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "edit_form").find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         error = "There is already a school or club registered with that name and postcode"
         return error in errorlist
 
     def create_class(self, name, classmate_progress, teacher_id=None):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_class_name").send_keys(name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_class_name").send_keys(name)
         if classmate_progress:
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_classmate_progress").click()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_classmate_progress").click()
 
         if teacher_id is not None:
-            Select(self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_teacher")).select_by_value(str(teacher_id))
+            Select(self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_teacher")).select_by_value(str(teacher_id))
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("create_class_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "create_class_button").click()
 
         return self
 
@@ -97,29 +98,29 @@ def change_password(self, first_name, last_name, new_password, password):
 
     def _change_details(self, details):
         for field, value in list(details.items()):
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).clear()
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).send_keys(value)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("update_button").click()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).clear()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).send_keys(value)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "update_button").click()
 
     def check_account_details(self, details):
         correct = True
 
         for field, value in list(details.items()):
-            correct &= self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_" + field).get_attribute("value") == value
+            correct &= self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_" + field).get_attribute("value") == value
 
         return correct
 
     def accept_independent_join_request(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("allow_independent_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "allow_independent_button").click()
         return AddIndependentStudentToClassPage(self.browser)
 
     def deny_independent_join_request(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("deny_independent_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "deny_independent_button").click()
         return self
 
     def has_independent_join_request(self, email):
         return self.element_exists_by_id("independent_request_table") and (
-            email in self.browser.find_element_by_id("independent_request_table").text
+            email in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "independent_request_table").text
         )
 
     def has_no_independent_join_requests(self):
@@ -127,17 +128,17 @@ def has_no_independent_join_requests(self):
 
     def has_onboarding_complete_popup(self):
         return self.element_exists_by_id("info-popup") and (
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("info-popup").text.startswith("Registration complete!")
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "info-popup").text.startswith("Registration complete!")
         )
 
     def is_teacher_in_school(self, name):
-        return name in self.browser.find_element_by_id("teachers_table").text
+        return name in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teachers_table").text
 
     def is_not_teacher_in_school(self, name):
-        return name not in self.browser.find_element_by_id("teachers_table").text
+        return name not in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teachers_table").text
 
     def is_teacher_admin(self):
-        return "Revoke admin" in self.browser.find_element_by_id("teachers_table").text
+        return "Revoke admin" in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teachers_table").text
 
     def has_classes(self):
         return self.element_exists_by_id("classes-table")
@@ -148,25 +149,25 @@ def does_not_have_classes(self):
     def does_class_exist(self, name, access_code):
         return (
             self.has_classes()
-            and (name in self.browser.find_element_by_id("classes-table").text)
-            and (access_code in self.browser.find_element_by_id("classes-table").text)
+            and (name in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "classes-table").text)
+            and (access_code in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "classes-table").text)
         )
 
     def is_teacher_non_admin(self):
-        return "Make admin" in self.browser.find_element_by_id("teachers_table").text
+        return "Make admin" in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teachers_table").text
 
     def click_kick_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("kick_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "kick_button").click()
 
         return self
 
     def click_make_admin_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("make_admin_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "make_admin_button").click()
 
         return self
 
     def click_make_non_admin_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("make_non_admin_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "make_non_admin_button").click()
 
         return self
 
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ def leave_organisation_with_students(self):
         return TeachMoveClassesPage(self.browser)
 
     def _click_leave_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("leave_organisation_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "leave_organisation_button").click()
 
     def confirm_kick_with_students_dialog(self):
         self.confirm_dialog()
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/dismiss_students_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/dismiss_students_page.py
index abe26b6d6..3f1374f42 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/dismiss_students_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/dismiss_students_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from . import class_page
 from .teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
@@ -11,14 +13,14 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("dismiss_students_page")
 
     def enter_email(self, email, id=0):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id(f"id_form-{id}-email").send_keys(email)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id(f"id_form-{id}-confirm_email").send_keys(email)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, f"id_form-{id}-email").send_keys(email)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, f"id_form-{id}-confirm_email").send_keys(email)
         return self
 
     def cancel(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("cancel_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "cancel_button").click()
         return class_page.TeachClassPage(self.browser)
 
     def dismiss(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("dismiss_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "dismiss_button").click()
         return class_page.TeachClassPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/edit_student_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/edit_student_page.py
index 2d1e3b911..7843258f2 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/edit_student_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/edit_student_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from . import class_page, onboarding_student_list_page
 from .teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
@@ -11,26 +13,26 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("edit_student_page")
 
     def type_student_name(self, name):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_name").clear()
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_name").send_keys(name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").clear()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(name)
         return self
 
     def type_student_password(self, password):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_password").send_keys(password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_confirm_password").send_keys(password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_password").send_keys(password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_confirm_password").send_keys(password)
         return self
 
     def click_update_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("update_name_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "update_name_button").click()
         return class_page.TeachClassPage(self.browser)
 
     def click_update_button_fail(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("update_name_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "update_name_button").click()
         return self
 
     def click_set_password_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("set_new_password_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "set_new_password_button").click()
         return onboarding_student_list_page.OnboardingStudentListPage(self.browser)
 
     def is_student_name(self, name):
-        return name in self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_details").text
+        return name in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_details").text
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_class_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_class_page.py
index 35f2476ed..2f95dc397 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_class_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_class_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
 from . import class_page
@@ -14,16 +15,16 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("teach_move_class_page")
 
     def get_list_length(self):
-        return len(self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_new_teacher").find_elements_by_tag_name("option"))
+        return len(self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_new_teacher").find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "option"))
 
     def select_teacher_by_index(self, teacher_index):
-        Select(self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_new_teacher")).select_by_index(teacher_index)
+        Select(self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_new_teacher")).select_by_index(teacher_index)
         return self
 
     def cancel(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("cancel_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "cancel_button").click()
         return class_page.TeachClassPage(self.browser)
 
     def move(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("move_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "move_button").click()
         return dashboard_page.TeachDashboardPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_classes_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_classes_page.py
index 93e800518..c127aa3e8 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_classes_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_classes_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from .teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
 
@@ -10,13 +12,13 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("move_all_classes_page")
 
     def move_and_kick(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("move_classes_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "move_classes_button").click()
         import portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.teach.dashboard_page as dashboard_page
 
         return dashboard_page.TeachDashboardPage(self.browser)
 
     def move_and_leave(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("move_classes_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "move_classes_button").click()
         import portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.teach.onboarding_organisation_page as onboarding_organisation_page
 
         return onboarding_organisation_page.OnboardingOrganisationPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_students_disambiguate_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_students_disambiguate_page.py
index 621cef3a1..3321f062f 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_students_disambiguate_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_students_disambiguate_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from . import class_page
 from .teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
@@ -11,9 +13,9 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("move_students_disambiguate_page")
 
     def cancel(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("cancel_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "cancel_button").click()
         return class_page.TeachClassPage(self.browser)
 
     def move(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("move_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "move_button").click()
         return class_page.TeachClassPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_students_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_students_page.py
index 6ef6d8b2e..90adcfa8d 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_students_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/move_students_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
 from . import class_page
@@ -14,16 +15,16 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("move_students_page")
 
     def get_list_length(self):
-        return len(self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_new_class").find_elements_by_tag_name("option"))
+        return len(self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_new_class").find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "option"))
 
     def select_class_by_index(self, teacher_index):
-        Select(self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_new_class")).select_by_index(teacher_index)
+        Select(self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_new_class")).select_by_index(teacher_index)
         return self
 
     def cancel(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("cancel_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "cancel_button").click()
         return class_page.TeachClassPage(self.browser)
 
     def move(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("move_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "move_button").click()
         return move_students_disambiguate_page.TeachMoveStudentsDisambiguatePage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_classes_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_classes_page.py
index c16ff5126..35d20d130 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_classes_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_classes_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from . import onboarding_students_page
 from .teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
@@ -11,9 +13,9 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("onboarding_classes_page")
 
     def create_class(self, name, classmate_progress):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_class_name").send_keys(name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_class_name").send_keys(name)
         if classmate_progress:
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_classmate_progress").click()
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_classmate_progress").click()
 
         self._click_create_class_button()
 
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ def create_class_empty(self):
         return self
 
     def _click_create_class_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("create_class_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "create_class_button").click()
 
     def does_not_have_classes(self):
         return self.element_does_not_exist_by_id("add_students")
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_organisation_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_organisation_page.py
index 9930208f5..d0895c014 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_organisation_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_organisation_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
 
 from . import onboarding_classes_page
@@ -28,29 +29,29 @@ def create_organisation_empty(self):
         return self
 
     def _create_organisation(self, name, password, postcode, country):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_name").send_keys(name)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_postcode").send_keys(postcode)
-        country_element = self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_country")
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(name)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_postcode").send_keys(postcode)
+        country_element = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_country")
         select = Select(country_element)
         select.select_by_value(country)
         self._click_create_school_button()
 
     def _click_create_school_button(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("create_organisation").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "create_organisation").click()
 
     def has_creation_failed(self):
         if not self.element_exists_by_css(".errorlist"):
             return False
 
         errors = (
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("form-create-organisation").find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "form-create-organisation").find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         )
         error = "There is already a school or club registered with that name and postcode"
         return error in errors
 
     def was_postcode_invalid(self):
         errors = (
-            self.browser.find_element_by_id("form-create-organisation").find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+            self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "form-create-organisation").find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         )
         error = "Please enter a valid postcode or ZIP code"
         return error in errors
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_student_list_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_student_list_page.py
index 14efaf109..78d5dee3e 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_student_list_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_student_list_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from . import class_page, dashboard_page
 from .teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
@@ -11,18 +13,18 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         assert self.on_correct_page("onboarding_student_list_page")
 
     def student_exists(self, name):
-        return name in self.browser.find_element_by_id("student_table").text
+        return name in self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_table").text
 
     def is_student_password(self, password):
-        return password in self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//table[@id='student_table']/tbody/tr[4]/td[2]").text
+        return password in self.browser.find_element(By.XPATH, "//table[@id='student_table']/tbody/tr[4]/td[2]").text
 
     def go_back_to_class(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("back_to_class_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "back_to_class_button").click()
         return class_page.TeachClassPage(self.browser)
 
     def get_first_login_url(self):
-        return self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//table[@id='student_table']/tbody/tr[4]/td[4]/div/div[1]").text
+        return self.browser.find_element(By.XPATH, "//table[@id='student_table']/tbody/tr[4]/td[4]/div/div[1]").text
 
     def complete_setup(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("complete_setup_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "complete_setup_button").click()
         return dashboard_page.TeachDashboardPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_students_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_students_page.py
index efcac78ab..8ef2223d5 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_students_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/onboarding_students_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from . import onboarding_student_list_page
 from .teach_base_page import TeachBasePage
 
@@ -26,8 +28,8 @@ def create_students_failure(self):
         return self
 
     def _click_create_students(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("new_students").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "new_students").click()
 
     def type_student_name(self, name):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_names").send_keys(name + "\n")
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_names").send_keys(name + "\n")
         return self
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/teach_base_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/teach_base_page.py
index 9047d86e6..23e7a712a 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/teach_base_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teach/teach_base_page.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.base_page import BasePage
 
 
@@ -8,9 +10,9 @@ def __init__(self, browser):
         super(TeachBasePage, self).__init__(browser)
 
     def logout(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("logout_menu").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "logout_menu").click()
 
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("logout_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "logout_button").click()
         from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.home_page import HomePage
 
         return HomePage(self.browser)
@@ -27,11 +29,11 @@ def import_students_from_csv(self, filename):
             })
         """
         )
-        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/input").send_keys(
+        self.browser.find_element(By.XPATH, "/html/body/input").send_keys(
             str((Path(__file__).parents[3] / "data" / filename).resolve())
         )
 
         return self
 
     def get_students_input_value(self):
-        return self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_names").get_attribute("value")
+        return self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_names").get_attribute("value")
diff --git a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teacher_login_page.py b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teacher_login_page.py
index 6f21e86b7..91368e8a8 100644
--- a/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teacher_login_page.py
+++ b/portal/tests/pageObjects/portal/teacher_login_page.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 from .base_page import BasePage
 from .password_reset_page import PasswordResetPage
 from .teach import dashboard_page as teach_dashboard_page
-from .teach import onboarding_classes_page, onboarding_students_page
 
 
 class TeacherLoginPage(BasePage):
@@ -15,9 +16,9 @@ def login(self, email, password):
         return teach_dashboard_page.TeachDashboardPage(self.browser)
 
     def _login(self, email, password):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_auth-username").send_keys(email)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_auth-password").send_keys(password)
-        self.browser.find_element_by_name("login_view").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_auth-username").send_keys(email)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_auth-password").send_keys(password)
+        self.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "login_view").click()
 
     def login_no_school(self, email, password):
         self._login(email, password)
@@ -40,9 +41,9 @@ def login_failure(self, email, password):
         return self
 
     def has_login_failed(self, form_id, error):
-        errors = self.browser.find_element_by_id(form_id).find_element_by_class_name("errorlist").text
+        errors = self.browser.find_element(By.ID, form_id).find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist").text
         return error in errors
 
     def go_to_teacher_forgotten_password_page(self):
-        self.browser.find_element_by_id("teacher_forgotten_password_button").click()
+        self.browser.find_element(By.ID, "teacher_forgotten_password_button").click()
         return PasswordResetPage(self.browser)
diff --git a/portal/tests/test_independent_student.py b/portal/tests/test_independent_student.py
index 0779cc377..4af7b0562 100644
--- a/portal/tests/test_independent_student.py
+++ b/portal/tests/test_independent_student.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 from django.core import mail
 from django.test import Client, TestCase
 from django.urls import reverse
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
 
 from portal.forms.error_messages import INVALID_LOGIN_MESSAGE
@@ -171,30 +172,30 @@ def test_delete_indy_account(self):
         user_id = user.id
 
         # first check if a wrong password triggers the error
-        unsubscribe_newsletter_checkbox = page.browser.find_element_by_name("unsubscribe_newsletter")
+        unsubscribe_newsletter_checkbox = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "unsubscribe_newsletter")
         unsubscribe_newsletter_checkbox.click()
 
-        delete_account_form = page.browser.find_element_by_name("delete_password")
+        delete_account_form = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "delete_password")
         delete_account_form.send_keys("123")  # wrong password
 
-        delete_account_button = page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_account_button")
+        delete_account_button = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_account_button")
         delete_account_button.click()
         assert (
-            page.browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#form-delete-indy-account > ul > li").text
+            page.browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#form-delete-indy-account > ul > li").text
             == "Incorrect password"
         )
 
         # now delete the account
-        unsubscribe_newsletter_checkbox = page.browser.find_element_by_name("unsubscribe_newsletter")
+        unsubscribe_newsletter_checkbox = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "unsubscribe_newsletter")
         unsubscribe_newsletter_checkbox.click()
 
-        delete_account_form = page.browser.find_element_by_name("delete_password")
+        delete_account_form = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "delete_password")
         delete_account_form.send_keys(password)
 
-        delete_account_button = page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_account_button")
+        delete_account_button = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_account_button")
         delete_account_button.click()
 
-        delete_button_confirm = page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_button")
+        delete_button_confirm = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_button")
         delete_button_confirm.click()
 
         # check if can still login to the account
diff --git a/portal/tests/test_invite_teacher.py b/portal/tests/test_invite_teacher.py
index 09bdd2c3c..8251f6997 100644
--- a/portal/tests/test_invite_teacher.py
+++ b/portal/tests/test_invite_teacher.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 from django.test import Client, TestCase
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils import timezone
-from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
 from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
 from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
@@ -182,12 +181,12 @@ def test_revoke_and_make_admin_invite(self):
         # Generate an invite and make admin
         invite_data = {"teacher_first_name": "Adam", "teacher_last_name": "NotAdam", "teacher_email": "adam@adam.not"}
         for key in invite_data.keys():
-            field = page.browser.find_element_by_name(key)
+            field = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, key)
             field.send_keys(invite_data[key])
 
         # check if invite text for a user has been generated
         click_buttons_by_id(page, self, "invite_teacher_button")
-        banner = page.browser.find_element_by_id("messages")
+        banner = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "messages")
         assert (
             f"You have invited {invite_data['teacher_first_name']} {invite_data['teacher_last_name']} to your school."
             in banner.text
@@ -198,13 +197,13 @@ def test_revoke_and_make_admin_invite(self):
         click_buttons_by_id(page, self, ["make_admin_button_invite", "add_admin_button"])
         invite = SchoolTeacherInvitation.objects.filter(invited_teacher_first_name="Adam")[0]
         assert invite.invited_teacher_is_admin
-        banner = page.browser.find_element_by_id("messages")
+        banner = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "messages")
         assert "Administrator invite status has been given successfully" in banner.text
 
         # revoke admin
         click_buttons_by_id(page, self, "make_non_admin_button_invite")
 
-        banner = page.browser.find_element_by_id("messages")
+        banner = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "messages")
         assert "Administrator invite status has been revoked successfully" in banner.text
 
     def test_delete_invite(self):
@@ -219,9 +218,9 @@ def test_delete_invite(self):
         # Generate an invite
         invite_data = {"teacher_first_name": "Adam", "teacher_last_name": "NotAdam", "teacher_email": "adam@adam.not"}
         for key in invite_data.keys():
-            field = page.browser.find_element_by_name(key)
+            field = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, key)
             field.send_keys(invite_data[key])
-        invite_button = page.browser.find_element_by_name("invite_teacher_button")
+        invite_button = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "invite_teacher_button")
         invite_button.click()
 
         # check object was created
@@ -249,12 +248,12 @@ def test_resend_invite(self):
         # Generate an invite
         invite_data = {"teacher_first_name": "Adam", "teacher_last_name": "NotAdam", "teacher_email": "adam@adam.not"}
         for key in invite_data.keys():
-            field = page.browser.find_element_by_name(key)
+            field = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, key)
             field.send_keys(invite_data[key])
 
         click_buttons_by_id(page, self, "invite_teacher_button")
 
-        banner = page.browser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="messages"]/div/div/div/div/div/p')
+        banner = page.browser.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="messages"]/div/div/div/div/div/p')
         assert (
             banner.text
             == f"You have invited {invite_data['teacher_first_name']} {invite_data['teacher_last_name']} to your school."
diff --git a/portal/tests/test_organisation.py b/portal/tests/test_organisation.py
index 19e39cd8d..7e39b554b 100644
--- a/portal/tests/test_organisation.py
+++ b/portal/tests/test_organisation.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 )
 from common.tests.utils.student import create_school_student_directly
 from common.tests.utils.teacher import signup_teacher_directly
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.base_page import BasePage
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.home_page import HomePage
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ def test_toggle_admin(self):
 
         page = page.click_make_admin_button()
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
-        popup_make_admin_button = page.browser.find_element_by_id("add_admin_button")
+        popup_make_admin_button = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "add_admin_button")
         assert popup_make_admin_button.text == "Add as admin"
         popup_make_admin_button.click()
 
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ def test_disable_2FA(self):
         page = page.click_make_admin_button()
         # check if the new popup appears
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
-        make_admin_button = page.browser.find_element_by_id("add_admin_button")
+        make_admin_button = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "add_admin_button")
         assert make_admin_button.text == "Add as admin"
         make_admin_button.click()
 
diff --git a/portal/tests/test_teacher.py b/portal/tests/test_teacher.py
index ad8ad9545..eec97dcef 100644
--- a/portal/tests/test_teacher.py
+++ b/portal/tests/test_teacher.py
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ def test_reset_with_same_password(self):
 
         page.reset_password_fail(password)
 
-        message = page.browser.find_element_by_class_name("errorlist")
+        message = page.browser.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "errorlist")
         assert "Please choose a password that you haven't used before" in message.text
 
     def test_reset_password_fail(self):
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ def test_admin_sees_all_school_classes(self):
         join_teacher_to_organisation(admin_email, school.name, school.postcode, is_admin=True)
 
         page = self.go_to_homepage().go_to_teacher_login_page().login(admin_email, admin_password).open_classes_tab()
-        class_code_field = page.browser.find_element_by_id(f"class-code-{access_code}")
+        class_code_field = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, f"class-code-{access_code}")
         assert class_code_field.text == access_code
 
     def test_admin_student_edit(self):
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ def test_admin_student_edit(self):
         )
         edit_student_button.click()
 
-        title = page.browser.find_element_by_id("student_details")
+        title = page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "student_details")
         assert title.text == f"Edit student details for {student_name} from class {klass} ({access_code})"
 
     def test_make_admin_popup(self):
@@ -723,10 +723,10 @@ def test_make_admin_popup(self):
         invite_data = {"teacher_first_name": "Real", "teacher_last_name": "Name", "teacher_email": "ren@me.me"}
 
         for key in invite_data.keys():
-            field = page.browser.find_element_by_name(key)
+            field = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, key)
             field.send_keys(invite_data[key])
 
-        invite_button = page.browser.find_element_by_name("invite_teacher_button")
+        invite_button = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "invite_teacher_button")
         invite_button.click()
 
         # Once invite sent test the make admin button
@@ -744,9 +744,9 @@ def test_make_admin_popup(self):
         # admin checked also makes a popup
 
         for key in invite_data.keys():
-            field = page.browser.find_element_by_name(key)
+            field = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, key)
             field.send_keys(invite_data[key])
-        checkbox = page.browser.find_element_by_name("make_admin_ticked")
+        checkbox = page.browser.find_element(By.NAME, "make_admin_ticked")
         checkbox.click()
 
         button_ids = ["invite_teacher_button", "cancel_admin_popup_button"]
@@ -773,28 +773,28 @@ def test_delete_account(self):
         page = HomePage(self.selenium).go_to_teacher_login_page().login(email, password).open_account_tab()
 
         # test incorrect password
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("id_delete_password").send_keys("IncorrectPassword")
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_account_button").click()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_delete_password").send_keys("IncorrectPassword")
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_account_button").click()
         is_message_showing(page.browser, "Your account was not deleted")
 
         # test cancel (no class)
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("id_delete_password").clear()
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("id_delete_password").send_keys(password)
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_account_button").click()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_delete_password").clear()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_delete_password").send_keys(password)
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_account_button").click()
 
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
-        assert page.browser.find_element_by_id("popup-delete-review").is_displayed()
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("cancel_popup_button").click()
+        assert page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "popup-delete-review").is_displayed()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "cancel_popup_button").click()
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
 
         # test close button in the corner
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("id_delete_password").clear()
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("id_delete_password").send_keys(password)
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_account_button").click()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_delete_password").clear()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_delete_password").send_keys(password)
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_account_button").click()
 
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("close_popup_button").click()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "close_popup_button").click()
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
 
         # create class
@@ -802,26 +802,26 @@ def test_delete_account(self):
         create_school_student_directly(access_code)
 
         # delete then review classes
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("id_delete_password").send_keys(password)
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_account_button").click()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_delete_password").send_keys(password)
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_account_button").click()
 
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
-        assert page.browser.find_element_by_id("popup-delete-review").is_displayed()
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("review_button").click()
+        assert page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "popup-delete-review").is_displayed()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "review_button").click()
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
 
         assert page.has_classes()
         page = page.open_account_tab()
 
         # test actual deletion
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("id_delete_password").send_keys(password)
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_account_button").click()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "id_delete_password").send_keys(password)
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_account_button").click()
 
         time.sleep(FADE_TIME)
-        page.browser.find_element_by_id("delete_button").click()
+        page.browser.find_element(By.ID, "delete_button").click()
 
         # back to homepage
-        assert page.browser.find_element_by_class_name("banner--homepage")
+        assert page.browser.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "banner--homepage")
 
         # user should not be able to login now
         page = HomePage(self.selenium).go_to_teacher_login_page().login_failure(email, password)
diff --git a/portal/tests/test_teacher_student.py b/portal/tests/test_teacher_student.py
index c0a7102d4..8f7dc0aef 100644
--- a/portal/tests/test_teacher_student.py
+++ b/portal/tests/test_teacher_student.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 from django.test import Client
 from django.urls import reverse
 from selenium.webdriver.common.alert import Alert
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
 from portal.tests.pageObjects.portal.home_page import HomePage
 from .base_test import BaseTest
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ def test_new_student_can_login_with_url(self):
         login_url = page.get_first_login_url()
         page.browser.get(login_url)
         assert page.on_correct_page("play_dashboard_page")
-        assert new_student_name in page.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//div[@class='header']").text
+        assert new_student_name in page.browser.find_element(By.XPATH, "//div[@class='header']").text
 
     def test_update_student_name(self):
         email, password = signup_teacher_directly()
diff --git a/portal/tests/utils/messages.py b/portal/tests/utils/messages.py
index 4bcbf580b..98007c682 100644
--- a/portal/tests/utils/messages.py
+++ b/portal/tests/utils/messages.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
 def is_message_showing(browser, message):
-    return message in browser.find_element_by_id("messages").text
+    return message in browser.find_element(By.ID, "messages").text
 
 
 def is_email_verified_message_showing(browser):