Simple observations disprove the flat earth -- Des observations simples réfutent la terre plate
https://physnoct.wordpress.com/2018/10/02/simple-observations-debunk-fe/
https://physnoct.wordpress.com/2020/04/10/fe-sun-size-during-the-day/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZdWRC57ems (french)
Answers to FE arguments -- Réponses aux arguments platistes
https://github.com/physnoct/answers-to-FE/blob/master/FE-MOAB.Md
No research would be complete without checking the arguments for the globe earth and against the flat earth.
If you seek the truth you should be ready to follow the evidences, not your beliefs, no matter what!
The flat earth doctrine has been thoroughly and completely debunked, demolished and proved false beyond any shadow of any doubt, by many different methods and many non-conflicting observations. If it was a dead horse, it would have been beated to atoms.
5 Things Flat Earthers Can't Explain! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9YGG5crp0w
Hint 1, you have to believe in an enormous conspiracy, just to disprove the pictures of earth we have from space. If just one of these pictures is true, the whole flat earth falls down.
Hint 2, there is no working flat earth models, no working flat earth map, no picture of a flat earth showing the edge of the earth.
Hint 3, the Antarctica unaccessibility doctrine is convenient to prevent FEers to check for themselves if there's really an edge.
Let's suppose that a world wide government is established as a New World Order, such that anyone believing in a flat earth would be sentenced to life in prison. How sure of their arguments flat earthers would be? Who would dare to challenge the basis of their "beliefs"? Who would verify every flat earther claims to be absolutely sure it's true beyond the shadow of a doubt? Would they check opposing arguments to see potential problems and come up with corrected answers?
Flat earth vs. globe earth isn't recent.
GE has been established as fact since long ago. Maybe for good reasons. First and most obvious,
15 degrees/second -- "confidential"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9p2Yrbp3xA (unavailable)
Sly Sparkane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nW_lIPdsWjY
GreaterSapien
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMrYo9CrxNI
Godless Engineer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMG5P1LRHYU
Scimandan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqQeDiK6iuc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDUlQWyLuVw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hehmRGk1LGw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrDbvahVC6g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mlnmJbIqUM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_9MRF9fphE
Flat earth debunked a long while ago
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=313icHT2XF8
The Earth is Definitely Not Flat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tC5RalYWZ5Y
Response to Globebusters - The Earth Still Isn't Flat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDy95_eNPzM
In french with english subtitles (turn on Close Captions)
The Earth is flat. It's you you're round. DEFAKATOR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krxrKM1JwDg
The Earth is round. Your EEG is flat. DEFAKATOR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-2p2Ahrfts
Eric Dubay's 200 proofs debunked
https://youtu.be/Uzc1tY1StvY (unavailable)
https://youtu.be/CBxaB--fu_Q 43-48
https://youtu.be/M92MHw_NM20 60-92,94
https://youtu.be/O29Yube271E 106-111
Eric Dubay's 200 proofs debunked more thoroughly
https://200proofsearthisnotflat.blogspot.ca/2016/02/debunking-dubay-1-7200.html (unavailable)
http://blog.daimonie.com/2015_11_01_archive.html (unavailable)
https://flatearth.ws/eric-dubay
Eric Dubay's 200 proofs debunked by Rethoric&Discourse
1st of many videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzeXFGgCMFI
Flat Earth: Answering 50 claims in 12 minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wkvJ_bJD9Y
15 degrees/hour on flat earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0x8CEp58uE
Flat earth visualization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uexZbunD7Jg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_5Fz4Qa6_8
Lunar phases on flat earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUKvw1LHIbc
Sun Angles on "Flat Earth Model"
https://geogebra.org/m/C9BcVgd4
Sunlight on the Gleason Map
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9PDTrTjBCU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-HGWh4O5gY (français)
Distances on flat earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHBNRGmQZaw
https://app.box.com/shared/static/zqx59oz7be9wb4rd1npox4zwxs00gkod.jpg
5 problems with AE map (FE video) at 3:18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3K3cD_L4j7U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AHFl0aMyj4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-aaHZ4OX7Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVER8BKBOpI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Af9KATJ6sjI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K63Os0LS9Cg
And many others there: https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/bqtxau/ex_flatearthers_of_reddit_what_originally_got_you
SeekTruth SpeakTruth
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8QUo98zQ7HlFFykAc0Z3EA
I Quit Flat Earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjU6hSEHOYE
FE Serbian
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrDDK-lEMiM
TigerDan925
https://www.quora.com/How-do-former-Flat-Earthers-feel-about-their-previous-belief-in-a-flat-Earth
Cyprustar (in french, translated text below)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9aXAn5Fmso (video not available anymore)
0:03 Like I said many times, the flat earth model is impossible. Because of Sygma Octantis but also Antarctica. ... one may wonder in which cosmogony FEers are. Me, I was (FEer), I studied and understood that it was IMPOSSIBLE.
0:12 Here are 2 maps of Antarctica with the bases and their distances. One, of the globe (concave or convex it's the same) and the other, of the flat earth.
0:58 Conclusion The flat earth is impossible!
1:00 Aurora Borealis are possible only because the earth must be opened at the poles! [Hollow Earth theory]
1:08 Yet another inexplicable thing on a flat earth.
1:16 I had the courage to erase all my videos on the flat earth when I understood all its impossibilities.
1:23 Those who are owners of FE channels; Shame on you for keeping monetising these stupidities.
1:30 You're speaking of truth seekers? Let me laugh! You're making money by taking people for imbeciles.
1:42 You talk about the system but you do the same thing: MONEY AND POWER!
1:49 THINK ABOUT IT! You rot the system even more by falling so low.
Flat vs Globe vs Concave part 2: play at 16 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTxI6o45TV8&list=PL5YWnU-lH6qcI90f-klklwIV0nUyfDG80&index=9
Creationists refuting a flat earth
https://creation.com/refuting-flat-earth
http://flatearthdeception.com/
Flat earth doctrine
http://www.flatearthdoctrine.com
MCToon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPIN_aJ_ZFw
Wolfie6020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScJ4QW7gAlw (MCToon mirrored)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVp_yJgSwfA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_qP-r0asww
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4Fi-86uSqs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FJG65nbUO8
Planarwalk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXjKSo4Ezsk
Researching Flat Earth - Where are the Flat Earth Pilots? Lets talk. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhgEUHYagLk
Many if not all flat earth arguments are based on some misunderstanding of maths, physics, or a poor knowledge of the currently accepted science.
One thing is certain, many if not all flat earthers lack a solid background of maths and physics which shows in their arguments. This is not an insult, this is an obvious observation. When asked for doing some maths, few of them can actually answer. It's understandable that some get angry or get offuscated when asked for their credentials.
It's understandable that for many reasons, a higher formation isn't required for their daily tasks. But when discussing science such as the flat earth model vs the globe earth, this become a weak point for them, and the scientific knowledge is essential to discuss these matters.
When flat earthers want to discuss physic principle, what do they have? They only have their day to day experiences, the more or less clearly defined basic concepts such as speed, acceleration, weight, force and maybe more. Maybe they learned something in school! They may not all agree on the validity of maths, for example, considering calculus as made by free masons. So there is no consensus about the basics among the flat earthers. Another crucial aspect is the lack of numbers. Without numbers, it's easy to largely underestimate or overestimate a quantity, leading to false arguments, such as the earth spin flinging water into space.
What we globers learn at school is not indoctrination, since the material is based on well established science, based itself on scientific observations, and the physic principles are verified by students doing experiments.
Flat earthers can familiarize themselves easily with maths and physics. There are many videos on YouTube where they can learn the same stuff teached at schools and universities (for free!). Learning from books is a bit harder, since the reader need to make an effort to visualise the concepts. Visualising a concept is much easier with animations.
To convince flat earthers, we must show them some basic physics that they can see and experience everyday.
Flaw: generalization from cherry picked observations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6ICUh6pxmA
Many of the flat earth claims of no curvature are based on cherry picked observations made in particular conditions. They are used to generalize from it, while the usual observations show a globe. So, all the "see too far", "flat water" claims can't be relied on.
Flaw: failure to grasp acceleration, rotation and speed. Also no sense of scale.
The FE claims commonly mentions the earth spinning at 1000 mph. This is not a rotation speed. This 1000 mph figure is the tangential speed at the equator. This number comes from the circumference at the equator divided by a day (or 24h). The circumference, rounded at 24000 miles, divided by 24 hours gives a speed of 1000 miles per hour (mph). A rotation speed is expressed in the number of cycles per unit of time, for example: 3600 RPM, which means 3600 revolutions per minute. The earth itself, rotates around its axis with a speed of 1 turn per day = 360°/24 hours = 15°/h = 72.7µrad/s
Flat earthers also mention all the other movements of the earth aound the sun, itself orbiting around the center of the galaxy, itself going through some direction in the universe. It's understandable that flat earthers deny this, because we don't feel these movement.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/08/30/our-motion-through-space-isnt-a-vortex-but-something-far-more-interesting/#4ed154227ec2
All those movements have 2 parts: a constant speed which we can't feel, and a "turning" part that we could feel if it's fast enough. These 2 parts are independant. It's the same principle as a moving train.
Why can't we feel a constant speed? It's because of the 2nd law of Newton. F = ma. A constant speed is 0 acceleration, so the force is 0. No force, no disturbance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sy60E3I_K94
If the train was moving on a very large curve, the "turning part" would be slow. But on a small radius, it would be much faster: the passengers would be throwed to the side by the centrifugal force.
The earth's movements also change direction, but too slowly to be percepted. All the movements are confirmed by astronomical measurements.
The fastest rotation rate is once per day (72.7µrad/s), which is very slow. The gravity is about 300 times stronger than the resulting centrifugal acceleration (33.7mm/s²). The yearly rotation is 365.25 times slower, giving a centrifugal acceleration of 5.9mm/s² so the gravity would be 1600 times stronger.
Hurtling through space at 67,000 Mph - what does that look like?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nQqOBPH8bM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mCISBTcSFY&feature=youtu.be&t=21
Some flat earth videos seem to make the argument that the earth's orbiting motions in many simultaneous directions is impossible or absurd. Quite the contrary. We can see examples of simultaneous movements in our daily lives (some rides in an amusement park).
Many simultaneous movements
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJkZLPOBIJI
Flaw: missing some basis of trigonometry
In order to keep up and pass it (circle it) Earth must speed up to pass, and then slow down once it's passed (circled)."
That's the acceleration component along one axis. There is also another component of this acceleration along a perpendicular axis: once it's passed the sun (in one side) it accelerates and slow down to get to the other side. These 2 components combine into a circle, or a vector that's oriented towards the center of the orbit. You can see clearly the principle here:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_cos_sin.gif
Flaw: no numbers, so the claim exagerates the effect
At the equator, the gravity is about 291 times greater than the centrifugal acceleration, so water doesn't fly into space.
The earth can be modelised with a sphere small enough for experiments. Both gravity and centrifugal accelerations are dependent on the radius of the sphere, while the ratio gravity/cent. acc. is independent of the radius. With any sphere at earth's density, the maximum speed of rotation is about 17 revolutions per day.
Globe perspective
http://walter.bislins.ch/bloge/index.asp?page=Perspective+on+a+Globe#H_Globe_Perspective_App
Flaw: misunderstanding of pressure and vacuum
(À la Kent Hovind) Vacuum doesn't suck because there's no vacuum cleaner in space. Since there is nothing in space, why would it suck?
The atmospheric pressure gets lower with altitude. It becomes almost nil at about 40km. There is no need then for a physical barrier, since both side of it has 0 pressure.
That also explains why satellites in low earth orbit don't use balloons: balloons can't climb over 40km.
There can be regions of high pressure next to low pressure, as we can see in meteorology. These cause precipitations (rain) and wind.
The vacuum barrier argument may be a misconception. A perfect vacuum is by definition 0 absolute pressure (0 psi, 0 N/m², 0 bar, 0 atm, etc.). Normally on earth, we make a vacuum by tying a vacuum pump to some container. This vacuum pump has a negative pressure: it sucks the air. Thus, the image "a vacuum pump sucks" remains "attached" to the idea of vacuum.
Pressure is defined as force/area (N/m²). Vacuum is defined as null pressure (P = 0 N/m²) so no force against an area, so vacuum doesn't suck.
Is the suction of a 1e-17 torr vacuum 100 000 000 000 times stronger than a 1e-6 torr vacuum?
No. The "suction" depends on the pressure difference, not the pressure ratio.
If you take a vessel at 1 atmosphere (14.7 psi or 760 torr) in the vacuum, you'll get a pressure differencial of:
At 1e-6 torr (high vacuum), we have 760 - 0.000001 torr = 759.999999 torr
At 1e-17 torr (ultra-high), we have 760 - 0.0000 0000 0000 0000 1 = 759.9999 9999 9999 9999 torr
At perfect vacuum, we have 760 - 0 = 760 torr.
So, no matter how high the vacuum is, the difference stays about the same.
Flaw: possible confusion between mass and weight
(À la Kent Hovind) Birds don't weigh an ocean, an ocean doesn't weigh a butterfly.
Everything is attracted with the same acceleration (9.8m/s²), not the same force (weight).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyeF-_QPSbk
so the gravity isn't selective. The resulting force depends on the mass of the attracted object (F = ma), making gravity "selective".
Weight at different latitudes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkhxPm15PFo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2aSVsifj-o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLXLB3IVXiI
Side to Side Curvature https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZOGEKZWsNQ
Flaw: misunderstanding of reference frame
In the Mythbuster's experiment, they had to shoot a soccer ball with a cannon in order to make it land on the same spot.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLuI118nhzc
Flaw: misunderstanding of reference frame
You just match its speed. Same thing for airplanes fueling during flight, space vehicules docking on the space station, etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8BbGG9cKBo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL5MxCwkLJQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-2ld2WVtow
A plane can't land on the earth spinning at 1000 mph? A plane always move relative to the earth, thus there's no problem for landing.
Flaw: misunderstanding of reference frame
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMN1f4dvpHI
Flaw: quote mining, appeal to authority, no numbers
Neil deGrasse Tyson at 92 Y video (oblate/pear shape)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoCKapivHGM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYzBxo3hbYQ (whole video, extract is at the beginning)
Earth is an oblate spheroid, but it looks like a perfect sphere.
The oblateness isn't apparent to the eyes, but precise measurements shows this.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth
Oblateness from a picture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjx0KcDH7pQ
FEers can only speculate about the extend of Antarctica while GE model shows pictures of Antarctica as a continent of known size.
Some astronomical observations invalidates flat earth claims.
Saturn behind Moon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQLIT0_7UmI
Stars on a flat earth simulation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqoI3W-RwmQ
The stars in the northern hemisphere rotate in an anti-clockwise direction yet in the Southern Hemisphere they rotate in a clockwise direction.
The sun rises due east and sets due west on the equinox.
Flat Earth & the Equinox
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH02lT1ByKU
This video has a clear animation of the moon phases in the 1st few minutes
https://youtu.be/d3GD9gXzUBk
2017 august 21 eclipse
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiVyR_uYN2U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xkUTebkABc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFKx4AB3AlQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmxg38ltoNE
2019 november 11 mercury transit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypOh7RhLcgc
Loi de Tully-Fisher
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA_H2D5cRwk
Distance measurements
http://planetary-science.org/astronomy/distance-and-magnitudes/
New Distance Measurement To Neighboring Galaxy (Supernova 1987A)
http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/1991-03
Stars always the same
position of stars vary slightly over time. It has been recorded through history and confirmed by modern astronomy.
An example is the Barnard's star which can be seen moving through several years
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star
Parallax from New Horizons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofCooIkIwvQ
Exagerated parallax
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SG7RfZoc2M8&feature=youtu.be
Selenelion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbdynyqP4c4
Analemma
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anUEb-gvOSY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLCgD3t5nWM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time
Earth's motion around the sun
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82p-DYgGFjI
Midnight sun
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUsWUiVCq5U
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_sun
The midnight sun should be visible above the arctic circle, not just at the pole.
During the summer soltice, on the arctic circle, at midnight, the angle of the sun is 0° above the horizon, making it possible to see the sun. At local noon, the sun is 47° (2 x 23.5°) above the horizon.
Any point above the arctic circle would be able to see the sun during all day. There would be obstruction only when the observer is below the arctic circle: the sun would be below the horizon.
Not really decisive to flat earth.
Testing Geocentrism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyRJZbNmC7U
Answer to Malcolm Bowden
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-XAJdvXV3U
Hubble misquoted
https://answersingenesis.org/astronomy/cosmology/misquoting-hubble/
https://eclipsewise.com/
http://www.mreclipse.com/
https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html
An equatorial mount on a telescope allows us to follow the sun with only 1 axis, while the 360 circular path would need 2 axis. That proves the globe model.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pwS2oXcLPs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZA39DlOrxp0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnNH2uqUUO0
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C4ruF06WcAEtgNK.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGD3lhDCgpY
Flaw: no knowledge of basic principles of photography
In french, at 0:42, there's a fly in front of the lens,
demonstrating without a shadow of doubt that the star is out of focus.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2ImVhiBSbk (video no longer available)
Jupiter Out of focus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_MY8stguWA
Known lights from afar (at 4:53)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh1KN5gbPvU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpA6DklSNz8
P900 Manual focus
https://youtu.be/FVyohs5bDl0
Zooming on Venus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAWloyWj3JU
Zooming on Jupiter,Saturn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KafnrXxcIs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-bT2hNzUCc
Focus on Betelgeuse and the moon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTD_dnWJ2nI
Flaw: claims based on a literal interpretation of the bible
Face visible, face éclairée: les faces de la Lune
(In french) at 6:32, it explains the apparent movements of the moon. These movements have no explanation on a flat earth.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5N6P3zG6Ac
Shadows of mountains and craters on the moon change with the phases of the moon, proving the moon is a sphere illuminated by the sun. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q473Zzs1ORw
Moon from south and north hemisphere
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1ZhEgEFX-c
Moon not transparent (varying exposure time)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ow1nENEJIns
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UC-sy5yvax0 (stars visible when surexposing)
Rocks don't reflect light
https://physnoct.wordpress.com/2017/05/13/can-a-rock-reflect-light/
Lunar Occultations and Telescope Tracking Rates
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gGybX65Axs
Flaw: no knowledge of basic principles of photography
Cameras don't have the same range of sensitivity as our eyes. While we're able to see indoors without problems, any camera will need slower shutter speeds to be able to see something. To see the stars at night, your camera will need long exposure time.
During the day you won't be able to see the star while photographing a bright subject. If you overexpose the image, stars will appear, but subject will be blurred.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ksUQfEzMoM
Moon with varying exposure time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ow1nENEJIns
Visually discerning the curvature of the Earth
http://www.thulescientific.com/Lynch%20Curvature%202008.pdf
Observations by different methods, confirming the globe
From Walter Bislin:
[There are] hundreds of thousands geometric measurements that show the earth is a globe, that show Kansas is not flat, that show that the circumference of Antarctica is factors smaller than what the flat earth tells, that show the Bonneville Salt Flats are curved with a radius of about 6400 km...
http://walter.bislins.ch/bloge/index.asp?page=Radius+of+Earth+at+Great+Salt+Lake+Desert+Rte+80
Plot of the 3D locations of all UNAVCO reference stations. Each location is measured from the distance to many satellites with known positions to sub mm accuracy. If the earth were flat, all points would lie on a plane. The coordinates of the locations are listed in the table at the bottom. They are used as references for high precision GPS measurements in many scientific fields.
http://walter.bislins.ch/bloge/index.asp?page=Display+Geo+Data&data=UNAVCO+wabis
PLANET EARTH : THE ROTATING SPHERE - THE SKY ( Flat Earth Debunked )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eKoaageZk0
Are Plumb Lines Parallel? - Geodesy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ec6KeEyxhMo&list=PL4P20REbUHvxmgaPcenXMSXV_0aZoNvqQ&index=34
Maps and their interpretation (french)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qumOMOedTn0
Scale and others (VSauce)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxhxL1LzKww
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7UFbrkuNy4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyrF6oWtLYI
Horizon drop
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqOQ_BCtqUI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-vRzQ_GDV0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4NUX5llWas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znbtavVVeZ8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54FiuS9ZplM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25PcqdDqrMI
Level water is curved
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uwvx7-x98U
https://vk.com/video1466875_456239473
Recent experiments
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V03eF0bcYno
Size of the sun during the day
https://youtu.be/oTDNVI1Cxd4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFTWGdR8SiU
Correct curvature formula from a FEer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVGlflD447o
Curvature of the earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2X2kf1Q3peM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUgKxxR9XkU&t
360° camera in space
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lT4DKzR-b58&feature=youtu.be
Turning Torso
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoK2BKj7QYk
Experiment with laser and boat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5lUkqBFhgA
Lake Pontchartrain causeway
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipqronPSXGM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NR2-8wrz-sE
Demonstrating Walter Bislin's Radius Calculator - Lake Pontchartrain ECEF Coordinates
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-LX4aq-6Js
Lakeway Center Elevator 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzY5du8LMgk
New Orleans Elevator 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGA1ZYkaxzE
Measure of the tilt angle at the solstice on the south pole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTnn91KyJ-4
Lake Serre Ponçon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rW7UES3vPzU (french)
Flat horizon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFqN3Hqr1Tg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yi__ujYsdJE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPFyEhAdHc4 (french)
Boats disappearing
/* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xWsuFLdgBs */
https://ibb.co/gxQC3w
Boat trails
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMl0yHOLwOo
Plane from Oakland airport
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcTwjIHBxS0 (french)
Perspective and vanishing point
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Noo1OUvLrm8
Geodesic measurements
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0_9SyDoOS8 (french)
Radioastronomy measurements
La Terre est-elle vraiment ronde ? | Olivier Jamet - Cabaret de la Science
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8xj6CXuj5Y (french)
Football field not flat
https://www.livestrong.com/article/41727
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR4nSuonuTg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVJ5bcr0Uys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HI4AzwwX5Rg
Coriolis effect
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt_XJp77-mk
Effects of curvature
http://mathscinotes.com/2017/01/effect-of-earths-curvature-on-suspension-bridge-dimensions/
https://www.reddit.com/r/engineering/comments/2mik11/structural_engineers_at_what_point_does_the/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_curvature
Flaw: cherry picking of specific observations, ignoring others with normal conditions
Black Swan by Nathan Oakley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MykqYqVMF1Q
Refuted here:
by BlueMarbleScience
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RaRXEnmASs
by WheresWally
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibEkI2o4mYA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yps0327QdQI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25Uenjtml_c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQUTpIZdIj8
by Prof. Phil Bell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WJsw_RwX1s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEpet2FhNxA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YTXYKB_tko
by Mathias Kp
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AN22ScCILZI
by Walter Bislin
http://walter.bislins.ch/bloge/index.asp?page=Strong+Refraction+Simulation+and+Reality+for+2+Oil+Platforms..
Canigou
by Sly Sparkane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PWSoYjH7OU
by Eratosphère
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pf6rBiI97Ak
by Roohif
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuwFM3ixpKg
by Atheos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyLELrjE9C0
"We see too far"
NO! YOU DO NOT SEE TOO FAR!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iwDs4_LaAI
Flat Earth or Globe Earth - Curvature. you be the judge. Comprehensive!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jfja5-FOhls
"It's a mirage"
How I destroyed flat Earth idiocy (3) – Chicago's Skyline
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXULtYRZVPw
"Great Lakes with no curve"
Toronto:
https://www.metabunk.org/data/MetaMirrorCache/e24b17fcf78f5841927709deaf58ded7.gif
Chicago:
https://www.metabunk.org/data/MetaMirrorCache/6f9feb69ed84c9ba402c1dd44109a2f4.gif
"curve should be visible"
https://bit.ly/2FtxAr5
http://stupidconspiracies.org/misc/oh_no_its_round.jpg
Balloon over South Florida:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tI6alFMD79I
https://himawari8.nict.go.jp/
Mount San-Jacinto from Malibu
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doAFr5Cqtb8
https://depositphotos.com/5041644/stock-photo-mount-san-jacinto.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1xys-BRxZg
"We didn't go there" Greater Sapiens
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFkWoEakG4U
Buzz Aldrin original video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4UP6nRMuGs
Clouds behind the sun
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhfBwusnyG0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW-6rRysi28
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_5b3okEhNM
Tesla quote https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y75kHbB9ZZc
Flaw: claims based on a literal interpretation of the bible
AE Map with Glass Dome 100% DEBUNKED by a flat earther
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dF5G6UQWTF8
Rainbow indoor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QNw_8HLqhc
Pressure decreases with altitude.
At 35 km, the pressure is already very low, but the dome is at 117km
https://physnoct.wordpress.com/2018/09/03/flat-earth-atmospheric-pressure/
Space is water
The waters above that the bible was refering to, are merely the water within clouds. It's a reasonable interpretation, it explains the verses very well and goes along with modern science.
If there was water above, why didn't god put fishes in it? Also, turbulances in water above would behave the same as below. We would see the light affected by this, but it's not what we observe.
If the sun was above the water in space, all the red light would have been absorbed, as shown in these video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MM_RwdUi30Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AAJjdA6b4Ts
The sun light would not appear yellow but blue.
Flaw: space denial
While someone's position can be tracked with cell phone towers, the GPS use a constellation of satellites. It can work while on/over the ocean.
FlightRadar24 Satellite based aircraft tracking now available to all users.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Whqb-EStBsQ
Flat Earth is cruising for a bruising on the Carnival Splendor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEC7c2PvXOk
Cell phone triangulation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_navigation_device#Mobile_phones_with_GPS_capability
IRS Align Mode - Carefully Measuring Earth's Rotation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUwHc_wUykk
Sydney - Santiago
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-1xYjC5Q20
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy-I9GDWl34
Curvature from a plane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOsxgGeABGM
If an airplane goes from the north pole to the south pole, would an artificial horizon be useful if it's indicating the plane is upside down?
That's why aircraft artificial horizon self corrects during flight
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTXTCqMHyhg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bUM2KVKgb8
Dick Smith Circumnavigated the Earth via the North and South Pole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFS0hVaJ6RQ
Travel time comparison N-S and W-E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mlnmJbIqUM
Emergency flights (français)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zeZESFZf08
Airlines do know that the Earth is not flat!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiUklHodcho
Balloons-Go pro (french)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgXX27K9WSY
South pole flights
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGbNb9R_ioE
Colin O'Brady
https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/27/world/colin-obrady-antarctica-solo-trip-trnd/index.html
https://www.colinobrady.com/theimpossiblefirst
Team crossings, not motorised
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IboFlg38aOIBo-mFDAciJWo9tVxPI83h/view?usp=drivesdk
Solo crossings, not motorised
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1L7tCmFOA5srGKVCcq8Eyv3pzTxHbN84l/view?usp=drivesdk
Antarctica stations/camps
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BfNuwHpILxJX6yvEUuEH3HLNPFATxxOc/view?usp=drivesdk
Terre Plate - La seule preuve : le Soleil de minuit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP-xS6IpIYs
Flaw: space denial
How to See SpaceX's Starlink Satellite 'Train' in the Night Sky
https://www.space.com/spacex-starlink-satellites-night-sky-visibility-guide.html
SpaceX Starlink satellite launch and deployment, Starship and Crew Dragon Updates
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gK6k5uxGMg
SpaceX Starlink satellite train at dusk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6v47CmRA7A
ISRO PSLV-C37 Launch with Onboard Camera and Stage/Satellite Separation events
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYf_uyHQN5o
Decoding Iran's New 'Qased' Rocket and the 'Noor' Satellite
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPTz7Ig9RQE
Images from earth
http://www.astrophoto.fr/satellites.html
ISS construction video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPd_GlFnMd4&list=PL6NHjkyKflVF4qExs5boRC7UBC5pimVig&index=7
ISS altitude
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zejiHaRhI4
Flashing the ISS
https://www.universetoday.com/93987/amateur-astronomers-flash-the-space-station/
ISS from ground telescope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vscu0K1DQxc
SSTV from ISS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hr9L9y9RQHU
Space Station Crew Uses HAM Radio to Call Earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h73EYcyszf8
Home made radio telescope to see geostationary satellites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3LT_b6K0Mc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjvOyUsoh1c
Receiving images from NOAA satellites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjClTnZ4Xh4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGWFg7EDnyY
Various
https://uk.tek.com/document/poster/worldwide-spectrum-allocations-poster
http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/default.asp
https://www.n2yo.com/satellites/?c=&t=country
https://csewi.org/cost-of-space-exploration-vs-sci-fi-movie-budgets/
https://www.campbellsci.ca/satellite
https://www.sparkfun.com/categories/338
https://www.sparkfun.com/categories/4
DEFAKATOR - Foire aux questions foireuses sur l’espace et Apollo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s81me-hJhUA
In the comment section: "Si on observe le film complet de Phil POLLACIA (voir ta référence), on constate qu'il a gardé les amorces des bobines et on peut donc mesurer la durée de la bobine incriminée (bobine de l'envol de la fusée): l'amorce blanche démarre à 1:00.44 et la fin de la bobine est à 1:03.59. En prenant l’hypothèse que le marqueur de temps du report VHS est correct, cela fait 195 secondes (3mn15s). En prenant l'hypothèse que le report s'est fait à 18 images/seconde alors que le tournage en S8 était en 24 images/s, cela fait 3510 images (195 x 18), ce qui était en fait en temps réel lors du tournage 146s (3510/24). 146 secondes, c'est 2mn26s soit la durée approximative (à quelques secondes près) d'une bobine de 15m en super8 (bobine standard de ce format). La conclusion est donc que le film en super 8 a été très certainement fait à 24 images/s, mais le report en VHS a été fait (par erreur sans doute) à 18 images/s, ce qui "ralentit" l'envol de la fusée."
Polish cosmonaut "Earth is flat"
https://www.metabunk.org/threads/cosmonaut-miroslaw-hermaczewski-allegedly-says-earth-is-flat-joke.11010/
"During their time in orbit, Klimuk and Hermaszewski carried out various geoscience experiments and photographed the Earth – orbiting it 126 times."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Hermaszewski
Russian cosmonaut "we didn't go in space"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Volk
Their accomplishment say otherwise.
Astronaut Alan Bean swears on the bible
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vUMNCUwTdQ
Various documentation about space (in spanish)
https://www.infosondas.com/
National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-72/pdf/STATUTE-72-Pg426-2.pdf
NASA goes in great length to produce very detailled technical manuals for the ISS,
while leaking documents admitting FE, making videos with numerous blunders (bubbles, harnesses, etc).
Is that really all fake and lies?
ISS manuals and documents
This one points to many other documents available on the net
http://www.spaceref.com/iss/ops/ISS.User.Guide.R2.pdf
https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/np-2015-05-022-jsc-iss-guide-2015-update-111015-508c.pdf
https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/508318main_ISS_ref_guide_nov2010.pdf
Soyuz Crew Ops Manual
https://www.infosondas.com/2017/04/pdf-soyuz-crew-operations-manual-soycomrop-19final/
Apollo-Soyuz rendez-vous
https://www.infosondas.com/2015/07/2-pdf-csm-rendezvouz-book-manual-astronautas-apollo-soyuz/
Flaw: no knowledge of photography
Explanation of different sizes in NASA pictures of the earth
https://www.metabunk.org/sk/globe_comparison_with_distance.jpg
https://www.metabunk.org/debunked-blue-marble-photos-show-a-changing-earth.t6616/
https://giphy.com/gifs/YiGsW0Wm9bCqA/html5
Flaw: no knowledge of physics or science
Model rocket in vacuum
https://youtu.be/GxBRQXxBRic?list=PLHq86xM68msN-7skaxNlzXeJwWJp4Zdmh
NASA paper admitting non rotating flat earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAlSOI5uHkc&feature=youtu.be&t=1m39s
The paper only assume this for a simulation. It doesn't state this as truth.
A flat earth is also a good approximation of a globe earth for a small area (say, a circle of 25km).
NASA documents talking about a flat non-rotating earth (FNRE) are no more than simplifying assumptions. In many case, the effect studied doesn't need to take into account the curvature of the earth, for example, aerodynamics of wings. Also, normal flight conditions will exceed easily the weak stress induced by a rotating globe. Some papers "assume" a FNRE explicitly, others don't. In no case, however, this should not be considered as proof, since it's used for calculation. As FEers agree, calculations are not "proof" by themselves.
Another paper by NASA make a statement of fact about the shape of the earth:
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860010309
It clearly says: "A strategy is presented along with background material for determining downward atmospheric radiation at the Earth's surface on a regional scale but over the entire globe "
This by itself refutes the whole NRFE argument
Calculating the trajectory and impact time of an ICBM
https://mae.ufl.edu/~uhk/ICBM.pdf
Bubbles (french)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RBhCqmgl7g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mppA5lUaoSs&feature=youtu.be
Composites, CGI and photographs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1McpVKXKbsk
Old astronomy book
https://physnoct.wordpress.com/2018/06/23/flat-earth-cgi-and-nasa-pictures/
Is NASA hoax plausible
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKv7gwmEfKg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5wm9l5trlA
Mirror: You need to see this: Moon Landings Faked
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl0TBo2Hge8
Views of earth from various satellites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfpaxVQSbTQ&feature=youtu.be
Space Launch System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYMuC2MDbwo
No steam when hot capsule landing
The capsule has a heat shield, which is essentially an isolator.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp9Yax8UNoM
Why Can't we Remake the Rocketdyne F1 Engine?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovD0aLdRUs0
How did the Apollo flight computers get men to the moon and back?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULGi3UkgW30
Lost telemetry data
https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/Apollo_11_TV_Tapes_Report.pdf
https://physnoct.wordpress.com/2020/07/18/nasa-losing-telemetry-data-and-stuff/
How did NASA get those great film shots of Apollo and the Shuttle?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlPfHV36G-g
Negatives of NASA pictures
https://www.quora.com/Looking-for-the-negatives-of-all-the-original-photos-taken-during-the-Apollo-missions-Are-they-available-to-the-public-in-digitized-form-If-yes-where-If-not-why
Blue Marble
https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/07/blue-marble-shot-history/
Van Allen Belts and Apollo missions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLtgS2_qxJk
State of the art CGI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bI164G26dg
AGC computer restoration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhVKYDVZxWQ
Mouse moving while in space
SpaceX CRS-19 Falcon 9 Launch Livestream Dec 5 2019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfPoUROLw3M
at 1:04:36 1st mouse
at 1:04:46 water droplets falling
at 1:04:58 2nd mouse, 1st one still there
at 1:05:58 3rd mouse, 1st and 2nd still there
at 1:06:33 water droplets falling
Better resolution here
CRS-19 Mission
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aoAGdYXp_4
"Mice" at 21:20 in this one
It seems it's a persistent problem ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xeX62mLcf8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KmBDCiL7MU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-mdQRpgfN4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9PVbGcp_aw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbSwFU6tY1c
... still to this day
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xJAGFR_N-c
At 0:23, the "m"ice fall
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XDdnoJh5LY
It seems all those rodents have white fur
Which north american rodent species are white?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rodents
https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1998-039.pdf
Large-Scale 3D Printing for Rocket Engines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JHqdVU9Ebo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxZMjpMhwNE
Lunar laser ranging
https://inspirehep.net/record/1255296/plots?ln=en
Luna 9 space hack
http://www.jodrellbank.net/the-luna-9-space-hack-4th-feb-1966/
Portable EME moon bounce setup
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUbNDNBPFEM
(from Graham Rathbone)
Water is never uniformly flat nor curved. In science "LEVEL" does not mean flat.
Here are a few from thousands of documents with explanations and evidence used by geodetic survey, communications, nautical and many other industry professionals.
http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0703/geoid1of3.html
http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/positioning-navigation/geodesy/geodetic-datums/geoid/n-the-geoid-ellipsoid-separation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q65O3qA0-n4&feature=youtu.be&t=1m2s
https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/IMAGES/d04.jpg
http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2005/09/Global_mean_sea_surface_height_from_altimetry
Flaw: space denial, misunderstanding of the globe model
Water in space
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s63JXdsL5LU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzytpxtbCzQ&t=0s
Water sticking to a ball
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOIW6IgTN6U
Spinning rock fountain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHyv-syC4FY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHRLmzjjM-w
Density in 0 g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rpP-7dhm9DI
Helium balloon in vacuum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BYVIS7ARek
GD&B
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSxryGwsUQ4
Regurjiposts
"The Universal Theory of Gravity is often taught in schools as a fact, when in fact it is not even a good theory."
A quick google search gave a link to a satirical book written by a physicist, Ellery Schempp.
https://ncse.com/library-resource/gravity-its-only-theory
Flaw: Attempt to redefine perspective, misunderstanding of optics, refraction, ad-hoc explanation of observations
Flat Earth: Perspective Doesn't Do That
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Svd130zdgnQ
Flat Earth: Sun Rays Triple Feature
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOwzHQkloGk
perspective and atmospheric lensing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWVj3qDcCA4
atmospheric refraction
http://www.jgiesen.de/refract/index.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaZZwC77ghs
Perspective VS Orthographic on a FLAT PLANE!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxWtZV4hoT8
Replies to Phuket Word's perspective & all
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4saeG2lFWhc
Maps
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJUbCq3qck8
Inferior mirage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGyGHO772eE
Sun glare changes with clouds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nho5So9X9s
Flat Earther Angular Resolution Debunked
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOC2VxXCaoA
Surveying
https://www.metabunk.org/curvature-and-refraction-in-surveying-and-leveling-through-history-old-books-etc.t8856/
https://www.aboutcivil.org/curvature-and-refraction.html
http://www.engineeringenotes.com/surveying/levelling/curvature-and-refraction-in-levelling-surveying/13943
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GchSj4rNGY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelling
Navigation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuler_tuning
https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Navigation/Precision_satnav_in_the_far_north
Engineering
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/235441/how-does-ligo-account-for-curvature-of-earth
Flaw: relying on our limited senses
Many scientific experiments show the earth's rotation by different methods.
Foucault Pendulum
This experiment has been repeated many times worldwide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pendulum
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8rrWUUlZ_U
Levitating gyroscope
http://www.elsevierscitech.com/pdfs/Geim/Detection_of_earth_rotation_with_a_diamagnetically_levitating_gyroscope2001.pdf
p 737 "The air could be pumped out but generally it was not required for observation of the earth rotation as it became visible to the naked eye after about 10min." (emphasis mine)
Commercial gyrometer with special setup (Copernitron)
http://www.pabr.org/copernitron/copernitron.en.html
Ring laser
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-12/tum-fed122211.php
Also, parallax and Doppler effect
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/41-our-solar-system/the-earth/orbit/88-is-there-a-proof-that-earth-moves-intermediate
Ancient eclipses show Earth’s rotation is slowing
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/12/ancient-eclipses-show-earth-s-rotation-slowing
Ginger experiment
This experiment aims to measure earth's rotation with a maximum resolution of 30 picorads/second
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012061/pdf
https://phys.org/news/2017-03-deep-earth-rotational-effects.html
How to Detect the Chandler and the Annual Wobble of the Earth
https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.173904
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0gqeJipFfw
Aircraft Laser Gyroscopes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYNZTkNDhzQ
ROMY ring laser
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXYV6wNdZm8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qYM8Oj6gMY
Maps are projections of the globe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJUbCq3qck8 (french)
"do snipers take the Coriolis effect into consideration before shooting?"
Not for short distances. The sniper manual doesn't seem to mention Coriolis corrections.
http://pdf.textfiles.com/manuals/MILITARY/united_states_army_fm_23-10%20-%2017_august_1994.pdf
However, in another document, they mention the rotation of the earth as a factor for firing corrections.
"Met corrections are all measurable non standard conditions for which you can account.
These are the effects of weather, propellant temperature, projectile weight, MVV, VI,
and rotation of the earth (...) ."
https://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/mcwp3_16_4.pdf
See chapter 11, table 11.1, step 3
"Problem is, our senses suck. How many times have you been stopped at a light and the car beside you starts to roll back slightly and you for a moment panic and think it's you moving? Or on a train at a stop and the other train starts to pull away slowly and you swear you feel like it's you moving, for a second. Our senses suck." tommy605
"Use your senses." Use your intelligence also. Our senses have limitations and can be tricked. Even in the bible, you weight objects for commercial purposes with a balance scale (2 weights, 2 measures). Instruments can measure more precisely than our senses, and it provides experimental data.
Even in the bible, they relied on balance scale to weight object. This means the bible recognize that our senses are not always adequate for measuring, thus the use of instruments of measure for volume, lengths and weights.
Our senses may not be precise enough depending on what you're observing. Let's take an example. Machinist must make a flat surface within thousandth of an inch.
You simply can't tell it's flat within that resolution.
Ideally, for better results, you can use several methods for observing the same phenomena. Since many centuries, scientists developed many instruments and improved their accuracy.
For those religious, another example comes from the bible: god given senses are not enough since the bible talks about two weights, two measures, thus the use of an instrument: a balance scale.
There is also the concept of measurements in the bible: weights, lengths, time, and maybe others, which need instruments to be accurate.
Amos 7:8
Earth and the solar system travel in space at 514000 mph through the galaxy. This speed is enormous at our human scale: common sense would say that at such speed, we should see the stars moving. Why not? Common sense also says that if an object is far enough, it won't move much. A common example is a car going on a highway at 100 km/h. We can see that objects farther away move slower.
Some astronomical measurements:
Alpha centauri distance km: 4.132e12 km
Earth orbit diameter km: 149.6e6 km
Galactic speed of the sun
514,000 mph
Expressed in other units:
828,000 km/h
230 km/s
143 mi/s
0.000000087435 light-years/h
0.0007664 light-years/year
Polaris does move a little during the night since it's not exactly in line with the earth's axis. There is also a movement of precession which makes the earth wobble with a period of about 25000 years.
But with the galactic speed of the sun, should we see Polaris moving too?
Polaris is at about 433 light-years from earth.
Let's convert the 514000 mph speed in astronomical scale.
During a year, the solar system would travel a distance of 4505627779 miles.
514000 mph * 24 h/day * 365.2422 days = 4505627779 miles.
Let's approximate that to 4500000000 miles (4.5e9).
Converting that distance into light-years, we have 0.0007655 ly
So, in a year, Polaris would have moved by an angle of about
0.0007655/433 ~ 0.00000177 radian or 0.0001 degree,
which would be unnoticeable.
Note: at very small angles, the sine of an angle and the angle itself are approximately equal.
Water sticking to a globe model
https://physnoct.wordpress.com/2019/12/21/earth-model-with-water-sticking-to-it/
On the Flat Earth, How High is the Sun?
http://www.nmsr.org/flatter4.htm
How do we calculate the distance from the north pole to any latitude on a flat earth model?
- we straigthen the curvature of the globe earth. The distance from the north pole to the south pole is half a circumference.
Thus, distance NS = π * radius. - The latitude is a fraction of this distance: (90°- lat)/180.
The latitude varies between the maximum at -90° (S90°), and the minimum at +90° (N90°).
At the north pole, we have (90° - (+90°))/180° = 0°/180° = 0.
At the south pole, we have (90° - (-90°))/180° = 180°/180° = 1.
The distance from the north pole to a point of given latitude is:
distance = π * radius * (90°- lat)/180°.
The circumference of that distance would be 2π * distance = 2π² * radius * (90°- lat)/180°
Longitude goes from +180° eastward to -180° westward
Here are the formulas for Microsoft Excel (also work in Open Office)
Substitute the cell location for radius and latitude
A1: radius
A2: latitude
B2: circumference in FE model
C2: circumference in GE model
B2 = 2POW(PI();2)A1(90-A2)/180
C2 = 2PI()A1COS(A2*PI()/180)
For the circumference on a globe model (assuming a perfect sphere)
2π cos latitude
Spherical coordinates on the globe (assuming a sphere)
𝜚 = R+h
𝜙 = (π/180°)long = [-π,+π]
𝜗 = π(90°- lat)/180° = [0,+π]
Cylindrical coordinates on an AE map are: (r,𝜙,z) = (πR(90°- lat)/180°,(π/180°)long,h)
r = R𝜗
𝜙 = 𝜙
z = 𝜚 - R = h
∂(r,𝜙,z)/∂(𝜚,𝜙,𝜗) =
(0,0,R)
(0,1,0)
(1,0,0)
det ∂(r,𝜙,z)/∂(𝜚,𝜙,𝜗) = -R
distance on a FE model (no distorsion -> FE)
http://walter.bislins.ch/bloge/index.asp?page=Distances+on+Globe+and+Flat+Earth
distance on a spherical globe between 𝜙₁,𝜆₁ and 𝜙₂,𝜆₂
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance
𝛥𝜎 = arccos(sin 𝜙₁ sin 𝜙₂ + cos 𝜙₁ cos 𝜙₂ cos 𝛥𝜆)
d = R𝛥𝜎
http://www.acronautic.com/antartica-cup-ocean-race/
The Racetrack outer and inner boundaries are located on latitude 45° South and latitude 60° South making the Racetrack 900 nautical miles wide.
On a flat earth, the circumference at 45° and 60° South is 94000 km and 105000 km respectively.
On a globe earth, it would be 28000 km and 20000 km respectively
"Konyukhov came through it all unscathed, returning to King George Sound at 02: 56:50 UTC (10:56:50 WST) to record a time of 102 days 00 hours 56 minutes 50secs for this 16,400 mile circuit of Antarctica." 26400 km in metric, thus proving a globe earth.
In the globe earth model,
S45 latitude would give a circle of 2π * 6371km * cos 45°= 28300km = 17600 miles
S60 latitude would give a circle of 2π * 6371km * cos 60°= 20000km = 12400 miles
In the flat earth model,
S45 latitude would give a circle of 2π² * 6371km * (180°-45°)/180° = 94308km = 58600 miles
S60 latitude would give a circle of 2π² * 6371km * (180°-30°)/180° = 105000km = 65000 miles
http://www.acronautic.com/antartica-cup-ocean-race/
Les limites extérieures et intérieures du circuit sont situées à 45° de latitude sud et à 60° de latitude sud, ce qui fait 900 milles de large.
Sur une terre plate, la circonférence à 45° et 60° Sud est de 94000 km et 105000 km respectivement.
Sur un globe terrestre, ce serait 28 000 km et 20000 km respectivement.
"Konyukhov a traversé tout indemne, retournant à King George Sound à 02: 56: 50 UTC (10:56:50 WST) pour enregistrer un temps de 102 jours 00 heures 56 minutes 50 secondes pour ce circuit de 16 400 miles de l'Antarctique." 26400 km en métrique, prouvant ainsi un globe terrestre.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9Xx9F4JvnQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PoiGsLzxM8M (français)
Definition of Level In Surveying Texts
https://jessekozlowski.wordpress.com/2020/02/19/definition-of-level/
Here is the equation and a web calculator:
https://planetcalc.com/149/
Some other useful sites:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Geodetic_System#WGS84
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroid
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OblateSpheroid.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth
The curvature can be demonstrated to our senses simply by measuring the angle from eye level to the horizon.
For a person standing at sea level, the horizon is about 0.04 degrees below eye level. By looking from a higher point of view, this angle will increase.
The value of this angle is arccos(R/(R+h)) where R is earth's radius and h is the height of the observer's eye.
To follow the curvature, the plane simply fly at constant altitude. To fly in a straight line into space, the plane has to climb up. If a plane travels around the earth at 500 mph, it will take 50h to make a full turn (500mph * 50h = 25000 miles) so it will dip its nose by 360° in 50h = 7.2°/h = 0.12°/m = 0.002°/s.
While the plane flies, the earth itself curves with a bit slower rate.
The plane's real speed would be: GS/R = PS/(R+h) -> PS = GS*(R+h)/R.
LOS microwave communications would be possible over the curvature if there are 2 towers. Here are the calculations.
d (A1) is the distance between the towers,
R (A2) is the radius of the earth.
This formula gives the height of the towers needed.
h = √(R²+d²/4)-R
Excel formula: =ROOT((A2A2+A1A1)/4) - A2
For 235 km, the 2 towers should have a height of 1km above sea level. Quite achievable if high locations are available. It's not surprizing then, to see antennas to top of buildings.
g is the value of the acceleration in free fall at ground level, and its value is measurable. To measure it, drop an object from a known height and measure the falling time. It should be independent of the mass. The corresponding value of g is calculated from height and time.
The relation is h = 0.5 g t²
Solving for g
g = 2h/t
https://physnoct.wordpress.com/2018/10/28/fe-sun-orbiting-above-the-flat-earth/
https://medium.com/@ktachyon/proving-the-earth-is-not-flat-using-just-math-21ba748ebac2
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4P20REbUHvxmgaPcenXMSXV_0aZoNvqQ
http://www.terre-plate.org (french)
http://flatearthdeception.com
https://flatearthlunacy.com
https://flatearth.ws
2,000 Proofs* the Earth is Not a Stationary Pizza
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6NHjkyKflVEXHExa10WSRij7CJ0LVpdz
An end to this flat earth NONSENSE!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnvWL4kpZd4
Mirages
http://www.polarimage.fi/mirages/mirages.htm
https://theislamissue.wordpress.com/2019/03/22/scholarly-consensus-of-a-round-earth/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE3j_RHkqJc
Question everything
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jb7lVVtgIB8
A few deniers’ (bad) habits
https://antoinebretblog.wordpress.com/2020/02/10/a-few-deniers-bad-habits
It's indoctrination if it can't be questioned, it's education if it can be demonstrated.
:) Last convenient link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K37G2j0K8BA