README.md

Arrays and slices

In this chapter, we will cover arrays and slices.

Introduction

This chapter will cover:

• Declaring and inspecting an array.
• Accessing elements in the array.
• Working with slices.

Arrays

An array is a group of elements that are connected. You want to use an array when you have a group of something, like many orders, cars, and rows in a file.

The idea with an Array is to collect all that data in one structure. You also want to be able to iterate over it and carry out an operation on it as a group.

Declare an array

To declare an array, you need to specify the following properties:

• capacity, how many elements it holds.
• type, what type of elements it holds.
• array content, you can assign it elements at creation or do so later.

Here's the syntax:

[<capacity>]<type>{...element}

It starts with the square brackets, []. Within the square brackets, you set the capacity, and how many elements it can hold.

and here's a more real example:

cities := [5]string{"NY", "LA"}

In the preceding code, an array of strings is declared. It has a capacity for 5 elements and two of the places are filled with "NY" and "LA". Note also because we set the capacity to 5 and the number of elements it's assigned is 2, there are 3 spaces free.

Capacity by inference

You don't have to set capacity to an explicit number, you can set it to ..., in which case the capacity will be set to the number of elements you assign to it, like so:

ids := [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4}

The preceding code has 4 elements, and that's also its capacity.

Accessing elements

The way to access an element is by using its index. The index is 0-based, meaning the first index is 0 and its last is the length -1.

ids := [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4}
ids[0] // 1
ids[3] // 4

Length and capacity

Imagine we have the following array declared:

cities := [5]string{"NY", "LA"}

• length. The length is defined as the number of elements in the array. You can use the len() method to find this out:

  len(cities) // 2

• capacity. The capacity is how many elements the array can hold. cap() is the method you use to find the capacity:

  cap(cities) // 5

Slices

A slice is a part of an array. A slice is created when the slice operator is being used. Here's the syntax for the slice operator:

s[i:p]

• s, the array
• i, the first index of the array to take elements from
• p, The variable p corresponds to the last element in the underlying array that can be used in the new slice. I.e. cut right before this index.

items := [5]int{1,2,3,4,5}
part = items[1:3] // 2,3

Adding elements

A slice differs from an array, you can add items to it. The append() method lets you add elements to it. The syntax for append() is as follows:

append(slice, element)

Here's how you can append to a slice:

var numbers []int
numbers = append(numbers, 1)
numbers = append(numbers, 2) // 1,2

Removing elements

Remove an element by constructing a new slice.

letters := []string{"A", "B", "C", "D", "E"}
remove := 2 // remove index
// 0 - remove index, remove +1 to end   
letters = append(letters[:remove], letters[remove+1:]...)
// [A B D E]

Create a slice with make()

You can use the make() method to create a slice. Here's how:

slice := make([]int, 5) // creates a slice with length 5 and capacity 5

You can set these to different values:

slice2 := make([]int, 2, 5)
fmt.Println(slice2)
fmt.Println(len(slice2))
fmt.Println(cap(slice2))

Here, the slice has a length of 2, and a capacity of 5.

Copy elements

arr := [3]int{1, 2, 3}
dest := make([]int, 5)
copy(dest, arr[0:2]) // copies slice {1,2} into dest
fmt.Println(dest) // [1 2 0 0 0]

Assignment - store log entries

Create an array meant for log entries. It can be used in the following way:

command> new
here's a new entry
command> new
here's another entry
command> list
here's a new entry
here's another entry
command> quit
bye

So, you need to have a way to store multiple strings and list them when asked for.

Here's some starter code to deal with console input:

package main

import (
 "fmt"
)

func main() {
 // create array

 var response string
 for {
  fmt.Print("command> ")
  fmt.Scan(&response)
  if response == "quit" {
   break
  } else if response == "new" {
   fmt.Print("Entry:")
   fmt.Scan(&response)
   // save entry to list
   fmt.Println("Saving entry")
  } else if response == "list" {
   // list entries
   fmt.Println("Listing entries")
  } else {
   fmt.Println("Unknown command", response)
  }

 }
 fmt.Println("bye")
}

Add your own code where the comments are

Solution

package main

import (
 "fmt"
)

func main() {
 // create array
 arr := make([]string, 0)

 var response string
 for {
  fmt.Print("command> ")
  fmt.Scan(&response)
  if response == "quit" {
   break
  } else if response == "new" {
   fmt.Print("Entry:")
   fmt.Scan(&response)

   // save entry to list
   arr = append(arr, response)   
   fmt.Println("Saving entry")
  } else if response == "list" {
   // list entries
   fmt.Println("Listing entries")
   for i := 0; i < len(arr); i++ {
    fmt.Println(arr[i])
   }
  } else {
   fmt.Println("Unknown command", response)
  }

 }
 fmt.Println("bye")
}