Linux Hands-On Lab Guide

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# Linux Hands-On Lab Guide

This hands-on lab guide will walk you through basic tasks in a Linux environment. Follow the step-by-step instructions to practice and familiarize yourself with essential Linux operations.

## Task 1: Spinning up a Linux EC2 Instance in AWS
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. Login to the AWS Management Console.
2. Navigate to the EC2 service.
3. Click "Launch Instance" to start the EC2 instance wizard.
4. Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) for the desired Linux distribution.
5. Select an instance type and configure the instance details.
6. Configure storage, network settings, and security groups.
7. Review the instance details and click "Launch".
8. Select or create a key pair for SSH access to the instance.
9. Launch the instance.

## Task 2: Logging in to the Linux Server
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. Open a terminal or SSH client.
2. Change directory to the location where the private key file is stored.
3. Run the SSH command to connect to the EC2 instance:
   ```
   ssh -i private_key.pem username@public_dns
   ```
   Replace "private_key.pem" with the path to your private key file and "username" with the appropriate username for the Linux distribution.
   Replace "public_dns" with the public DNS name or IP address of the EC2 instance.

## Task 3: Creating Directories
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. To create a directory, use the following command:
   ```
   mkdir directory_name
   ```
   Replace "directory_name" with the desired name for the directory.

## Task 4: Switching Between Directories
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. To change to a different directory, use the following command:
   ```
   cd directory_name
   ```
   Replace "directory_name" with the name of the directory you want to navigate to.

## Task 5: Creating and Editing Files in Linux
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. To create a new file, use the following command:
   ```
   touch file_name
   ```
   Replace "file_name" with the desired name for the file.
2. To edit an existing file, use a text editor such as nano, vim, or emacs:
   ```
   vi file_name
   ```
   Replace "file_name" with the name of the file you want to edit.

## Task 6: Switching to the Root User
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. To switch to the root user, use the following command:
   ```
   sudo su -
   ```
   Enter the password for the current user if prompted.

## Task 7: Validating Task Completion
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. To validate if a task was executed correctly, follow these steps:
   - For directory creation, use the `ls` command to check if the directory exists.
   - For file creation, use the `ls` command to check if the file exists.
   - For file editing, open the file using a text editor and verify the changes.
   - For switching to the root user, check if the command prompt changes to `root@hostname` or if you have root privileges.

## Task 8: Modifying File Permissions
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. To modify file permissions, use the `chmod` command followed by the desired permission settings and the file name:
   ```
   chmod permissions file_name
   ```
   Replace "permissions" with the

 appropriate permission settings such as "u+r" (add read permission for the user), "g-w" (remove write permission for the group), or "o+x" (add execute permission for others).
   Replace "file_name" with the name of the file you want to modify.

## Task 9: Viewing File Contents
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. To view the contents of a file, use the `cat` command followed by the file name:
   ```
   cat file_name
   ```
   Replace "file_name" with the name of the file you want to view.
2. The contents of the file will be displayed in the terminal.

## Task 10: Navigating File System Hierarchy
📝 **Steps Expected to Run**:
1. To navigate to the parent directory, use the following command:
   ```
   cd ..
   ```
2. To navigate to the home directory, use the following command:
   ```
   cd ~
   ```
3. To navigate to the root directory, use the following command:
   ```
   cd /
   ```
4. Use the `pwd` command to verify the current directory after navigating.