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文件操作
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文件操作
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###########文件的差集与交集#########
whwu@master:~/script> cat A.txt
apple
gold
iron
orange
silver
steel
whwu@master:~/script> cat B.txt
carrot
cookies
gold
orange
whwu@master:~/script> comm A.txt B.txt
apple
orange
comm: file 1 is not in sorted order
comm: file 2 is not in sorted order
gold
cookies
carrot
silver
steel
iron
whwu@master:~/script> sort A.txt -o A.txt; sort B.txt -o B.txt
whwu@master:~/script> comm A.txt B.txt
apple
carrot
cookies
gold
iron
orange
silver
steel
文件备份以及压缩
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -cf output.tar 1.txt 2.txt #将两个文件打包成一个文件 -c创建 -f指定文件名
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt output.tar
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tf output.tar #-t查看文件
1.txt
2.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -rvf output.tar 3.txt #-r追加 -v压缩的过程中显示文件
3.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tf output.tar
1.txt
2.txt
3.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
4.txt fortar output.tar
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -xf output.tar #-x表示提取extract
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt fortar output.tar
whwu@master:~/script/test/fortar> ls
whwu@master:~/script/test/fortar>
whwu@master:~/script/test/fortar> tar -xf ../output.tar -C . #-C必须是大写 指定文件提取至哪个文件夹
whwu@master:~/script/test/fortar> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test/fortar> tar -xvf ../output.tar 1.txt -C . #只提取指定文件至文件夹
1.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test/fortar> ls
1.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -Af first.tar output.tar #合并两个.tar文件
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt first.tar fortar output.tar
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tvf first.tar
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 53 2016-04-22 00:06 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 29 2016-04-22 00:06 2.txt
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 53 2016-04-22 00:06 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 29 2016-04-22 00:06 2.txt
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 111 2016-04-22 00:06 3.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tf first.tar
1.txt
2.txt
1.txt
2.txt
3.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar --delete --file first.tar 3.txt #从归档文件中删除文件
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tf first.tar
1.txt
2.txt
1.txt
2.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar --delete --file first.tar 1.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tf first.tar
2.txt
2.txt
tar命令只是将文件归档
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tf output.tar
1.txt
2.txt
3.txt
4.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -cf output.tar * --exclude "1.txt" #从归档中排除某些文件
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tf output.tar
2.txt
3.txt
4.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -cf output.tar * --exclude "1.txt" --totals #--total显示有多少个字节
tar: output.tar: file is the archive; not dumped
Total bytes written: 10240 (10KiB, 23MiB/s)
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -tf output.tar
2.txt
3.txt
4.txt
bunzip以及bzip命令
用bunzip或bzip压缩
bunzip2是另一种与gzip类似的压缩技术。bzip2通常能够生成比gzip更小（压缩比更高）的文件。
所有Linux发型版都包含了这个工具。
whwu@master:~/script/test> bzip2 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt.bz2 2.txt.bz2 3.txt.bz2 4.txt file1 file2 file3 #分别对文件进行压缩，没有归档
whwu@master:~/script/test> bunzip2 1.txt.bz2 #解压缩时删除.bz2文件，然后生成1.txt的未压缩形式
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt.bz2 3.txt.bz2 4.txt file1 file2 file3
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -cjvvf test.tar.bz2 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt #创建经由bzip2压缩过的归档文件
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 58 2016-04-23 11:13 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 29 2016-04-22 00:06 2.txt
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 111 2016-04-22 00:06 3.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt file1 file2 file3 test.tar.bz2
whwu@master:~/script/test> tar -xavvf test.tar.bz2 -C test #将文件解压到指定文件
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 58 2016-04-23 11:13 1.txt
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 29 2016-04-22 00:06 2.txt
-rw-rw-r-- whwu/whwu 111 2016-04-22 00:06 3.txt
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt file1 file2 file3 test test.tar.bz2
whwu@master:~/script/test> cd test
whwu@master:~/script/test/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt
raync命令
用raync备份系统快照
rsync -av source_path destination_path #-a表示要进行归档 -v表示在stdout上打印出细节信息或进度
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt file1 file2 file3 test test1 test.tar.bz2
whwu@master:~/script/test> rsync -av ./test ./test1 #将文件夹test 复制到test1中
sending incremental file list
test/
test/1.txt
test/2.txt
test/3.txt
sent 426 bytes received 73 bytes 998.00 bytes/sec
total size is 198 speedup is 0.40
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt file1 file2 file3 test test1 test.tar.bz2
whwu@master:~/script/test> cd test1
whwu@master:~/script/test/test1> ls
test
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt file1 file2 file3 test test.tar.bz2
whwu@master:~/script/test> rsync -av ./test ./test1 #可以创建文件夹test1
sending incremental file list
created directory ./test1
test/
test/1.txt
test/2.txt
test/3.txt
sent 426 bytes received 73 bytes 998.00 bytes/sec
total size is 198 speedup is 0.40
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt file1 file2 file3 test test1 test.tar.bz2
whwu@master:~/script/test> rsync -av ./test ./test1 --exclude "1.txt" #传递过程中，排除1.txt
sending incremental file list
created directory ./test1
test/
test/2.txt
test/3.txt
sent 310 bytes received 54 bytes 728.00 bytes/sec
total size is 140 speedup is 0.38
whwu@master:~/script/test> ls
1.txt 2.txt 3.txt 4.txt file1 file2 file3 test test1 test.tar.bz2
whwu@master:~/script/test> cd test1
whwu@master:~/script/test/test1> ls
test
whwu@master:~/script/test/test1> ls test
2.txt 3.txt