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cpython_impl_optim.rst

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CPython implementation optimizations

Singletons

  • Integers in range [-5; 256]
  • Empty string
  • Single Latin-1 letter

IO

  • Efficient buffering: FileIO.read() and FileIO.readall()
  • HTTP and socket buffering

Free lists

When a Python object is destroyed, its type can decided to keep the memory alive to optimize the allocation of future objects. Bultin types using a free list: see clear_freelists() in Modules/gcmodule.c.

Python 3.8 types using a free list:

  • Common types:
    • dict: PyDictObject
    • float: PyFloatObject
    • list: PyListObject
    • set: PySetObject
    • str: PyUnicodeObject
    • tuple: PyTupleObject
  • Other types:
    • async generator value: _PyAsyncGenWrappedValue
    • builtin function: PyCFunctionObject
    • contextvars.Context: PyContext
    • frame: PyFrameObject
    • method: PyMethodObject

Python 2.7 types using a free list:

  • builtin function: PyCFunctionObject
  • float: PyFloatObject
  • frame: PyFrameObject
  • method: PyMethodObject
  • int (but not long): PyIntObject
  • tuple: PyTupleObject
  • unicode: PyUnicodeObject

Others

  • peephole
    • x in {1, 2, 3} => frozenset (constant)
  • Overalllocation
    • list
    • bytearray?
    • PyUnicodeWriter
  • Free list
  • method cache
  • stringlib
    • process long per long, instead of byte per byte
    • use goto

ceval.c

  • computed goto: label + goto
  • fast locals: f_localsplus of a frame

Unicode

  • PEP 393: efficient storage for ASCII
  • ASCII strings only require to copy N bytes to copy N characters: 2 or 4 times faster than applications using UTF-16 or UCS-4
  • findchar: use memchr(), even for UCS-2 and UCS-4

dict

  • specialized for int key
  • specialized for str key
  • hash(str)

list

  • timsort

implemented in C

  • decimal of Python 3.3 is 120x faster than the Python implementation of Python 3.2