Chroma — A general purpose syntax highlighter in pure Go

NOTE: As Chroma has just been released, its API is still in flux. That said, the high-level interface should not change significantly.

Chroma takes source code and other structured text and converts it into syntax highlighted HTML, ANSI-coloured text, etc.

Chroma is based heavily on Pygments, and includes translators for Pygments lexers and styles.

Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents
2. Supported languages
3. Try it
4. Using the library
   1. Quick start
   2. Identifying the language
   3. Formatting the output
   4. The HTML formatter
5. More detail
   1. Lexers
   2. Formatters
   3. Styles
6. Command-line interface
7. Testing lexers
8. What's missing compared to Pygments?

Supported languages

Prefix	Language
A	ABAP, ABNF, ActionScript, ActionScript 3, Ada, Angular2, ANTLR, ApacheConf, APL, AppleScript, Arduino, Awk
B	Ballerina, Bash, Batchfile, BibTeX, Bicep, BlitzBasic, BNF, Brainfuck, BQN
C	C, C#, C++, Caddyfile, Caddyfile Directives, Cap'n Proto, Cassandra CQL, Ceylon, CFEngine3, cfstatement, ChaiScript, Chapel, Cheetah, Clojure, CMake, COBOL, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Coq, Crystal, CSS, Cython
D	D, Dart, Diff, Django/Jinja, Docker, DTD, Dylan
E	EBNF, Elixir, Elm, EmacsLisp, Erlang
F	Factor, Fish, Forth, Fortran, FSharp
G	GAS, GDScript, Genshi, Genshi HTML, Genshi Text, Gherkin, GLSL, Gnuplot, Go, Go HTML Template, Go Text Template, GraphQL, Groff, Groovy
H	Handlebars, Haskell, Haxe, HCL, Hexdump, HLB, HLSL, HTML, HTTP, Hy
I	Idris, Igor, INI, Io
J	J, Java, JavaScript, JSON, Julia, Jungle
K	Kotlin
L	Lighttpd configuration file, LLVM, Lua
M	Makefile, Mako, markdown, Mason, Mathematica, Matlab, MiniZinc, MLIR, Modula-2, MonkeyC, MorrowindScript, Myghty, MySQL
N	NASM, Newspeak, Nginx configuration file, Nim, Nix
O	Objective-C, OCaml, Octave, OnesEnterprise, OpenEdge ABL, OpenSCAD, Org Mode
P	PacmanConf, Perl, PHP, PHTML, Pig, PkgConfig, PL/pgSQL, plaintext, Pony, PostgreSQL SQL dialect, PostScript, POVRay, PowerShell, Prolog, PromQL, Properties, Protocol Buffer, PSL, Puppet, Python 2, Python
Q	QBasic
R	R, Racket, Ragel, Raku, react, ReasonML, reg, reStructuredText, Rexx, Ruby, Rust
S	SAS, Sass, Scala, Scheme, Scilab, SCSS, Sed, Smali, Smalltalk, Smarty, Snobol, Solidity, SPARQL, SQL, SquidConf, Standard ML, stas, Stylus, Svelte, Swift, SYSTEMD, systemverilog
T	TableGen, TASM, Tcl, Tcsh, Termcap, Terminfo, Terraform, TeX, Thrift, TOML, TradingView, Transact-SQL, Turing, Turtle, Twig, TypeScript, TypoScript, TypoScriptCssData, TypoScriptHtmlData
V	VB.net, verilog, VHDL, VHS, VimL, vue
W	WDTE
X	XML, Xorg
Y	YAML, YANG
Z	Zig

I will attempt to keep this section up to date, but an authoritative list can be displayed with chroma --list.

Try it

Try out various languages and styles on the Chroma Playground.

Using the library

Chroma, like Pygments, has the concepts of lexers, formatters and styles.

Lexers convert source text into a stream of tokens, styles specify how token types are mapped to colours, and formatters convert tokens and styles into formatted output.

A package exists for each of these, containing a global Registry variable with all of the registered implementations. There are also helper functions for using the registry in each package, such as looking up lexers by name or matching filenames, etc.

In all cases, if a lexer, formatter or style can not be determined, nil will be returned. In this situation you may want to default to the Fallback value in each respective package, which provides sane defaults.

Quick start

A convenience function exists that can be used to simply format some source text, without any effort:

err := quick.Highlight(os.Stdout, someSourceCode, "go", "html", "monokai")

Identifying the language

To highlight code, you'll first have to identify what language the code is written in. There are three primary ways to do that:

1. Detect the language from its filename.

   lexer := lexers.Match("foo.go")

2. Explicitly specify the language by its Chroma syntax ID (a full list is available from lexers.Names()).

   lexer := lexers.Get("go")

3. Detect the language from its content.

   lexer := lexers.Analyse("package main\n\nfunc main()\n{\n}\n")

In all cases, nil will be returned if the language can not be identified.

if lexer == nil {
  lexer = lexers.Fallback
}

At this point, it should be noted that some lexers can be extremely chatty. To mitigate this, you can use the coalescing lexer to coalesce runs of identical token types into a single token:

lexer = chroma.Coalesce(lexer)

Formatting the output

Once a language is identified you will need to pick a formatter and a style (theme).

style := styles.Get("swapoff")
if style == nil {
  style = styles.Fallback
}
formatter := formatters.Get("html")
if formatter == nil {
  formatter = formatters.Fallback
}

Then obtain an iterator over the tokens:

contents, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
iterator, err := lexer.Tokenise(nil, string(contents))

And finally, format the tokens from the iterator:

err := formatter.Format(w, style, iterator)

The HTML formatter

By default the html registered formatter generates standalone HTML with embedded CSS. More flexibility is available through the formatters/html package.

Firstly, the output generated by the formatter can be customised with the following constructor options:

• Standalone() - generate standalone HTML with embedded CSS.
• WithClasses() - use classes rather than inlined style attributes.
• ClassPrefix(prefix) - prefix each generated CSS class.
• TabWidth(width) - Set the rendered tab width, in characters.
• WithLineNumbers() - Render line numbers (style with LineNumbers).
• WithLinkableLineNumbers() - Make the line numbers linkable and be a link to themselves.
• HighlightLines(ranges) - Highlight lines in these ranges (style with LineHighlight).
• LineNumbersInTable() - Use a table for formatting line numbers and code, rather than spans.

If WithClasses() is used, the corresponding CSS can be obtained from the formatter with:

formatter := html.New(html.WithClasses(true))
err := formatter.WriteCSS(w, style)

More detail

Lexers

See the Pygments documentation for details on implementing lexers. Most concepts apply directly to Chroma, but see existing lexer implementations for real examples.

In many cases lexers can be automatically converted directly from Pygments by using the included Python 3 script pygments2chroma_xml.py. I use something like the following:

python3 _tools/pygments2chroma_xml.py \
  pygments.lexers.jvm.KotlinLexer \
  > lexers/embedded/kotlin.xml

See notes in pygments-lexers.txt for a list of lexers, and notes on some of the issues importing them.

Formatters

Chroma supports HTML output, as well as terminal output in 8 colour, 256 colour, and true-colour.

A noop formatter is included that outputs the token text only, and a tokens formatter outputs raw tokens. The latter is useful for debugging lexers.

Styles

Chroma styles are defined in XML. The style entries use the same syntax as Pygments.

All Pygments styles have been converted to Chroma using the _tools/style.py script.

When you work with one of Chroma's styles, know that the Background token type provides the default style for tokens. It does so by defining a foreground color and background color.

For example, this gives each token name not defined in the style a default color of #f8f8f8 and uses #000000 for the highlighted code block's background:

<entry type="Background" style="#f8f8f2 bg:#000000"/>

Also, token types in a style file are hierarchical. For instance, when CommentSpecial is not defined, Chroma uses the token style from Comment. So when several comment tokens use the same color, you'll only need to define Comment and override the one that has a different color.

For a quick overview of the available styles and how they look, check out the Chroma Style Gallery.

Command-line interface

A command-line interface to Chroma is included.

Binaries are available to install from the releases page.

The CLI can be used as a preprocessor to colorise output of less(1), see documentation for the LESSOPEN environment variable.

The --fail flag can be used to suppress output and return with exit status 1 to facilitate falling back to some other preprocessor in case chroma does not resolve a specific lexer to use for the given file. For example:

export LESSOPEN='| p() { chroma --fail "$1" || cat "$1"; }; p "%s"'

Replace cat with your favourite fallback preprocessor.

When invoked as .lessfilter, the --fail flag is automatically turned on under the hood for easy integration with lesspipe shipping with Debian and derivatives; for that setup the chroma executable can be just symlinked to ~/.lessfilter.

Testing lexers

If you edit some lexers and want to try it, open a shell in cmd/chromad and run:

go run .

A Link will be printed. Open it in your Browser. Now you can test on the Playground with your local changes.

If you want to run the tests and the lexers, open a shell in the root directory and run:

go test ./lexers

When updating or adding a lexer, please add tests. See lexers/README.md for more.

What's missing compared to Pygments?

• Quite a few lexers, for various reasons (pull-requests welcome):
  • Pygments lexers for complex languages often include custom code to handle certain aspects, such as Raku's ability to nest code inside regular expressions. These require time and effort to convert.
  • I mostly only converted languages I had heard of, to reduce the porting cost.
• Some more esoteric features of Pygments are omitted for simplicity.
• Though the Chroma API supports content detection, very few languages support them. I have plans to implement a statistical analyser at some point, but not enough time.