refs.bib

@article{brown1993mathematics,
  title={{The mathematics of statistical Machine Translation: Parameter Estimation}},
  author={Brown, Peter F and Pietra, Vincent J Della and Pietra, Stephen A Della and Mercer, Robert L},
  journal={Computational linguistics},
  volume={19},
  number={2},
  pages={263--311},
  year={1993},
  publisher={MIT Press}
}

@article{quinn1987impacts,
  title={{The Impacts of Technology in the Services Sector}},
  author={Quinn, James Brian},
  journal={Technology and Global Industry},
  year={1987},
}

@article{lall1998market,
  title={{``Market-Stimulating'' Technology Policies in Developing Countries: a Framework with Examples from East Asia}},
  author={Lall, Sanjaya and Teubal, Morris},
  journal={World development},
  volume={26},
  number={8},
  pages={1369--1385},
  year={1998},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@misc{internetworldstats,
  title = {{Top Ten Internet Languages - Word Internet Statistics}},
  howpublished = {\url{http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm}},
  note = {Accessed: 2016-12-05}
  }

@misc{cutcornerscambridge,
  title = {{Definition of "Cut Corners"}},
  howpublished = {\url{http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cut-corners}},
  note = {Accessed: 2016-12-10}
  }


@misc{googletranslatecommunity,
  title = {{Google Translate Community}},
  howpublished = {\url{https://translate.google.com/community}},
  note = {Accessed: 2016-12-05}
  }  
 
@misc{mosesbaselinesystem,
  title = {{Moses - Baseline System}},
  howpublished = {\url{http://www.statmt.org/moses/?n=Moses.Baseline }},
  note = {Accessed: 2016-12-12}
  }  
@misc{mosesfactoredtraining,
  title = {{Moses - Factored Training and Tuning}},
  howpublished = {\url{http://www.statmt.org/moses/?n=FactoredTraining.Tuning}},
  note = {Accessed: 2016-12-12}
  }  
@misc{cambridgeeffectiveness,
  title = {{effectiveness Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary}},
  howpublished = {\url{http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/effectiveness}},
  note = {Accessed: 2017-03-27}
  }
 @misc{cambridgeefficiency,
  title = {{efficiency Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary}},
  howpublished = {\url{http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/efficiency}},
  note = {Accessed: 2016-03-27}
  } 



@misc{koehn2010moses,
  title={{Moses - Statistical Machine Translation System - User Manual and Code Guide}},
  author={Koehn, Philipp},
  year={2010},
  publisher={University of Edinburgh, http://www. statmt. org/moses/manual/manual. pdf}
}

  
@article{steflja2012costs,
  title={{The Costs and Consequences of Rwanda’s Shift in Language Policy}},
  author={Steflja, Izebela},
  journal={African Portal},
  volume={30},
  pages={1--10},
  year={2012}
}

@Article{Samuelson2010,
author="Samuelson, Beth Lewis and Freedman, Sarah Warshauer",
title={{``Language Policy, Multilingual Education, and Power in Rwanda''}},
journal="Language Policy",
year="2010",
volume="9",
number="3",
pages="191--215",
abstract="The evolution of Rwanda's language policies since 1996 has played and continues to play a critical role in social reconstruction following war and genocide. Rwanda's new English language policy aims to drop French and install English as the only language of instruction. The policy-makers frame the change as a major factor in the success of social and education reforms aimed at promoting reconciliation and peace and increasing Rwanda's participation in global economic development. However, in Rwanda, the language one speaks is construed as an indicator of group affiliations and identity. Furthermore, Rwanda has the potential to develop a multilingual educational policy that employs its national language, Kinyarwanda 	(Ikinyarwanda, Rwanda), to promote mass literacy and a literate, multilingual populace. Rwanda's situation can serve as a case study for the ongoing roles that language policy plays in the politics of power.",
issn="1573-1863",
doi="10.1007/s10993-010-9170-7",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-010-9170-7"
}

@book{trujillo2012translation,
  title={{Translation Engines: Techniques for Machine Translation}},
  author={Trujillo, Arturo},
  year={2012},
  publisher={Springer Science \& Business Media}
}

@book{koehn2009statistical,
  title={{Statistical Machine Translation}},
  author={Koehn, Philipp},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{och2005statistical,
  title={{Statistical Machine Translation: Foundations and Recent Advances}},
  author={Och, Franz Josef},
  journal={Tutorial at MT Summit},
  year={2005}
}

@misc{princetonml,
  title = {{Theoretical Machine Learning}},
  author={Schapire, Rob},
  howpublished = {\url{http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spr08/cos511/scribe_notes/0204.pdf}},
  note = {Accessed: 2016-12-05}
  }  
  
@inproceedings{koehn2007moses,
  title={{Moses: Open Source Toolkit for Statistical Machine Translation}},
  author={Koehn, Philipp and Hoang, Hieu and Birch, Alexandra and Callison-Burch, Chris and Federico, Marcello and Bertoldi, Nicola and Cowan, Brooke and Shen, Wade and Moran, Christine and Zens, Richard and others},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the ACL on interactive poster and demonstration sessions},
  pages={177--180},
  year={2007},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

@inproceedings{Germann:2003:GDS:1073445.1073455,
 author = {Germann, Ulrich},
 title = {{Greedy Decoding for Statistical Machine Translation in Almost Linear Time}},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1},
 series = {NAACL '03},
 year = {2003},
 location = {Edmonton, Canada},
 pages = {1--8},
 numpages = {8},
 url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1073445.1073455},
 doi = {10.3115/1073445.1073455},
 acmid = {1073455},
 publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
 address = {Stroudsburg, PA, USA},
} 

@inproceedings{koehn2003statistical,
  title={{Statistical Phrase-Based Translation}},
  author={Koehn, Philipp and Och, Franz Josef and Marcu, Daniel},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology-Volume 1},
  pages={48--54},
  year={2003},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

@inproceedings{och2003minimum,
  title={{Minimum Error Rate Training in Statistical Machine Translation}},
  author={Och, Franz Josef},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics-Volume 1},
  pages={160--167},
  year={2003},
  organization={Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

@article{kayigema2010loanword,
  title={{Loanword Allocation in Kinyarwanda}},
  author={Kayigema, Lwaboshi Jacques},
  year={2010}
}


@book{adekunle2007culture,
  title={{Culture and Customs of Rwanda}},
  author={Adekunle, Julius},
  year={2007},
  publisher={Greenwood Publishing Group}
}

@Article{Forcada2011,
author={{"Forcada, Mikel L.
and Ginest{\'i}-Rosell, Mireia
and Nordfalk, Jacob
and O'Regan, Jim
and Ortiz-Rojas, Sergio
and P{\'e}rez-Ortiz, Juan Antonio
and S{\'a}nchez-Mart{\'i}nez, Felipe
and Ram{\'i}rez-S{\'a}nchez, Gema
and Tyers, Francis M."}},
title={{"Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation"}},
journal="Machine Translation",
year="2011",
volume="25",
number="2",
pages="127--144",
abstract="Apertium is a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation. It is being widely used to build machine translation systems for a variety of language pairs, especially in those cases (mainly with related-language pairs) where shallow transfer suffices to produce good quality translations, although it has also proven useful in assimilation scenarios with more distant pairs involved. This article summarises the Apertium platform: the translation engine, the encoding of linguistic data, and the tools developed around the platform. The present limitations of the platform and the challenges posed for the coming years are also discussed. Finally, evaluation results for some of the most active language pairs are presented. An appendix describes Apertium as a free/open-source project.",
issn="1573-0573",
doi="10.1007/s10590-011-9090-0",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10590-011-9090-0"
}