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<!DOCTYPE html><!-- This site was created in Webflow. https://www.webflow.com -->
<!-- Last Published: Fri Oct 28 2022 11:33:11 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time) -->
<html data-wf-page="6169a41cdf01aa6ba896a848" data-wf-site="6102b73e49b8927d84e54176">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>After Afghanistan</title>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport">
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<section class="prologue">
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<p data-w-id="32fd78ee-a201-be99-2ffa-e115f584bbff" style="opacity:0">For over 40 years, the world's largest single group of refugees has been those fleeing from Afghanistan.</p>
<p data-w-id="32fd78ee-a201-be99-2ffa-e115f584bc06" style="opacity:0">Millions have settled in other countries – multiple generations – building new lives far from home.</p>
<p data-w-id="32fd78ee-a201-be99-2ffa-e115f584bc08" style="opacity:0">But starting over is not as easy as it was in the past.</p>
<a href="#start" data-w-id="2158c399-cfa2-605e-036b-cdbe08942f9d" style="opacity:0" class="start-button w-button">Start</a>
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</section>
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<div style="opacity:0" class="headline">After Afghanistan</div>
<div style="opacity:0" class="dek_wrap">
<h1 class="subheading">A documentary following refugees on the trail of exodus from Afghanistan</h1>
<h2 class="byline">By Oscar Durand and Umar Farooq<br>Design & Development by Shawn Carrié<br></h2>
<div class="sponsors"><img src="images/ngs.svg" width="200" alt="Logo of the National Geographic Society"></div>
</div>
<div href="#instructions" title="continue to Chapter 1" style="opacity:0;display:none" class="bottom-center">
<a href="#instructions" class="start-button w-button">Continue</a>
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<div class="absolute-cover">
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<div data-w-id="3dbb9e30-dd30-ae51-f895-f057fd02cf29" style="opacity:0;filter:blur(0px);-webkit-transform:translate3d(50vw, 0, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(50vw, 0, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(50vw, 0, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(50vw, 0, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="headline-scrolling second">Afghanistan</div>
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</section>
</header>
<figure class="title-fadeout"></figure>
<section class="instructions">
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<p data-w-id="f5f52eac-b0b4-89a7-8e85-51f0cbbe8dbf" style="filter:blur(12px);opacity:0" class="instruction">Scroll or tap to advance</p>
<div data-w-id="d2064be7-20c9-99a3-853e-89fefe87c353" data-is-ix2-target="1" class="instruction scroll" data-animation-type="lottie" data-src="documents/scroll_hand.json" data-loop="0" data-direction="1" data-autoplay="0" data-renderer="svg" data-default-duration="2.16883541383036" data-duration="0" data-ix2-initial-state="0"></div>
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<div data-w-id="10f78072-b2f4-9ca2-d3f5-de6438d83d2b" data-is-ix2-target="1" class="instruction touch r" data-animation-type="lottie" data-src="documents/touch.json" data-loop="0" data-direction="1" data-autoplay="0" data-renderer="svg" data-default-duration="1.5" data-duration="0" data-ix2-initial-state="0"></div>
<a href="#" title="back" data-w-id="65878d45-f57f-449e-daa5-b7541765a1bf" style="opacity:1;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0)" class="instruction_button back w-inline-block"></a>
<a href="#1" title="next" data-w-id="da094060-1b5e-42e3-c95b-c446a6b0951e" style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);opacity:1" class="instruction_button forward w-inline-block"></a>
</figure>
</section>
<main class="main">
<section class="chapter-menu">
<nav class="menu">
<a href="#1" class="menu_item w-inline-block">Chapter 1</a>
<a href="#2" class="menu_item w-inline-block">Chapter 2</a>
<a href="#3" class="menu_item w-inline-block">Chapter 3</a>
<a href="#4" class="menu_item w-inline-block">Chapter 4</a>
<a href="#5" class="menu_item w-inline-block">Chapter 5</a>
<a href="#6" class="menu_item w-inline-block">Chapter 6</a>
<a href="#7" class="menu_item w-inline-block">Chapter 7</a>
<a href="#" class="menu_item w-inline-block">Chapter 8</a>
</nav>
</section>
<article>
<section id="1" data-scroll-time="2.25" data-w-id="cdb2de54-3c59-9b06-10d4-dfdc46c26632" class="chapter one wf-section">
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<h2 data-w-id="cf4a9483-dac8-af08-a4ed-b09f7d971b04" class="chaptertitle">Chapter #: Title of the Chapter</h2>
</div>
<div class="progressbar"></div>
</header>
<div data-w-id="5fe518ce-a038-6c9d-f928-6d4547290cbf" class="yaqoubi_family">
<div class="zoom-camera">
<figure data-w-id="f8434297-8394-45c5-8713-9405b301cfef" class="grow-frame"></figure>
<div id="w-node-_3b135449-92e9-b3c4-870c-10efdeadae9a-a896a848" class="grid-12">
<div id="w-node-a606e472-3ff6-ffb1-8eec-cbdd855d86ac-a896a848" data-w-id="a606e472-3ff6-ffb1-8eec-cbdd855d86ac" class="ch1_title-wrapper">
<h2><sub>Chapter 1</sub><br>Generations</h2>
</div><img src="images/Kubra_03.jpg" loading="eager" id="w-node-_5fe518ce-a038-6c9d-f928-6d4547290cc1-a896a848" data-w-id="5fe518ce-a038-6c9d-f928-6d4547290cc1" alt="The identity documents of Khodadad Yaqubi, 76, at his home in Van, Turkey, where he lives with his wife and two daughters. They are Afghan refugees from Mazar-e Sharif and first fled to Iran in 1982 and Turkey in 2018." class="khodadad">
<div id="w-node-_3b135449-92e9-b3c4-870c-10efdeadae9d-a896a848" data-w-id="3b135449-92e9-b3c4-870c-10efdeadae9d" class="yaqontent1">
<p class="s">The Yaqoubi family left Mazar e Sharif in 1979, the year the Soviet Union invaded. They thought their trip to Iran would be a short one, but it ended up being a permanent exile.</p>
</div>
<div id="w-node-da4446d0-6a1d-0cb5-2a9d-a16cdab27258-a896a848" class="absolute-container"><img src="images/Kubra_05.jpg" loading="eager" data-w-id="3b135449-92e9-b3c4-870c-10efdeadae9b" id="w-node-_3b135449-92e9-b3c4-870c-10efdeadae9b-a896a848" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 9.216659545898438px, (max-width: 991px) 4vw, 8vw" srcset="images/Kubra_05-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/Kubra_05-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/Kubra_05-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/Kubra_05-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/Kubra_05-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/Kubra_05.jpg 2133w" alt="Kobra Yaqubi, 28, Khodadad Yaqubi, 76, Zahra Yaqubi, 30 and Golchaman Nowruzi, 65, photographed at their home in Van, Turkey. They are Afghan refugees from Mazar-e Sharif. The family first fled to Iran in 1982 and Turkey in 2018." class="image-cover"></div>
<div id="w-node-bfbb8ac2-32e7-f87a-0831-81fc76ffa815-a896a848" data-w-id="bfbb8ac2-32e7-f87a-0831-81fc76ffa815" class="crop-wrapper"><img src="images/Mazar-e-Sherif.png" loading="eager" data-w-id="bfbb8ac2-32e7-f87a-0831-81fc76ffa816" alt="Map of Afghanistan centering on the city of Mazar-e Sharif." class="pencilmap">
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<p class="s">Kubra and her siblings were born in Iran. But over the years they found their welcome was wearing thin.<br></p>
</div><img src="images/Kubra_08.jpg" loading="eager" data-w-id="91711c61-65d8-b5eb-22b8-124225f3bb7f" id="w-node-_91711c61-65d8-b5eb-22b8-124225f3bb7f-a896a848" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 9.2166748046875px, (max-width: 991px) 4vw, 8vw" srcset="images/Kubra_08-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/Kubra_08-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/Kubra_08-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/Kubra_08-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/Kubra_08-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/Kubra_08.jpg 3200w" alt="Kobra Yaqubi, 28, right, and her sister Zahra Yaqubi, 30, photographed in their room at their home in Van, Turkey where they live with their parents. They are Afghan refugees from Mazar-e Sharif. The family first fled to Iran in 1982 and Turkey in 2018." class="kubra-sister"><img src="images/Kubra_10.jpg" loading="eager" data-w-id="1f75598b-afe5-afae-d34f-c3d196b89a1d" id="w-node-_1f75598b-afe5-afae-d34f-c3d196b89a1d-a896a848" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 9.216659545898438px, (max-width: 991px) 4vw, 8vw" srcset="images/Kubra_10-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/Kubra_10-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/Kubra_10-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/Kubra_10-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/Kubra_10.jpg 3200w" alt="Khajastah Karini, Kobra Yaqubi, both from Afghanistan, from left, take Turkish language clases in Van, Turkey. The classes take place once a week at Kamer, a non-governmental organization for women with the support of the Italian government." class="kubra-studying">
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<p class="s">Iran restricts where Afghans can live in the country, what kind of jobs they can take, even simple things like getting a phone SIM card or enrolling in university are impossible without an interlocutor.<br></p>
</div><img src="images/Kubra_11.jpg" loading="eager" data-w-id="eef94fcd-1338-453c-8e04-5a9e9aa904e8" id="w-node-eef94fcd-1338-453c-8e04-5a9e9aa904e8-a896a848" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 9.216659545898438px, (max-width: 991px) 4vw, 8vw" srcset="images/Kubra_11-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/Kubra_11-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/Kubra_11-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/Kubra_11-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/Kubra_11.jpg 3200w" alt="Kobra Yaqubi, a refugee from Afghanistan in Van, Turkey, chats with her sister who lives in Tehran, Iran. Kobra's family became separated while attempting to flee to Turkey from Iran." class="kubra-phone">
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<p class="s">So in 2019, they decided it was time to leave Iran, and try to start a new life.<br>But soon after crossing into Turkey, they discovered that doors further west were closed.<br></p>
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<div class="kubra-dad-block"><img src="images/Kubra_04.jpg" loading="lazy" style="opacity:0" data-w-id="bef9d060-3c66-2cb3-6a42-a98cefbd4eff" sizes="100vw" srcset="images/Kubra_04-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/Kubra_04-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/Kubra_04-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/Kubra_04-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/Kubra_04-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/Kubra_04.jpg 3200w" alt="Kobra Yaqubi, 28, hugs her father Khodadad Yaqubi, 76, at their home in Van, Turkey. They are Afghan refugees from Mazar-e Sharif and first fled to Iran in 1982 and Turkey in 2018." class="kubra-dad">
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<section id="2" data-w-id="23a5f788-5baf-ab11-6dd7-1b9fc25ad62b" class="chapter two wf-section">
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<figure data-poster-url="videos/border01-poster-00001.jpg" data-video-urls="videos/border01-transcode.mp4,videos/border01-transcode.webm" data-autoplay="true" data-loop="true" data-wf-ignore="true" data-beta-bgvideo-upgrade="false" data-w-id="a1dbaf22-47b4-7b49-f279-67440ba69523" class="border01-video w-background-video w-background-video-atom"><video id="a1dbaf22-47b4-7b49-f279-67440ba69523-video" autoplay="" loop="" style="background-image:url("videos/border01-poster-00001.jpg")" muted="" playsinline="" data-wf-ignore="true" data-object-fit="cover">
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<p class="m">Kubra and her family are among the hundreds of people, most of them Afghans, who cross through the Turkey-Iran border every day.</p>
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<p class="snow-text">Turkey has set up checkpoints and military guard towers along the roads in an attempt to stop them.</p>
<p class="snow-text">The crackdown is funded and prompted by an agreement with European nations who do not want Afghans and other refugees showing up in their countries.</p>
<p class="snow-text">Untold numbers perish in the frozen mountain maze — shot by border guards, or victims of reckless smugglers fearful of being caught as they move thier human cargo.</p>
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<div class="mountains_container"><img src="images/iran-turkey_noborder.jpg" loading="lazy" style="-webkit-transform:translate3d(-48%, -14%, 0) scale3d(1.4, 1.4, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(-48%, -14%, 0) scale3d(1.4, 1.4, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(-48%, -14%, 0) scale3d(1.4, 1.4, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(-48%, -14%, 0) scale3d(1.4, 1.4, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" srcset="images/iran-turkey_noborder-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/iran-turkey_noborder-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/iran-turkey_noborder-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/iran-turkey_noborder-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/iran-turkey_noborder.jpg 3000w" sizes="100vw" alt="A detailed, hand-drawn map of the rugged mountain range that separates Iran and Turkey." class="mountains-map">
<div style="filter:blur(0px);opacity:0" class="map_label iran">Iran</div>
<div style="opacity:0" class="map_label turkey">Turkey</div>
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<h2 data-w-id="cf4a9483-dac8-af08-a4ed-b09f7d971b04" class="chaptertitle">Chapter #: Title of the Chapter</h2>
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<section data-w-id="d70d2596-89d6-e321-ca75-442d12ea3172" class="hamdi">
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<p data-w-id="28cebc49-448f-b00d-69fd-a3a4bab0c493" class="m hamditext">Cemeteries across Turkey like this one are the final resting place for many Afghans who die trying to reach Europe.</p>
<div class="cemetery-bgvid w-background-video w-background-video-atom" data-autoplay="true" data-loop="true" data-beta-bgvideo-upgrade="false" data-wf-ignore="true" data-poster-url="videos/cemetery04-poster-00001.jpg" data-w-id="cdebd9a0-52e3-5e8b-49bd-1e738096e09e" data-video-urls="videos/cemetery04-transcode.mp4,videos/cemetery04-transcode.webm" id="w-node-cdebd9a0-52e3-5e8b-49bd-1e738096e09e-a896a848"><video id="cdebd9a0-52e3-5e8b-49bd-1e738096e09e-video" autoplay="" loop="" style="background-image:url("videos/cemetery04-poster-00001.jpg")" muted="" playsinline="" data-wf-ignore="true" data-object-fit="cover">
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<p data-w-id="efda035e-73a5-d166-11c9-69e4cac1a67d" class="m hamditext">Many are unidentified, marked only with the location where they were found.</p><img src="images/cemetery_03.jpg" loading="eager" data-w-id="5ed38b32-1fed-2426-5a9a-d54f29ab1f7c" id="w-node-_5ed38b32-1fed-2426-5a9a-d54f29ab1f7c-a896a848" sizes="100vw" srcset="images/cemetery_03-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/cemetery_03-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/cemetery_03-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/cemetery_03-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/cemetery_03-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/cemetery_03-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/cemetery_03.jpg 3200w" alt="Hamdi and his two surviving daughters at the grave where his youngest daughter is buried in Van, Turkey." class="hamdi1 ratio_16x9">
<p data-w-id="d8e94343-c841-2ab4-bcac-f571480e6fff" class="m sticky">Hamdi and his family visit this one in Van every Sunday, to mourn the loss of their daughter, who is buried here.</p><img src="images/cemetery_01.jpg" loading="eager" data-w-id="52cd23f9-9cc1-a792-e2b7-194358f04abd" id="w-node-_52cd23f9-9cc1-a792-e2b7-194358f04abd-a896a848" sizes="100vw" srcset="images/cemetery_01-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/cemetery_01-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/cemetery_01-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/cemetery_01-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/cemetery_01-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/cemetery_01-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/cemetery_01.jpg 3200w" alt="An emotional Hamdi, crouching as he mourns alone in the cemetery where his daughter is buried in Van, Turkey." class="hamdi1 ratio_16x9">
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<a href="#" class="roya w-inline-block w-lightbox"><img src="images/roya.jpg" loading="eager" srcset="images/roya-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/roya-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/roya-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/roya-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/roya-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/roya.jpg 3200w" sizes="100vw" alt="Taiba, 7, Abdolhassan, 11, and Bahara, 14, from left, clean photographs of her mother Roya at their home in Turkey.
They are from Gazni, Afghanistan and along their father Muhammad Ewaz Ahmedzada and mother were crossing the Iran-Turkey border last year when they became separated. The mother handed the two younger children to the father, to carry them across a mountain stream, and she herself was swept away by the water. Weeks later, her body was found by Iranian border guards and handed over to Muhammad’s brother, who lives as a refugee in Iran. Authorities said she had been shot and killed, but no case was ever carried forward against either Turkish or Iranian authorities.
Now, Muhammad lives with his children in the town of Bolu, a few hours east of Istanbul. He has no work permit, and has tried to have his case registered with authorities for resettlement in a third country, but with no progress. Unable to find work, he and his children leave home each evening to collect plastic, cardboard, and other material from the garbage to sell for recycling." class="image-cover">
<div class="roya-text">
<p data-w-id="e7335a18-2a70-f4a8-47a3-fe4e70f0c60a" class="roya-text-1">There are other dangers along the route as well.</p>
<p data-w-id="3b0c8cce-2b72-ddcf-3399-d6464733f2c8" class="roya-text-2">To make the mountain passage from Iran into Turkey, the Ahmedzada family had to cross dangerous valleys, cliffs, and rivers.<br><br>When their mother, Roya, fell into rough waters and was swept away, the children thought she had drowned — and went on without her. <br><br>Weeks later, they learned she had survived and was searching for them when she was shot and killed by Iranian border patrol guard.</p>
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<p data-w-id="cde905c5-2909-aa9e-5397-273c6d76262c" style="opacity:0">Villages along the Iran Turkey border have profited from human smuggling for decades.</p>
<p data-w-id="0d4cc189-1aa0-673e-30e6-63ea500fa277" style="opacity:0" class="inline">Nek Muhammad and his 11 year old son </p>
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<p data-w-id="03655636-9492-19ac-84d4-3d7fb58e89b9" style="opacity:0" class="inline">are being held back by smugglers who are demanding more money in the border village of Sarıçimen.</p>
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</section>
<section class="dogubeyazit">
<div class="bus-station">
<div class="grid-2x2">
<div class="text_container">
<p class="s">Those who manage to evade the smugglers and the security forces set off on foot for their next destination, Istanbul.</p>
<p class="s">Unable to legally buy a bus ticket, some get stuck for days, or even weeks.</p>
</div>
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</section>
<section id="3" data-w-id="69fa757f-c65e-f23f-a80d-08464731e7c3" class="chapter three wf-section">
<header class="chapter-nav">
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<h2 data-w-id="cf4a9483-dac8-af08-a4ed-b09f7d971b04" class="chaptertitle">Chapter #: Title of the Chapter</h2>
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<div class="progressbar"></div>
</header>
<div data-w-id="d5e98688-6e93-1c8b-f15e-d777a6269541" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 50%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0, 50%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0, 50%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 50%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="history-intro snap">
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<h2 class="history-intro-header">Some History of Afghanistan</h2>
<p class="history-header-text"><strong>Afghanistan was a stable, independent country until the late 1970s, when it began to be influenced by the Soviet Union next-door. The war against the Soviets lasted a decade, followed by nearly another decade of civil war, and finally, invasion by a US-led coalition in 2001.</strong></p>
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<div class="section-timeline">
<div class="container">
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<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bd69-a896a848" class="timeline_left min50vh">
<div class="history-date_figure">
<div class="changing-flag">
<div class="history-year">1921</div><img src="images/1921.svg" loading="eager" alt="Flag of Afghanistan in 1921" class="history-flag"><img src="images/1931.svg" loading="eager" style="opacity:0" data-w-id="1acb0ba0-67c1-3787-5d22-9dfea8ad9c9d" alt="Flag of Afghanistan in 1931" class="history-flag second">
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<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bd6e-a896a848" class="timeline_right">
<div class="timeline_text_large">Afghanistan wins independence from Britain in the Third British-Afghan war.</div>
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<div data-w-id="ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bd74" class="timeline_item">
<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bd75-a896a848" class="timeline_left min50vh">
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<div class="changing-flag">
<div class="history-year">1973</div><img src="images/1931.svg" loading="eager" alt="Flag of Afghanistan in 1931" class="history-flag"><img src="images/1973.svg" loading="eager" style="opacity:0" data-w-id="d0d98ca4-f92b-9f3e-babe-7f196b357722" alt="Flag of Afghanistan in 1973" class="history-flag second">
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</div>
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<div class="timeline_circle"></div>
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<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="timeline_text_large">The monarchy is overthrown. Afghanistan is declared a republic.<br></div>
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</div>
<div data-w-id="ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bd87" class="timeline_item">
<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bd88-a896a848" class="timeline_left">
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<div class="history-year">1978</div><img src="images/1978.svg" loading="eager" alt="Flag of Afghanistan in 1978" class="history-flag">
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<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="timeline-badge">
<div>THE COLD WAR</div>
</div>
<div class="margin-bottom-medium">
<div class="timeline_text_large">Pro-Soviet leaders stage a coup known as the Saur Revolution and install a communist government.<br></div>
<div class="timeline_text_small">However, opposition remains. Fighters calling themselves <em>mujahideen</em> begin a revolt.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-w-id="ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bda1" class="timeline_item">
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<div class="history-year">1979</div>
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<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="margin-bottom-medium">
<div class="timeline_text_large">The Soviet Union invades – claiming the Communist government in Kabul asked for protection.<br></div>
<p class="timeline_text_small">The US back the anti-communist <em>mujahideen</em>.<br></p>
</div>
<div class="quotebox"><img src="images/Hafizullah_Amin.jpg" loading="lazy" alt="Official portrait of Hafizullah Amin, General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party from September 1979 until his assassination in December 1979." class="timeline_quote-image">
<div class="timeline_quote-text-wrapper">
<p class="timeline_quote">“The Soviets will help us.”<br></p>
<p class="timeline_quote-title">President Hafizullah Amin, minutes before he was killed by Soviet assassins.<br></p>
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</div>
<div class="margin-bottom-xlarge">
<p class="timeline_text_small">Over the next ten years, civil war rages in the country, with Soviets backing the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan seated in Kabul, and the United States backing anti-communist mujahideen fighters. More than six million Afghans flee the fighting, mostly to neighboring Pakistan and Iran.<br></p>
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<div class="margin-bottom-xlarge">
<p class="timeline_text_small">More than six million Afghans flee to Pakistan and Iran.<br></p>
</div>
<div data-w-id="959cc8bc-912a-b451-72a0-11938da13559" class="crop-wrapper">
<div class="chart-title">Afghans displaced by civil war, 1979-1991</div><img src="images/displacement.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Chart showing a sharp increase in displacement from Afghanistan starting in 1979 and continuing to rise through 1991." class="chart">
<div data-w-id="959cc8bc-912a-b451-72a0-11938da1355d" style="width:150%" class="crop-cover"></div>
<div class="chart-annotation">Data: <a href="https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/download/?url=7Ma2AY" target="_blank" class="inline-link">UNHCR</a>
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<div data-w-id="ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bdbd" class="timeline_item">
<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bdbe-a896a848" class="timeline_left">
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<div class="history-year">1989</div><img src="images/1989.svg" loading="eager" alt="Flag of Afghanistan in 1989" class="history-flag">
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<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bdc1-a896a848" class="timeline_centre">
<div class="timeline_circle"></div>
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<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="margin-bottom-medium">
<div class="timeline_text_large">Soviet troops withdraw, civil war erupts.<br></div>
</div>
<p class="timeline_text_small">Kabul is heavily bombed, and tens of thousands killed as rival Afghan commanders vie for power.<br></p>
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<div data-w-id="ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bdda" class="timeline_item">
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<div class="history-year">1996</div><img src="images/2021.svg" loading="eager" width="480" alt="Flag of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Taliban rule from 2021 until present." class="history-flag">
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<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="timeline_text_large">The Taliban take control of Kabul and run most of the country under their austere interpretation of Islamic law.<br></div>
<div class="timeline_text_large">While Iran and Pakistan were hosting 6 million Afghan refugees, between 1990-2001, only 130,800 Afghans were granted asylum in Europe.<br></div>
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<div data-w-id="ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202bdf8" class="timeline_item">
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<div class="changing-flag">
<div class="history-year">2001</div><img src="images/2021.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Flag of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Taliban rule from 2021 until present." class="history-flag"><img src="images/2001.svg" loading="eager" style="opacity:0" data-w-id="e61afc28-a02d-2a60-f31b-cd9a92466e44" alt="Flag of Afghanistan in 2001" class="history-flag second">
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<div class="timeline_circle"></div>
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<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="timeline-badge">
<div>The War on terror</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline_text_large">The United States invades Afghanistan to oust the Taliban and restore the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The Taliban insurgency continues.<br></div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-w-id="ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202be0b" class="timeline_item">
<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202be0c-a896a848" class="timeline_left">
<div class="history-date_figure">2003</div>
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<div class="timeline_circle"></div>
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<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="margin-bottom-medium">
<div class="timeline_text_large">Iran and Pakistan begin requiring Afghans to register, and subject them to restrictions on residence, employment, and other aspects of daily life.<br></div>
</div>
<div data-w-id="bc1150db-e354-9dfc-d706-275708069aea" class="crop-wrapper">
<div class="chart-title">Afghans displaced by civil war, 1979-1991</div><img src="images/displacement.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Chart showing a sharp increase in displacement from Afghanistan starting in 1979 and continuing to rise through 1991." class="chart">
<div class="crop-cover"></div>
<div class="chart-annotation">Data: <a href="https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/download/?url=7Ma2AY" target="_blank" class="inline-link">UNHCR</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-w-id="ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202be1f" class="timeline_item">
<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202be20-a896a848" class="timeline_left">
<div class="history-date_figure">2015</div>
</div>
<div id="w-node-ddf1f829-02f8-1a84-6068-3cf5b202be23-a896a848" class="timeline_centre">
<div class="timeline_circle"></div>
</div>
<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="timeline_text_large">Millions of migrants head for Europe –among them, many Afghans.<br></div>
<p class="timeline_text_small">Europe makes an agreement with Afghanistan to stop granting blanket approval for asylum to Afghans in exchange for aid money.<br></p>
<div class="factbox">
<p class="text-colour-white">asylum<br></p>
<div class="timeline_badge">
<div>NOUN</div>
</div>
<p class="text-color_lightgrey">[a-SYE-lum]<br><span class="text-colour-white">The grant, by a State, of protection on its territory to persons from another State who are fleeing persecution or serious danger. </span></p>
<a href="https://www.unhcr.org/publications/legal/5ddfcdc47/handbook-procedures-criteria-determining-refugee-status-under-1951-convention.html" target="_blank" class="timeline_link w-inline-block">
<div>Read more about asylum – UNHCR</div><img src="images/open_in_new.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Link icon" class="link-icon">
</a>
</div>
<div class="timeline_text_small">The number of Afghans applying for asylum in Europe jumps, from about 41,000 in 2014, to 181,000 in 2015.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-w-id="a2649bca-23ee-f59e-4091-a58e51edc898" class="timeline_item">
<div id="w-node-a2649bca-23ee-f59e-4091-a58e51edc899-a896a848" class="timeline_left">
<div class="history-date_figure">2016</div>
</div>
<div id="w-node-a2649bca-23ee-f59e-4091-a58e51edc89c-a896a848" class="timeline_centre">
<div class="timeline_circle"></div>
</div>
<div class="timeline_right">
<p class="timeline_text_large">The UN counts its highest toll of civil casualties from the war in Afghanistan since the US invasion. In subsequent years, the number of people are killed and injured climbs even higher.<br></p>
<div data-w-id="8e74de31-92e8-d815-26f6-6d752912ef93" class="crop-wrapper">
<div class="chart-title">Number of civilians injured and killed</div><img src="images/Image-Background.png" loading="lazy" srcset="images/Image-Background-p-500.png 500w, images/Image-Background.png 960w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 42vw, (max-width: 767px) 71.38333129882812px, (max-width: 991px) 36vw, 38vw" alt="" class="chart">
<div class="crop-cover"></div>
<div class="chart-annotation">Data: <a href="https://unama.unmissions.org/protection-of-civilians-reports" target="_blank" class="inline-link">UNAMA</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-w-id="c182da1b-de68-b4ec-822a-fb016144bc56" class="timeline_item">
<div id="w-node-c182da1b-de68-b4ec-822a-fb016144bc57-a896a848" class="timeline_left">
<div class="history-date_figure">2017</div>
</div>
<div id="w-node-c182da1b-de68-b4ec-822a-fb016144bc5a-a896a848" class="timeline_centre">
<div class="timeline_circle"></div>
</div>
<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="margin-bottom-xlarge">
<div class="timeline_text_large">After Europe makes a deal with the Turkish and Afghan governments to stop the flow of refugees, new asylum applications in Europe drop by almost 75%. <br></div>
</div>
<p class="timeline_text_small">Turkey steps up efforts to apprehend Afghans crossing its border with Iran, to prevent them from seeking asylum in Europe.<br></p>
<div data-w-id="6bdd9017-a189-560c-ce27-d1903a18267f" class="crop-wrapper">
<div class="chart-title">Afghans displaced by civil war, 1979-1991</div><img src="images/Image-Background.png" loading="lazy" srcset="images/Image-Background-p-500.png 500w, images/Image-Background.png 960w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 90.98333740234375px, (max-width: 767px) 19vw, (max-width: 991px) 36vw, 38vw" alt="" class="chart">
<div class="crop-cover"></div>
<div class="chart-annotation">Data: <a href="https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/download/?url=7Ma2AY" target="_blank" class="inline-link">UNHCR</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-w-id="fadbab10-e76c-7b6a-2451-cb2a26bf614a" class="timeline_item">
<div id="w-node-fadbab10-e76c-7b6a-2451-cb2a26bf614b-a896a848" class="timeline_left">
<div class="history-date_figure">
<div class="changing-flag">
<div class="history-year">2021</div><img src="images/2001.svg" loading="eager" alt="Flag of Afghanistan in 2001" class="history-flag"><img src="images/2021.svg" loading="eager" style="opacity:0" data-w-id="cb0b1c5e-cbb3-1d5d-7909-6c8dbbcfb64e" alt="Flag of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Taliban rule from 2021 until present." class="history-flag second">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="w-node-fadbab10-e76c-7b6a-2451-cb2a26bf614e-a896a848" class="timeline_centre">
<div class="timeline_circle"></div>
</div>
<div class="timeline_right">
<div class="timeline-badge">
<div>The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</div>
</div>
<div class="timeline_text_large">Just days after the United States announces the full withdrawal of its troops from Afghanistan, the Taliban seize power, sweeping through Kabul.<br></div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="overlay-fade-top"></div>
</div>
<div class="timeline_end"></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="4" data-w-id="5cc7a67c-ccb1-03ca-1099-e6c059cad5f3" class="chapter wf-section">
<div class="ch3_transition">
<div class="timeline-blocker"></div>
</div>
<div class="vefa-wrapper">
<figure data-poster-url="videos/vefa-poster-00001.jpg" data-video-urls="videos/vefa-transcode.mp4,videos/vefa-transcode.webm" data-autoplay="true" data-loop="true" data-wf-ignore="true" data-beta-bgvideo-upgrade="false" data-w-id="bfcf9992-9c10-5aad-62ce-7e1608e18044" class="vefa-video w-background-video w-background-video-atom"><video id="bfcf9992-9c10-5aad-62ce-7e1608e18044-video" autoplay="" loop="" style="background-image:url("videos/vefa-poster-00001.jpg")" muted="" playsinline="" data-wf-ignore="true" data-object-fit="cover">
<source src="videos/vefa-transcode.mp4" data-wf-ignore="true">
<source src="videos/vefa-transcode.webm" data-wf-ignore="true">
</video>
<div data-w-id="0a2f38ff-88c8-043d-832e-168fe220a5a7" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 50%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0, 50%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0, 50%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 50%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="istanbul">Istanbul</div>
<div class="vefa-text-wrapper">
<p data-w-id="cea33e72-140d-9cdc-167b-a420d0991905" style="opacity:0" class="vefa-text">With borders closed, the risks - and costs -<br>of continuing on to Europe are high.</p>
<p data-w-id="7962620b-243c-8acc-1079-8a7f91ea5cb4" style="opacity:0" class="vefa-text">Many families end up staying, temporarily <br>at first, to save up enough money to continue.</p>
<p data-w-id="20809d2b-3f82-92b9-a162-ce5ff59319f0" style="opacity:0" class="vefa-text">But the road only gets harder from there.</p>
</div>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="istanbul-wrapper">
<div class="grid-12"><img src="images/Istanbul-14.jpg" loading="lazy" id="w-node-_84d90370-6eea-fa4d-60fc-adad9cb7dd32-a896a848" srcset="images/Istanbul-14-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/Istanbul-14-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/Istanbul-14-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/Istanbul-14.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 4.3333282470703125px, (max-width: 767px) 4vw, (max-width: 991px) 6vw, 8vw" alt="A hand-drawn map showing the city of Istanbul, Turkey." class="instanbul-map">
<p id="w-node-_84a1aeb9-011d-629c-f096-8259d3b6dab3-a896a848" class="s">Vefa is technically in Europe, but getting into the European Union, where Afghans can theoretically get proper asylum, now means getting past a heavily fortified border.</p>
<p id="w-node-_63b53109-e7ef-f704-fa11-206ec84988da-a896a848" class="s">In 2015, a massive wave of migrants — Afghans as well as Syrians — began crossing into Europe. The response from European governments was to make it even more difficult to cross, and nearly impossible for Afghans to be granted asylum even if they reached Europe.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="_360-wrapper">
<div class="_360">
<div style="padding-top:42.87234042553191%" class="w-video w-embed"><iframe class="embedly-embed" src="https://cdn.embedly.com/widgets/media.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.vimeo.com%2Fvideo%2F585321590%3Fapp_id%3D122963%26h%3Df25a877041&dntp=1&display_name=Vimeo&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F585321590&image=https%3A%2F%2Fi.vimeocdn.com%2Fvideo%2F1211280386_1280&key=c4e54deccf4d4ec997a64902e9a30300&type=text%2Fhtml&schema=vimeo" scrolling="no" title="Vimeo embed" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div>
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<div class="garbage"><img src="images/recycling.jpg" loading="eager" srcset="images/recycling-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/recycling-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/recycling-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/recycling-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/recycling-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/recycling.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 81vw, (max-width: 991px) 49vw, (max-width: 6400px) 50vw, 3200px" alt="Afghans in the Vefa neighborhood of Istanbul, Turkey make a living searching for plastic, metal, cardboard or other materials that they can sell.">
<p id="w-node-_6c68dbe4-7c3f-4e69-0385-e95d82bd5a13-a896a848" class="s">Turkey does not offer a guarantee of asylum for most Afghans, so many end up working in the informal sectors of the economy.</p>
<p id="w-node-f1e51552-851a-0bb8-0281-698d082af3f9-a896a848" class="s">Many first work in textile factories or other sectors, but find they have no guarantee of being paid or treated well. Recycling the massive city’s garbage is for many Afghan men the most reliable way to slowly save enough money to continue their journey to Europe.</p>
<div style="padding-top:56.27659574468085%" class="w-video w-embed"><iframe class="embedly-embed" src="https://cdn.embedly.com/widgets/media.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.vimeo.com%2Fvideo%2F585322459%3Fapp_id%3D122963%26h%3Ddf02312c33&dntp=1&display_name=Vimeo&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F585322459&image=https%3A%2F%2Fi.vimeocdn.com%2Fvideo%2F1211281098_1280&key=96f1f04c5f4143bcb0f2e68c87d65feb&type=text%2Fhtml&schema=vimeo" scrolling="no" title="Vimeo embed" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div>
<div style="padding-top:56.27659574468085%" class="w-video w-embed"><iframe class="embedly-embed" src="https://cdn.embedly.com/widgets/media.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.vimeo.com%2Fvideo%2F585321807%3Fapp_id%3D122963%26h%3D5891b50327&dntp=1&display_name=Vimeo&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F585321807&image=http%3A%2F%2Fi.vimeocdn.com%2Fvideo%2F1211280334_1280&key=96f1f04c5f4143bcb0f2e68c87d65feb&type=text%2Fhtml&schema=vimeo" scrolling="no" title="Vimeo embed" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div>
<p id="w-node-d6ac8ae5-2196-2c3c-4459-d5d74a5c13d8-a896a848" class="s">Some of the Afghans have built an informal community in the area, one where they can share essential knowledge: like how to make a living while evading the risk of deportation.</p>
<p class="s">While some of them have obtained temporary protected status from the United Nations, it offers little protection. Even just being stopped on the street can lead to Turkish authorities arresting and deporting them.</p>
</div>
<div id="habib" class="habib-wrapper">
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<p>For many Afghans in Istanbul, the only reliable work to be found is recycling.</p>
<p>This man left the Afghan national army and came to Turkey after he and his family were threatened by the Taliban.</p>
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<p data-w-id="d2fca34b-bbaa-151b-57ee-7a6555c389b3" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="habib-transcript">The Taliban came to my home at night and took my father. </p>
<p data-w-id="a4651854-4410-81df-aa7c-59eadb01304f" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="habib-transcript">The town elders had to intervene to bring him back.</p>
<p id="w-node-_3f24b418-8eaa-a6c8-2ca8-6d9b505cf47f-a896a848" data-w-id="3f24b418-8eaa-a6c8-2ca8-6d9b505cf47f" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="habib-transcript">They did it to threaten my parents: questioning them about why I was working with the National Army.</p>
<p id="w-node-_96f4944e-599f-7147-5790-bedae3b378d9-a896a848" data-w-id="96f4944e-599f-7147-5790-bedae3b378d9" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="habib-transcript">They told them, ‘if your son is with the government, then we will take you and kill you.’</p>
<p id="w-node-_93b38b3d-85b8-7813-e562-68d2e5d19c88-a896a848" data-w-id="93b38b3d-85b8-7813-e562-68d2e5d19c88" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="habib-transcript">When that happened, I had to leave my job working for the government, because I was afraid for my life.</p>
<p id="w-node-a0fd3509-ea7e-1aff-8152-522cc44f22f6-a896a848" data-w-id="a0fd3509-ea7e-1aff-8152-522cc44f22f6" class="habib-transcript">And because I was living there I just fled to Iran.</p>
<p id="w-node-_5f4510a1-3b49-c846-3df5-ce922a9b89d4-a896a848" data-w-id="5f4510a1-3b49-c846-3df5-ce922a9b89d4" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(null, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="habib-transcript">When I call home, they tell me to stay where I am, because security is not good over there, in our area.</p>
<p id="w-node-_98fef18c-a410-208b-ca6c-ff0bc6ccf145-a896a848" data-w-id="98fef18c-a410-208b-ca6c-ff0bc6ccf145" style="opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-moz-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);-ms-transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 100%, 0) scale3d(1, 1, 1) rotateX(0) rotateY(0) rotateZ(0) skew(0, 0)" class="habib-transcript">That’s why my family tells me not to go back. They say ‘stay there until we tell you otherwise.'</p>
<p id="w-node-_306798ed-d29b-40d4-fe08-8a424da02c0d-a896a848" data-w-id="306798ed-d29b-40d4-fe08-8a424da02c0d" class="habib-transcript">They say 'we’ll call you if the area becomes safer - <br>but if you can’t be safe here, then stay there.'</p>
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<section id="5" data-w-id="d056be5f-fdb5-d1a4-9c0f-8647749b6dc1" class="chapter five wf-section">
<header class="chapter-nav">
<div class="w-layout-grid nav-grid">
<div data-w-id="70ec88b9-8354-24b3-d35e-287949abc722" data-is-ix2-target="1" class="hamburger" data-animation-type="lottie" data-src="documents/hamburger-x.json" data-loop="0" data-direction="1" data-autoplay="0" data-renderer="svg" data-default-duration="2.0020019204587935" data-duration="0"></div>
<h2 data-w-id="cf4a9483-dac8-af08-a4ed-b09f7d971b04" class="chaptertitle">Chapter #: Title of the Chapter</h2>
</div>
<div class="progressbar"></div>
</header>
<p class="s">Vefa is technically in Europe, but getting into the European Union, where Afghans can theoretically get proper asylum, now means getting past a heavily fortified border.</p>
<p class="s">In 2015, a massive wave of migrants — Afghans as well as Syrians — began crossing into Europe. The response from European governments was to make it even more difficult to cross, and nearly impossible for Afghans to be granted asylum even if they reached Europe.</p>
</section>
<section id="6" data-w-id="8899c22a-b8ca-7c92-c2c7-f1d9aac43141" class="chapter six wf-section">
<header class="chapter-nav">
<div class="w-layout-grid nav-grid">
<div data-w-id="70ec88b9-8354-24b3-d35e-287949abc722" data-is-ix2-target="1" class="hamburger" data-animation-type="lottie" data-src="documents/hamburger-x.json" data-loop="0" data-direction="1" data-autoplay="0" data-renderer="svg" data-default-duration="2.0020019204587935" data-duration="0"></div>
<h2 data-w-id="cf4a9483-dac8-af08-a4ed-b09f7d971b04" class="chaptertitle">Chapter #: Title of the Chapter</h2>
</div>
<div class="progressbar"></div>
</header>
<div class="mahdi_header"><img src="images/mahdi_01.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/mahdi_01-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/mahdi_01-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/mahdi_01-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/mahdi_01-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/mahdi_01.jpg 3200w" sizes="100vw" alt="Mahdi Amiri photographed in Cologne, Germany. Mahdi became separated from his family while traveling from Afghanistan. He currently lives with a German foster family.">
<div class="text-overlay-heading">
<h3 class="heading_mahdi">Chapter Heading</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="abdullah">
<p id="w-node-_8899c22a-b8ca-7c92-c2c7-f1d9aac43142-a896a848" class="s _40ch">Those fortunate to reach their destinations in Europe soon find themselves faced with a hard truth : it's no paradise.</p>
<p id="w-node-_8899c22a-b8ca-7c92-c2c7-f1d9aac43146-a896a848" class="s">Even Germany, which was once seen as having the most welcoming asylum policy in the EU, now requires asylum seekers, including Afghans, to live in facilities called “anchor centers.” Their freedom of movement is highly restricted, and many will spend months there, only to be deported back to Afghanistan in the end.</p>
<a href="#" class="lightbox-cover w-inline-block w-lightbox"><img src="images/abdullah.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/abdullah-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/abdullah-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/abdullah-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/abdullah-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/abdullah-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/abdullah.jpg 2133w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 88vw, (max-width: 991px) 44vw, 400px" alt="Abdullah, an asylum seeker from Afghanistan, photographed in Ingolstadt, Germany. He currently lives at a nearby refugee camp." class="half-grid-portrait">
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<div class="play_instruction">Listen to Abdullah<br></div>
</div>
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</a>
<div id="w-node-b1c260a8-181b-8699-86f4-79eedb0a103b-a896a848" class="g-name">Abdullah</div>
</div>
<section class="ahmedshah">
<div class="g-name">Ahmedshah</div>
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<p id="w-node-_8899c22a-b8ca-7c92-c2c7-f1d9aac43148-a896a848" class="s _40ch">Ahmedshah had his asylum claim rejected, but the small IT company he works at wants to find a way for him to stay.</p>
</section>
<section class="grid-12">
<div id="w-node-_8694956d-9304-52ba-682a-5146339c316d-a896a848" class="g-name">Stefan</div>
<p id="w-node-_74b7c5f5-ed12-bf55-e0c4-a257933e89a6-a896a848" class="s">Most European governments, including Germany, say Afghanistan is safe enough that people can be deported back there. More than half of Afghan asylum claims in Germany are now rejected. Special flights regularly carry Afghans back to Afghanistan, often in handcuffs, and against the advice of rights groups.</p><img src="images/stefan.jpg" loading="lazy" id="w-node-b49715a5-8e51-6efa-c346-3423c06f0b9e-a896a848" srcset="images/stefan-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/stefan-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/stefan-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/stefan-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/stefan-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/stefan.jpg 2133w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 26.23333740234375px, (max-width: 991px) 5vw, 8vw" alt="Stefan Theo Reichel, an activist working in the church asylum program, photographed in Munich, Germany." class="imgplaceholder">
<p id="w-node-_4590c737-b020-a9cc-aaa8-a456d49a3f8f-a896a848" class="s">Activists have come up with creative ways to stop deportations though. Stefan runs an underground network of safehouses and churches that shelter Afghans who are at the risk of being deported.</p><img src="images/church-room_03.jpg" loading="lazy" id="w-node-_3d8d5eae-b5ae-e236-76cb-4ece2412b489-a896a848" srcset="images/church-room_03-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/church-room_03-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/church-room_03.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 26.233322143554688px, (max-width: 991px) 5vw, 8vw" alt="A room currently used by asylum seekers in Munich, Germany, part of the church asylum program." class="grid-image">
<p id="w-node-_24608db5-a7f7-3af0-5805-a0aef5295171-a896a848" class="s">A loophole in German law keeps police from arresting anyone inside a church, so many Afghans stay in rooms like this one in churches until the risk of deportation fades away.</p>
</section>
<section class="grid-12">
<div id="w-node-_450180d5-558e-0437-ec24-15be14d6b8d9-a896a848" class="g-name">Abdul Ghani</div><img src="images/abdul-ghani_01.jpg" loading="lazy" id="w-node-_4d695b68-6b95-aa17-33c7-81595856a937-a896a848" srcset="images/abdul-ghani_01-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/abdul-ghani_01-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/abdul-ghani_01-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/abdul-ghani_01-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/abdul-ghani_01-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/abdul-ghani_01.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 7vw, 8vw" alt="Abdul Ghani, an Afghan asylum seeker, uses the metro to return to his home in Munich, Germany, after working at a fast food restaurant. Ghani is a former Church asylum protectee." class="grid-image">
<p id="w-node-_96b2bf96-b947-34a1-f6a8-1b41d2f77182-a896a848" class="s _40ch">Abdul Ghani works in a restaurant in Munich. He was able to stay in the country because local activists helped him by hiding him inside a church.</p><img src="images/abdul-ghani_03.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/abdul-ghani_03-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/abdul-ghani_03-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/abdul-ghani_03-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/abdul-ghani_03-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/abdul-ghani_03-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/abdul-ghani_03.jpg 3200w" sizes="100vw" alt="Abdul Ghani, an Afghan asylum seeker, rides the metro in Munich, Germany, while going home after working in a fast food restaurant. Ghani is a former Church asylum protectee." class="hide"><img src="images/abdul-ghani_04.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/abdul-ghani_04-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/abdul-ghani_04-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/abdul-ghani_04-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/abdul-ghani_04-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/abdul-ghani_04.jpg 3200w" sizes="100vw" alt="Abdul Ghani, an Afghan asylum seeker, photographed at a metro station in Munich, Germany, while going home after working at a fast food restaurant. Ghani is a former Church asylum protectee." class="hide"><img src="images/abdul-ghani_02.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/abdul-ghani_02-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/abdul-ghani_02-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/abdul-ghani_02-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/abdul-ghani_02-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/abdul-ghani_02.jpg 3200w" sizes="100vw" alt="Abdul Ghani, an Afghan asylum seeker, photographed at a metro station in Munich, Germany, while going home after working at a fast food restaurant. Ghani is a former Church asylum protectee." class="hide">
</section>
<div class="ramin">
<div class="g-name">Ramin</div>
<p class="s _40ch">At this youth home, Ramin, who came to Afghanistan as a minor has found a small kind of family, alongside refugees from all over the world.. But he and the social worker helping him, say Afghans like him are scared they can be deported at any moment.</p>
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</div>
<div class="mehdi">
<div class="w-layout-grid">
<p class="s _40ch">Mehdi was just 12 when he arrived in Germany. He thought his parents had been killed by Iranian border guards. A German family took him in as a foster child, and they have kept him even after Mehdi discovered his parents were still alive.</p><img src="images/mahdi_01.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/mahdi_01-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/mahdi_01-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/mahdi_01-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/mahdi_01-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/mahdi_01.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Mahdi Amiri photographed in Cologne, Germany. Mahdi became separated from his family while traveling from Afghanistan. He currently lives with a German foster family."><img src="images/mahdi_03.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/mahdi_03-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/mahdi_03-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/mahdi_03-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/mahdi_03-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/mahdi_03-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/mahdi_03.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Mahdi Amiri, left, plays a videogame with his step brother Martin, at their home in Cologne, Germany. Mahdi became separated from his family while traveling from Afghanistan. He currently lives with a German foster family."><img src="images/mahdi_02.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/mahdi_02-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/mahdi_02-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/mahdi_02-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/mahdi_02-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/mahdi_02-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/mahdi_02.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Mahdi smiling with his adoptive parents in Germany.">
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="7" data-w-id="3a6e1fca-28bc-cc29-99a8-2b6cfe605703" class="chapter seven wf-section">
<header class="chapter-nav">
<div class="w-layout-grid nav-grid">
<div data-w-id="70ec88b9-8354-24b3-d35e-287949abc722" data-is-ix2-target="1" class="hamburger" data-animation-type="lottie" data-src="documents/hamburger-x.json" data-loop="0" data-direction="1" data-autoplay="0" data-renderer="svg" data-default-duration="2.0020019204587935" data-duration="0"></div>
<h2 data-w-id="cf4a9483-dac8-af08-a4ed-b09f7d971b04" class="chaptertitle">Chapter #: Title of the Chapter</h2>
</div>
<div class="progressbar"></div>
</header>
<div class="ch7_intro">
<p class="m">Naqibullah was deported from Germany back to Kabul, even though he tried to commit suicide. Back in Kabul, he struggles to build a new life.</p>
</div>
<section id="naqibullah" class="naqibullah">
<div style="padding-top:56.27659574468085%" class="w-video w-embed"><iframe class="embedly-embed" src="https://cdn.embedly.com/widgets/media.html?src=https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.vimeo.com%2Fvideo%2F585321749%3Fapp_id%3D122963%26h%3D86ddde418d&dntp=1&display_name=Vimeo&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F585321749&image=https%3A%2F%2Fi.vimeocdn.com%2Fvideo%2F1211280198_1280&key=96f1f04c5f4143bcb0f2e68c87d65feb&type=text%2Fhtml&schema=vimeo" scrolling="no" title="Vimeo embed" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div>
<div class="w-layout-grid"><img src="images/naqibullah_01.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/naqibullah_01-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/naqibullah_01-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/naqibullah_01-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/naqibullah_01-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/naqibullah_01-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/naqibullah_01.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Naqibullah sleeps in the corner of his tiny apartment in Kabul."><img src="images/naqibullah_06.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/naqibullah_06-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/naqibullah_06-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/naqibullah_06.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Naqibullah sits on a ledge overlooking Kabul's skyine."><img src="images/naqibullah_03.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/naqibullah_03-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/naqibullah_03-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/naqibullah_03.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="A landscape view over the city of Kabul, Afghanistan."><img src="images/naqibullah_02.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/naqibullah_02-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/naqibullah_02-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/naqibullah_02-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/naqibullah_02-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/naqibullah_02-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/naqibullah_02-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/naqibullah_02.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Overlooking Kabul, one passes colorful umbrellas shading a market street as traffic streams by unnoticed by the stoic mountains in the distance."></div>
</section>
<section id="bibi-hanifa" class="bibi_hanifa">
<p class="s">Mohammad Radib, 81, and his wife Bibi Hanifa, 56, were deported from Norway.</p>
<div class="w-layout-grid"><img src="images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_03.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_03-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_03-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_03-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_03-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_03-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_03.jpg 2134w" sizes="(max-width: 2134px) 100vw, 2134px" alt="A signed letter from a doctor attesting to Bib Hania's diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, requesting referral for further care."><img src="images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_01.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_01-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_01-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_01-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_01-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_01-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/mohammed-radib-bibi-hanifa_01.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Mohammad Radib, 81, and his wife Bibi Hanifa, 56, photographed in Kabul, Afghanistan. They were deported from Norway after living there for three years despite their complicated health issues. He has had seizures while in Norway and she suffers of Parkinson's and diabetes, in addition to intestinal and hearth problems."></div>
</section>
<section id="mzs">
<div class="w-layout-grid"><img src="images/sharifi_01.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/sharifi_01-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/sharifi_01-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/sharifi_01-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/sharifi_01-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/sharifi_01-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/sharifi_01.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Mohammed Zarif Sharifi reads a Bible in his home.">
<p class="s">Mohammed Zarif Sharifi was deported from Norway despite being a convert to Christianity. In Kabul now he rarely goes outside, and covers his arms to hide a tattoo of a cross.</p><img src="images/sharifi_02.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/sharifi_02-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/sharifi_02-p-800.jpeg 800w, images/sharifi_02-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/sharifi_02.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="Mohammed Zarif Sharifi holds a rare Persian-language Bible with gold embroidered calligraphy on the cover."><img src="images/sharifi_03.jpg" loading="lazy" srcset="images/sharifi_03-p-500.jpeg 500w, images/sharifi_03-p-1080.jpeg 1080w, images/sharifi_03-p-1600.jpeg 1600w, images/sharifi_03-p-2000.jpeg 2000w, images/sharifi_03-p-2600.jpeg 2600w, images/sharifi_03.jpg 3200w" sizes="(max-width: 3200px) 100vw, 3200px" alt="When Mohammed Zarif Sharifi goes outside, he wears a brace to make sure that the tattoo of the Christian cross on his arm is concealed.">
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