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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="author" content="Christopher Barrie">
<title>Using APIs</title>
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<body>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="center">
<h1 class="title">Using APIs</h1>
<p class="subtitle">SICSS, 2022</p>
<p class="author">Christopher Barrie</p>
</section>
<section id="introduction" class="slide level2">
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<ul>
<li>What is an API?</li>
<li><code>Counting tweets</code>
<ul>
<li><p>Applied examples</p></li>
<li><p>Group work</p></li>
</ul></li>
<li><code>Getting tweets</code>
<ul>
<li><p>Applied examples</p></li>
<li><p>Group work</p></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="what-is-an-api" class="slide level2">
<h2>What is an API?</h2>
<ul>
<li>“Application Programming Interface”
<ul>
<li>We’ll focus on: Web APIs</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="api-use-over-time" class="slide level2">
<h2>API use over time</h2>
<img data-src="images/programweb.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="early-apis" class="slide level2">
<h2>Early APIs</h2>
<img data-src="images/ebayAPI.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="early-apis-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Early APIs</h2>
<img data-src="images/twitterAPI.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="examples" class="slide level2">
<h2>Examples</h2>
<img data-src="images/diggengap.png" width="406" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><ul>
<li><strong>APIs used</strong>: Google AdWords; Facebook Marketing</li>
<li><strong>Data and code</strong>: <a href="https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol43/27/" class="uri">https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol43/27/</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="examples-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Examples</h2>
<img data-src="images/munger1.png" width="406" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><ul>
<li><strong>APIs used</strong>: YouTube API</li>
<li><strong>Data and code</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/kmunger/YT_descriptive" class="uri">https://github.com/kmunger/YT_descriptive</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="whats-an-api-made-of" class="slide level2">
<h2>What’s an API made of?</h2>
<ul>
<li>We’re talking about <em>Web APIs</em></li>
<li>“<strong>A</strong>pplication <strong>P</strong>rogramming <strong>I</strong>nterface”</li>
<li>Helpful to think about compared to scraping…</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="scraping-twitter" class="slide level2">
<h2>Scraping Twitter</h2>
<img data-src="images/scrape.gif" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="using-the-twitter-api" class="slide level2">
<h2>Using the Twitter API</h2>
<img data-src="images/api.gif" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="requesting-versus-scraping" class="slide level2">
<h2>Requesting versus scraping</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Scraping:</strong>
<ul>
<li><p>Extracts visible content from screen</p></li>
<li><p>Often trial and error as not optimized for serving data ( legibility not readability)</p></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>API calls</strong>
<ul>
<li><p>Requests content from a “blank” version of page</p></li>
<li><p>Delivers data in more readily usable format (JSON, csv etc.)</p></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="what-does-it-look-like" class="slide level2">
<h2>What does it look like?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Essentially, a long URL string…</li>
</ul>
<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all + something + something else</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="what-is-it-made-of" class="slide level2">
<h2>What is it made of?</h2>
<ol type="1">
<li>A query</li>
<li>An endpoint</li>
<li>Optional parameters</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="what-is-it-made-of-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>What is it made of?</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a>my_query <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"#BLM lang:EN"</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3"></a>endpoint_url <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all"</span></span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5"></a>params <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(</span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6"></a> <span class="st">"query"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> my_query,</span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7"></a> <span class="st">"start_time"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="st">"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8"></a> <span class="st">"end_time"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="st">"2021-07-31T23:59:59Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9"></a> <span class="st">"max_results"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">20</span></span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="what-is-it-made-of-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>What is it made of?</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1"></a>my_query <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"#BLM lang:EN"</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3"></a>endpoint_url <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all"</span></span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5"></a>params <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(</span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6"></a> <span class="st">"query"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> my_query,</span>
<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7"></a> <span class="st">"start_time"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="st">"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb3-8"><a href="#cb3-8"></a> <span class="st">"end_time"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="st">"2021-07-31T23:59:59Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb3-9"><a href="#cb3-9"></a> <span class="st">"max_results"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">20</span></span>
<span id="cb3-10"><a href="#cb3-10"></a>)</span>
<span id="cb3-11"><a href="#cb3-11"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-12"><a href="#cb3-12"></a>params</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>$query
[1] "#BLM lang:EN"
$start_time
[1] "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"
$end_time
[1] "2021-07-31T23:59:59Z"
$max_results
[1] 20</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="what-is-it-made-of-3" class="slide level2">
<h2>What is it made of?</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1"></a>r <span class="ot"><-</span> httr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">GET</span>(<span class="at">url =</span> endpoint_url,</span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2"></a> httr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">add_headers</span>(</span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3"></a> <span class="at">Authorization =</span> <span class="fu">paste0</span>(<span class="st">"bearer "</span>, <span class="fu">Sys.getenv</span>(<span class="st">"TWITTER_BEARER"</span>))),</span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4"></a> <span class="at">query =</span> params)</span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6"></a>r[[<span class="st">"url"</span>]]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<pre><code>[1] "https://api.twitter.com/2/tweets/search/all?query=%23BLM%20lang%3AEN&start_time=2021-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z&end_time=2021-07-31T23%3A59%3A59Z&max_results=20"</code></pre>
</section>
<section id="but-we-dont-often-do-this" class="slide level2">
<h2>But we don’t often do this…</h2>
<ul>
<li>Pre-packaged libraries more common
<ul>
<li>E.g., <code>academictwitteR</code>
<ul>
<li>Co-developed with <a href="https://github.com/justinchuntingho">Justin Ho</a> and <a href="https://github.com/chainsawriot">Chung-Hong Chan</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<img data-src="images/athex.png" width="300" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-right"></section>
<section id="so-what-well-do-is" class="slide level2">
<h2>So what we’ll do is …</h2>
<ul>
<li>We’ll focus on <code>academictwitteR</code></li>
<li>But we’ll also be thinking later more generally about:
<ul>
<li>APIs</li>
<li>research design</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="analyzing-twitter-data" class="slide level2">
<h2>Analyzing Twitter data</h2>
<p>Why?</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>Important site of political communication</li>
<li>Important site of social interaction</li>
<li>It’s very accessible</li>
</ol>
<p>Especially, since intro. of <strong>Academic Research Product Track</strong>…</p>
</section>
<section id="twitter-academic-api" class="slide level2">
<h2>Twitter Academic API</h2>
<ul>
<li>10m tweets monthly</li>
<li>Full historical archive</li>
<li>Authorization requires…</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="authorization" class="slide level2">
<h2>Authorization</h2>
<p>Go <a href="https://developer.twitter.com/en/products/twitter-api/academic-research">here</a></p>
<ol type="1">
<li>Do you have an academic profile?</li>
<li>Can you describe your research?
<ul>
<li>Will you share with government entity?</li>
<li>Is the research non-commercial?</li>
<li>Is it conducted at individual level?</li>
<li>Will you make non-anon. data available?</li>
</ul></li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="what-youll-see" class="slide level2">
<h2>What you’ll see</h2>
<img data-src="images/twitterdev.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p>Or a live example…</p>
</section>
<section id="what-youll-see-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>What you’ll see</h2>
<p>This is what the <a href="https://developer.twitter.com/en/portal/dashboard">Developer Portal</a> looks like</p>
</section>
<section id="getting-started" class="slide level2">
<h2>Getting started…</h2>
<img data-src="images/TWITTER_BEARER.gif" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"><p>Don’t forget to <strong>Restart R</strong></p>
</section>
<section id="after-weve-done-that" class="slide level2">
<h2>After we’ve done that…</h2>
<p>We’re good to go 🥳</p>
</section>
<section id="after-weve-done-that-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>After we’ve done that…</h2>
<p>We’re good to go 🥳…</p>
<p>Sort of</p>
</section>
<section id="ethical-considerations" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethical considerations</h2>
<img data-src="images/dectree.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-center"></section>
<section id="ethical-considerations-1" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethical considerations</h2>
<div class="quarto-layout-panel">
<div class="quarto-layout-row quarto-layout-valign-top">
<div class="quarto-layout-cell" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: center;">
<p><img data-src="images/bitbybit.png"></p>
</div>
<div class="quarto-layout-cell" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: center;">
<p>“I don’t think researchers should not be automatically bound by such terms-of-service agreements. Ideally, if researchers violate terms- of-service agreements, they should explain their decision openly… as suggested by transparency-based accountability. But this openness may expose researchers to added legal risk…”</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="ethical-considerations-2" class="slide level2">
<h2>Ethical considerations</h2>
<div class="quarto-layout-panel">
<div class="quarto-layout-row quarto-layout-valign-top">
<div class="quarto-layout-cell" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: center;">
<p><img data-src="images/freelon.png"></p>
</div>
<div class="quarto-layout-cell" style="flex-basis: 50.0%;justify-content: center;">
<p>““By employing TOS- compliant methods, you are respecting the business prerogatives of the company that created the platform you are studying, but you may or may not be respecting the dignity and privacy of the platform’s users” ”</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="summary" class="slide level2">
<h2>Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li>Difference between TOS compliance and ethics
<ul>
<li>But related: users expect privacy</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Difference between ethics and legality
<ul>
<li>But related: users may be vulnerable</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<div class="footer footer-default">
</div>
</section>
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