scientific

Scientific

This Scientific Library for Kaluga contains methods for converting values to and from different scientific units.

Installing

This library is available on Maven Central. You can import Kaluga Scientific as follows:

repositories {
    // ...
    mavenCentral()
}
// ...
dependencies {
    // ...
    implementation("com.splendo.kaluga:scientific:$kalugaVersion")
}

Usage

Scientific Unit

This library contains a ScientificUnit sealed class that describes units according to a PhysicalQuantity and MeasurementSystem. Units can convert Number or Decimal values to a value of another unit with the same PhysicalQuantity:

val meterInFoot = Meter.convert(10, Foot)

There are 59 PhysicalQuantities supported by this library. Each has a equally named sealed class that contains units that measure the given quantity. Depending on the quantity, this may be further split into sealed classes that contain only units used in a MeasurementSystem (e.g. Metric, USCustomary).

See PhysicalQuantity.kt for a list of all supported quantities. This library supports all seven base quantities as well as a large set of derived quantities.

Not all units are named. Some can be derived from using other units using either the x or per operator, depending on whether the unit is derived by multiplying or dividing other units (and has no named alternatives):

val speed = Meter per Second
val momentum = Kilogram x speed

Scientific Value

The ScientificValue interface can be used to mark a Number as a value of a ScientificUnit. A DefaultScientificValue can be easily created using its invoke operator: 10(Meter). Alternatively, create a custom ScientificValue implementation and pass a construction function in the invoke method.

value class HeartRateValue(override val value: Double) : ScientificValue<PhysicalQuantity.Frequency, BeatsPerMinute> {
    
    constructor(value: Decimal, unit: ScientificUnit<PhysicalQuantity.Frequency>) : this(unit.convert(value, BeatsPerMinute).toDouble())
    
    override val unit: BeatsPerMinute
        get() = BeatsPerMinute
}

val defaultBPM = 10(BeatsPerMinute) // Returns DefaultScientificValue<PhysiscalQuantity.Frequency, BeatsPerMinute>
val heartRate = 60(BeatsPerMinute. ::HeartRateValue) // Returns a HeartRateValue

Convert a ScientificValue to another value of the same PhysicalQuantity using convert

 val foot = 5(Meter).convert(Foot)
 val convertedHeartRateValue = 60(Hertz).convert(BeatsPerMinute, ::HeartRateValue)

Calculations

ScientificValue objects can be modified with numbers or other ScientificValue objects. All values have a plus, minus, times, and div function. By default this results in a new DefaultScientificUnit but this behaviour can be overloaded using custom parameters.

In addition, some units may be multiplied or divided by other units depending on how they are defined. For instance, you can create a Force value by multiplying a Weight and Acceleration unit. The unit of the returned ScientificValue will be determined based on the input. Calculating with values in the Imperial system generally returns an imperial unit, while using CGS-units will usually return a CGS unit. Alternatively the unit can be explicitly defined by using the creation method (usually named after the PhysicalQuantity).

val weight = 10(Kilogram)
val acceleration = 3(Meter per Second per Second)
val force = weight * acceleration // Returns in Newton
val dyneForce = weight.convert(Gram) * acceleration.convert(Centimeter per Second per Second) // Returns in Dyne
val poundForce = PoundForce.force(weight, acceleration) // Returns in PoundForce even though constructing units are in metric

Scientific Array

The ScientificArray allows to mark a list of Numbers as values of a ScientificUnit. A DefaultScientificArray can be easily created using listOf(1, 2, 3)(Meter). Alternatively, create a custom ScientificArray implementation and pass a construction function in the invoke method. Since ScientificArray expects all values to be of the same number type, convenience interfaces are created: DoubleScientificArray, IntScientificArray, FloatScientificArray, LongScientificArray, ShortScientificArray, and ByteScientificArray.

value class HeartRateArray(override val values: DoubleArray) : DoubleScientificArray<PhysicalQuantity.Frequency, BeatsPerMinute> {

    constructor(values: List<Decimal>, unit: ScientificUnit<PhysicalQuantity.Frequency>) : this(values.map { unit.convert(it, BeatsPerMinute) }.toDoubleArray())
    
    override val unit: BeatsPerMinute
        get() = BeatsPerMinute
}

val defaultBPMArray = listOf(50, 60, 80)(BeatsPerMinute)
val heartRateArray = listOf(40, 60, 80)(BeatsPerMinute, ::HeartRateArray)

A list of ScientificValue of the same PhysicalQuantity can also be merged using the toScientificArray() method.

val defaultBPMArray = listOf(50(BeatsPerMinute), 60(BeatsPerMinute), 80(BeatsPerMinute)).toScientificArray(BeatsPerMinute)
val heartRateArray = listOf(40(BeatsPerMinute), 60(BeatsPerMinute), 80(BeatsPerMinute)).toScientificArray(BeatsPerMinute, ::HeartRateArray)

Map, Combine, Concat, and Split

ScientificArray can be modied using some methods:

• map takes all values, converts them to a ScientificUnit and transforms these using a transformation method, returning a ScientificArray of all resulting units.

  val interval = listOf(1, 1.5, 0.9)(Second)
  val defaultBPMArray = interval.map { convert(Minute).frequency() }
  val heartRateArray = interval.map(::HeartRateArray) { convert(Minute).frequency() }

• combine takes two ScientificArrays of equal size and combines each value into a new ScientificArray

  val combinedDefaultBPMArray = defaultBPMArray.combine(listOf(10, 40, 50)(Second)) { times(it.frequency()) }
  val combinedHeartRateArray = heartRateArray.combine(listOf(10, 40, 50)(Second), ::HeartRateArray) { times(it.frequency()) }

• concat creates a new ScientificArray out of two ScientificArray of the same PhysiscalQuantity.

  val defaultBPMArray = listOf(50, 60, 80)(BeatsPerMinute) + listOf(4, 5, 6)(Hertz)
  val heartRateArray = listOf(40, 60, 80)(BeatsPerMinute, ::HeartRateArray).concat(listOf(4, 5, 6)(Hertz), BeatsPerMinute, ::HeartRateArray)

• split splits a ScientificArray into ScientificUnit for each value.

  val listOfDefaultBPM = bpmArray.split()
  val listOfHeartRate = heartRateArray.split(::HeartRateValue)