As you begin to write increasingly complex recipes, you will find that it is often necessary to have more than one visitor. This is because significant changes often require you to visit many types of Lossless Semantic Trees (LSTs) to figure out whether or not a change should be made.
For instance, let's say that you wanted to write a recipe that adds the final modifier to any local variables that aren't reassigned. To do that, you would first need to make a visitor that visits all of the VariableDeclarations and runs some checks on them (such as determining if they already have the final modifier). Once you found all potential variables, you would then need to visit all of the places they could be used to see if they are reassigned. If they were reassigned, you would need to keep track of that across visits, too. Both of those issues can be solved by adding a second visitor to your recipe.
To help you understand how to create and use multiple visitors in a single recipe, this guide will walk through the creation of the FinalizeLocalVariables recipe described above. While doing so, you will also learn how to better approach creating complex recipes.
This guide assumes that you:
- Have a strong Java background
- Have already set up your Recipe Development Environment
- Are familiar with recipe creation (via working through the Writing a Java refactoring recipe and Modifying methods with JavaTemplate guides)
When creating complex recipes, usually the most difficult part is thinking through all of the potential test cases. This is where a deep knowledge of the language you're working with comes into play.
For instance, let's think through variables in Java. Variables could be:
- Initialized or uninitialized
- Defined or modified in a loop
- Instance variables or class variables
- Named the same thing, but be in different scopes
- Created in a catch block
- Created in a method declaration
- Lambda variables
- Used in combination with a unary operator
- Inside nested blocks
- Declared on the same line
Those are just some of the situations that would be useful to consider when making this FinalizeLocalVariables recipe. With so many possibilities, it's quite easy to miss something. That's why you should do your best to ensure your recipe does no harm by limiting the scope and focusing on specific use cases. It's much better to have a recipe with a smaller scope than it is to have one that potentially breaks code.
For this guide, let's say that we will not add a final modifier to variables if they:
- Already have the
finalmodifier - Are reassigned
- Are uninitialized
- Are for loop control variables
- Are instance or class variables
- Are in a catch block
- Are declared in static initializers
- Are declared in method parameters
- Are lambdas
This will help ensure that our recipe is not overly complex, while still providing a reasonable challenge.
With the general idea of our recipe figured out, let's outline our recipe so we can get started with the tests:
package com.yourorg;
import org.openrewrite.ExecutionContext;
import org.openrewrite.Recipe;
import org.openrewrite.java.JavaIsoVisitor;
public class FinalizeLocalVariables extends Recipe {
@Override
public String getDisplayName() {
return "Finalize local variables";
}
@Override
public String getDescription() {
return "Adds the `final` modifier keyword to local variables which are not reassigned.";
}
@Override
public JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> getVisitor() {
return new JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext>() {
// TODO: Implement the visitor
};
}
}Before you write the core logic of your recipe, you should spend a considerable amount of time writing the tests. By taking the time, now, to think through all of the possible edge cases, you will find that writing the recipe and corresponding visitors is significantly easier.
Let's start by writing tests for all of the situations where we will not change a variable:
package com.yourorg;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openrewrite.test.RecipeSpec;
import org.openrewrite.test.RewriteTest;
import static org.openrewrite.java.Assertions.java;
public class FinalizeLocalVariablesTest implements RewriteTest {
@Override
public void defaults(RecipeSpec spec) {
spec.recipe(new FinalizeLocalVariables());
}
@Test
void doesNotModifyUninitializedVariables() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class A {
void test() {
int a;
a = 0;
}
}
"""
)
);
}
@Test
void doesNotModifyLoopControlVariables() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class A {
void test() {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
"""
)
);
}
// aka "non-static fields"
@Test
void doesNotModifyInstanceVariables() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class A {
int instanceVariableUninitialized;
int instanceVariableInitialized = 0;
}
"""
)
);
}
// aka "static fields"
@Test
void doesNotModifyClassVariables() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class A {
static int classVariableInitialized = 0;
}
"""
)
);
}
@Test
void doesNotModifyVariablesInCatchBlocks() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
import java.io.IOException;
class Test {
static {
try {
throw new IOException();
} catch (RuntimeException | IOException e) {
System.out.println("oops");
}
}
}
"""
)
);
}
@Test
void doesNotModifyVariablesInStaticInitializers() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class Test {
static {
int n = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
}
}
}
"""
)
);
}
@Test
void doesNotModifyVariablesCreatedInMethodParameters() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class Test {
private static int testMath(int x, int y) {
y = y + y;
return x + y;
}
public static void main(String[] args) { }
}
"""
)
);
}
@Test
void doesNotModifyLambdaVariables() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
import java.util.stream.Stream;
class A {
public boolean hasFoo(Stream<String> input) {
return input.anyMatch(word -> word.equalsIgnoreCase("foo"));
}
}
"""
)
);
}
}You might notice that there is no test in the above code that tests for variables that already have a final modifier on them. This is because the rewrite testing framework runs the tests in a loop. If the result changes as the recipe is run over and over again, the test will fail. In other words, if we make a test that ensures the final modifier is correctly added, we will inherently get a test to ensure that variables with the final modifier are not changed.
Now that we have some tests to ensure we aren't changing variables that shouldn't have the final modifier added to them, it's time to write the tests for cases where variables should have the final modifier added.
Generally, for tests that expect changes, you should make them very specific and clear. People will often use these to understand what your recipe is doing. For our FinalizeLocalVariables recipe, some good examples of tests would be:
- Ensuring that a variable that is used, but not reassigned, is given the
finalmodifier - Ensuring that variables with the same name, but different scopes, are handled correctly
- Ensuring that unary operators still result in the
finalmodifier being added (as they do not change the variable itself)
Here is what these tests might look like (feel free to write your own for practice):
@Test
void localVariablesAreMadeFinal() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class A {
public void test() {
int n = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) { }
}
}
""",
"""
class A {
public void test() {
final int n = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) { }
}
}
"""
)
);
}
@Test
void localVariablesAreMadeFinalWithScopeAwareness() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class Test {
public static void testA() {
int a = 0;
a = 1;
}
public static void testB() {
int a = 0;
}
}
""",
"""
class Test {
public static void testA() {
int a = 0;
a = 1;
}
public static void testB() {
final int a = 0;
}
}
"""
)
);
}
@Test
void nonModifyingUnaryOperatorAwareness() {
rewriteRun(
java(
"""
class Test {
void test() {
int i = 1;
int j = -i;
int k = +j;
int l = ~k;
}
}
""",
"""
class Test {
void test() {
final int i = 1;
final int j = -i;
final int k = +j;
final int l = ~k;
}
}
"""
)
);
}You can find the entire test file here.
{% hint style="success" %}
You should routinely run the tests to check your progress and make sure they are testing the appropriate behavior. If you ran the tests right now, you should see that all of the tests that start with the text doesNotModify pass, whereas all the tests that expect changes fail. This is expected as no code in the recipe has been written yet.
{% endhint %}
With the tests created, it's now time to create the recipe. You should start by looking over the Lossless Semantic Trees (LSTs) and determine which one(s) are needed for your recipe.
As part of that, you might find that using the TreeVisitingPrinter helps you narrow down what LSTs to examine. For instance, if you added the printer to the FinalizeLocalVariables recipe and ran the tests, you would see that the VariableDeclarations LST is the LST you'd need to modify to add the final J.Modifier to.
Likewise, you would see that variables can be assigned or changed in LSTs such as J.Assignment, J.AssignmentOperation, and J.Unary.
Using this printer, in combination with robust and thorough tests, can help ensure that you are handling all of the expected LSTs in your recipe.
Now that we have some ideas of which LSTs we care about, it's time to get started with making the first visitor in our recipe. This visitor will be the one responsible for finding, and potentially modifying, variables.
Generally, you want to start by restricting the scope of the visitor and returning quickly if the recipe should not make any changes.
Let's outline what that would look like:
{% hint style="note" %}
The VariableDeclarations LST contains all the variables defined on one line of code. In most cases, this will just be a single variable, but it is possible for many to be defined. Our visitor will need to handle both cases.
{% endhint %}
// ...
public class FinalizeLocalVariables extends Recipe {
// ...
@Override
public JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> getVisitor() {
return new JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext>() {
@Override
public J.VariableDeclarations visitVariableDeclarations(J.VariableDeclarations varDec, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
J.VariableDeclarations variableDeclarations = super.visitVariableDeclarations(varDec, executionContext);
// TODO: Return if the varDec already has the final modifier
// TODO: Return if any variables in the varDec are uninitialized
// TODO: Return if the varDec is in a for loop control
// TODO: Return if the varDec is an instance or class variable
// TODO: If none of the above apply, find all use cases for the variables and determine whether or not they're reassigned. If none have been, add the final modifier. If one ore more has, do nothing.
return variableDeclarations;
}
};
}
}{% hint style="warning" %}
In most cases, your recipe should call super.visitSomeLST() at the beginning of the overridden method. This allows OpenRewrite to traverse into sub-elements of the LST you're visiting. In the above recipe, if we didn't call super, the recipe would fail to add the final modifier to the c variable in this code as it would never visit the sub-elements of a.
{% endhint %}
When implementing the body of the visitor, you may find that the LST you're working with has all of the relevant information contained in it. For instance, the first two tasks in the above visitor can be implemented without diving into other LSTs:
@Override
public JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> getVisitor() {
return new JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext>() {
@Override
public J.VariableDeclarations visitVariableDeclarations(J.VariableDeclarations varDec, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
J.VariableDeclarations variableDeclarations = super.visitVariableDeclarations(varDec, executionContext);
// If the varDec already has a "final" modifier, we don't need to check anything else
if (variableDeclarations.hasModifier(J.Modifier.Type.Final)) {
return variableDeclarations;
}
// Uninitialized local variables should not be considered
if (variableDeclarations.getVariables().stream().anyMatch(namedVariable -> namedVariable.getInitializer() == null)) {
return variableDeclarations;
}
// TODO: Return if the varDec is in a for loop control
// TODO: Return if the varDec is an instance or class variable
// TODO: If none of the above apply, find all use cases for the variable and determine whether or not it's reassigned. If it hasn't been, add the final modifier. If it has, do nothing.
return variableDeclarations;
}
};
}Other cases, such as the next two items in our list, will require looking at the broader LST via Cursors. Cursors allow you to move around the LST and obtain information outside of the LST you're currently visiting. For example, we could check if the parent object is a for-loop control, method declaration, or class declaration:
public class FinalizeLocalVariables extends Recipe {
// ...
@Override
public JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> getVisitor() {
return new JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext>() {
@Override
public J.VariableDeclarations visitVariableDeclarations(J.VariableDeclarations varDec, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
// ...
// Variables that are in a for loop control should not be changed
if (isDeclaredInForLoopControl(getCursor())) {
return variableDeclarations;
}
// Fields should not be changed (aka "instance variables" and "class variables")
if (variableDeclarations.getVariables().stream().anyMatch(namedVariable -> namedVariable.isField(getCursor()) || isField(getCursor()))) {
return variableDeclarations;
}
// TODO: If none of the above apply, find all use cases for the variable and determine whether or not it's reassigned. If it hasn't been, add the final modifier. If it has, do nothing.
return variableDeclarations;
}
};
}
private boolean isDeclaredInForLoopControl(Cursor cursor) {
return cursor.getParentTreeCursor()
.getValue() instanceof J.ForLoop.Control;
}
private boolean isField(Cursor cursor) {
return cursor.dropParentUntil(parent -> parent instanceof J.ClassDeclaration || parent instanceof J.MethodDeclaration)
.getValue() instanceof J.ClassDeclaration;
}
}We've now reached the last item on our list, but we've come to a bit of a predicament. How can we know if any of the variables defined in this VariableDeclarations LST are reassigned? That information isn't available in the current LST and trying to use a cursor for this would be nearly impossible.
Fortunately, recipes can define many visitors. Another visitor could traverse through a subtree with the same scope as the variables we care about to determine if they've been reassigned or not. If any were reassigned, then we would return without making any changes. However, if none of them were changed, then we could safely add the final modifier to our VariableDeclarations LST.
Before we go about coding this second visitor, let's take the time to think through all of the pieces that are needed.
We need a visitor that:
- Takes in and saves all of the necessary information to identify whether or not a variable it is visiting matches the one provided by the other visitor.
- Takes in a tree to visit that is scoped to only the areas where the variable can be reassigned (to increase speed and to ensure we can accurately detect changes to a variable).
- Keeps track of whether or not said variable has been reassigned. This state needs to be accessible and modifiable in all of the visit functions.
- Provides a way for our other visitor to access the above state.
To address these needs, let's create a static visitor that extends JavaIsoVisitor and uses an AtomicBoolean as its type. We can then add a final J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable object to this visitor. Lastly, we can create a find function that takes in the necessary information to set this up and returns a new instance of this visitor:
{% hint style="info" %}
You do not need to worry about thread safety with the type that you use in your visitor. In our case, we chose to use an AtomicBoolean simply because it's a mutable boolean object.
{% endhint %}
@Value
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
private static class FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable extends JavaIsoVisitor<AtomicBoolean> {
J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable variable;
/**
* @param subtree The subtree to search.
* @param variable A {@link J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable} to check for any reassignment calls.
* @return An {@link AtomicBoolean} that is true if the variable has been reassigned and false otherwise.
*/
static AtomicBoolean find(J subtree, J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable variable) {
return new FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable(variable)
.reduce(subtree, new AtomicBoolean());
}
// TODO: Implement visit methods
}The reduce function traverses over the provided tree and passes the second parameter into all of the visit methods (such as visitAssignment()). These methods can then access and modify this object as necessary. In our visitor, once the entire tree has been traversed, anyone calling the find method can call get() to access the value of the AtomicBoolean object.
Below you can see how we can add visit methods that access and potentially modify this object to meet the needs of our recipe:
public class FinalizeLocalVariables extends Recipe {
// Other visitor
@Value
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
private static class FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable extends JavaIsoVisitor<AtomicBoolean> {
J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable variable;
/**
* @param j The subtree to search.
* @param variable A {@link J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable} to check for any reassignment calls.
* @return An {@link AtomicBoolean} that is true if the variable has been reassigned and false otherwise.
*/
static AtomicBoolean find(J j, J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable variable) {
return new FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable(variable)
.reduce(j, new AtomicBoolean());
}
@Override
public J.Assignment visitAssignment(J.Assignment a, AtomicBoolean hasAssignment) {
// Return quickly if the variable has been reassigned before
if (hasAssignment.get()) {
return a;
}
J.Assignment assignment = super.visitAssignment(a, hasAssignment);
if (assignment.getVariable() instanceof J.Identifier) {
J.Identifier identifier = (J.Identifier) assignment.getVariable();
if (identifier.getSimpleName().equals(variable.getSimpleName())) {
hasAssignment.set(true);
}
}
return assignment;
}
@Override
public J.AssignmentOperation visitAssignmentOperation(J.AssignmentOperation assignOp, AtomicBoolean hasAssignment) {
if (hasAssignment.get()) {
return assignOp;
}
J.AssignmentOperation assignmentOperation = super.visitAssignmentOperation(assignOp, hasAssignment);
if (assignmentOperation.getVariable() instanceof J.Identifier) {
J.Identifier identifier = (J.Identifier) assignmentOperation.getVariable();
if (identifier.getSimpleName().equals(variable.getSimpleName())) {
hasAssignment.set(true);
}
}
return assignmentOperation;
}
@Override
public J.Unary visitUnary(J.Unary u, AtomicBoolean hasAssignment) {
if (hasAssignment.get()) {
return u;
}
J.Unary unary = super.visitUnary(u, hasAssignment);
if (unary.getOperator().isModifying() && unary.getExpression() instanceof J.Identifier) {
J.Identifier identifier = (J.Identifier) unary.getExpression();
if (identifier.getSimpleName().equals(variable.getSimpleName())) {
hasAssignment.set(true);
}
}
return unary;
}
}
}With our FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable visitor created, we can now go about using it. If we iterate over all of the variables in the VariableDeclarations LST we're examining and find that none of them have been reassigned, then we can add the final modifier to our VariableDeclarations LST:
@Override
public J.VariableDeclarations visitVariableDeclarations(J.VariableDeclarations varDec, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
// ...
if (variableDeclarations.getVariables().stream()
.noneMatch(namedVariable ->
FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable.find(getCursor()
.getParentTreeCursor()
.getValue(),
namedVariable)
.get())) {
variableDeclarations = autoFormat(
variableDeclarations.withModifiers(
ListUtils.concat(variableDeclarations.getModifiers(), new J.Modifier(Tree.randomId(), Space.EMPTY, Markers.EMPTY, J.Modifier.Type.Final, Collections.emptyList()))
), executionContext);
}
return variableDeclarations;
}{% hint style="warning" %} Generally, you should not create LST elements by hand. However, in extremely simple cases such as adding a modifier, it is acceptable to do so. {% endhint %}
If you run all of the tests now, they should pass.
package com.yourorg;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.Value;
import org.openrewrite.Cursor;
import org.openrewrite.ExecutionContext;
import org.openrewrite.Recipe;
import org.openrewrite.Tree;
import org.openrewrite.internal.ListUtils;
import org.openrewrite.java.JavaIsoVisitor;
import org.openrewrite.java.TreeVisitingPrinter;
import org.openrewrite.java.tree.J;
import org.openrewrite.java.tree.Space;
import org.openrewrite.marker.Markers;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
public class FinalizeLocalVariables extends Recipe {
@Override
public String getDisplayName() {
return "Finalize local variables";
}
@Override
public String getDescription() {
return "Adds the `final` modifier keyword to local variables which are not reassigned.";
}
@Override
public JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> getVisitor() {
return new JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext>() {
@Override
public J.VariableDeclarations visitVariableDeclarations(J.VariableDeclarations varDec, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
J.VariableDeclarations variableDeclarations = super.visitVariableDeclarations(varDec, executionContext);
// If the varDec already has a "final" modifier, we don't need to check anything else
if (variableDeclarations.hasModifier(J.Modifier.Type.Final)) {
return variableDeclarations;
}
// If any variable is uninitialized, we should make no changes
if (variableDeclarations.getVariables().stream().anyMatch(namedVariable -> namedVariable.getInitializer() == null)) {
return variableDeclarations;
}
// If the varDec is in a for loop control, we should make no changes
if (isDeclaredInForLoopControl(getCursor())) {
return variableDeclarations;
}
// Fields should not be changed (aka "instance variables" and "class variables")
if (variableDeclarations.getVariables().stream().anyMatch(namedVariable -> namedVariable.isField(getCursor()) || isField(getCursor()))) {
return variableDeclarations;
}
if (variableDeclarations.getVariables().stream()
.noneMatch(namedVariable ->
FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable.find(getCursor()
.getParentTreeCursor()
.getValue(),
namedVariable)
.get())) {
variableDeclarations = autoFormat(
variableDeclarations.withModifiers(
ListUtils.concat(variableDeclarations.getModifiers(), new J.Modifier(Tree.randomId(), Space.EMPTY, Markers.EMPTY, J.Modifier.Type.Final, Collections.emptyList()))
), executionContext);
}
return variableDeclarations;
}
};
}
private boolean isDeclaredInForLoopControl(Cursor cursor) {
return cursor.getParentTreeCursor()
.getValue() instanceof J.ForLoop.Control;
}
private boolean isField(Cursor cursor) {
return cursor.dropParentUntil(parent -> parent instanceof J.ClassDeclaration || parent instanceof J.MethodDeclaration)
.getValue() instanceof J.ClassDeclaration;
}
@Value
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
private static class FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable extends JavaIsoVisitor<AtomicBoolean> {
J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable variable;
/**
* @param subtree The subtree to search.
* @param variable A {@link J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable} to check for any reassignment calls.
* @return An {@link AtomicBoolean} that is true if the variable has been reassigned and false otherwise.
*/
static AtomicBoolean find(J subtree, J.VariableDeclarations.NamedVariable variable) {
return new FindAssignmentReferencesToVariable(variable)
.reduce(subtree, new AtomicBoolean());
}
@Override
public J.Assignment visitAssignment(J.Assignment a, AtomicBoolean hasAssignment) {
// Return quickly if the variable has been reassigned before
if (hasAssignment.get()) {
return a;
}
J.Assignment assignment = super.visitAssignment(a, hasAssignment);
if (assignment.getVariable() instanceof J.Identifier) {
J.Identifier identifier = (J.Identifier) assignment.getVariable();
if (identifier.getSimpleName().equals(variable.getSimpleName())) {
hasAssignment.set(true);
}
}
return assignment;
}
@Override
public J.AssignmentOperation visitAssignmentOperation(J.AssignmentOperation assignOp, AtomicBoolean hasAssignment) {
if (hasAssignment.get()) {
return assignOp;
}
J.AssignmentOperation assignmentOperation = super.visitAssignmentOperation(assignOp, hasAssignment);
if (assignmentOperation.getVariable() instanceof J.Identifier) {
J.Identifier identifier = (J.Identifier) assignmentOperation.getVariable();
if (identifier.getSimpleName().equals(variable.getSimpleName())) {
hasAssignment.set(true);
}
}
return assignmentOperation;
}
@Override
public J.Unary visitUnary(J.Unary u, AtomicBoolean hasAssignment) {
if (hasAssignment.get()) {
return u;
}
J.Unary unary = super.visitUnary(u, hasAssignment);
if (unary.getOperator().isModifying() && unary.getExpression() instanceof J.Identifier) {
J.Identifier identifier = (J.Identifier) unary.getExpression();
if (identifier.getSimpleName().equals(variable.getSimpleName())) {
hasAssignment.set(true);
}
}
return unary;
}
}
}Congratulations on making it through this guide! You now know how to approach and create a complex recipe with multiple visitors.
If you have further questions or need more help, please ask the team in Slack or in Discord.